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Organic and inorganic pollutants in water
Batch No 11Members:
Vignesh. R.M
Anand .R Irfan khan.
A Mahendran.
P Prabhu. V
Distribution of Water Reservoirs
Oceans 97%
Atmosphere 0.01%
Rivers, Lakes, and Inland Seas
0.141%
Soil Moisture 0.0012%
Ground Water 0.4 – 1.7%
Ice Caps and Glaciers 1.725%
Introduction
The causes of water pollution may be due to direct and indirect contaminant sources. The former are effluent outputs from refineries, factories, and waste treatment plants.
Classification inorganic, organic,
acid/base and radioactive.
Types of water pollution
Point sources
Point source pollution refers to contaminants that enter a waterway through a discrete conveyance, such as a pipe or ditch.
Types of water pollution
Non–point sourcesNon–point source (NPS) pollution refers to diffuse contamination that does not originate from a single discrete source. NPS pollution is often the cumulative effect of small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area.
NONPOINT SOURCES
Urban streets
Suburban development
Wastewater treatment plant
Rural homes
Cropland
Factory
Animal feedlot
POINT SOURCES
Organic water pollutants are:
Food processing waste, including pathogens Insecticides and herbicides, a huge range of
organohalide and other chemicals Tree and brush debris from logging
operations Bacteria from sewage or livestock operations Petroleum hydrocarbons like diesel,
gasoline, jet fuels, fuel oils, motor oils Volatile organic compounds like industrial
solvents
Inorganic water pollutants are:
pre-production industrial raw resin pellets heavy metals including acid mine drainage chemical waste as industrial by-products acidity due to industrial discharges like
sulphur dioxide silt in surface runoff due to logging, slash and
burn practices, construction sites or land clearing sites
fertilizers in runoff from agriculture including nitrates and phosphates
Causes
Industrial causes vary as per the biochemical demand, suspended solids, inorganic and organic substances
Agricultural causes include commercial livestock and poultry farming. These lead to organic and inorganic pollutants in surface waters and groundwater.
Other agents
The combustion of coal leads to the release of mercury in the atmosphere. This enters the rivers, lakes and groundwater. This is very hazardous for pregnant women and infants.
Cattle and pig rearing causes a significant amount of nutrient-filled waste. Virulent pfiesteria toxin collects in the water masses.
Fertilizers having a large quantity of nitrogen and phosphorus cause a high biological oxygen demand in the water. As oxygen is depleted, only anaerobic life-forms prosper.
Human settlement along the banks of rivers causes human, animal and industrial waste to be discharged into it. In the developed world, sewage treatment plants are used to treat waste. However, in developing nations, the rivers are similar to open sewers.
Control
Domestic sewageDomestic sewage is 99.9% pure water, the other 0.1% are pollutants. While found in low concentrations, these pollutants pose risk on a large scale . In urban areas, domestic sewage is typically treated by centralized sewage treatment plants. Well-designed and operated systems (i.e., secondary treatment or better) can remove 90 percent or more of these pollutants. Some plants have additional sub-systems to treat nutrients and pathogens. Most municipal plants are not designed to treat toxic pollutants found in industrial wastewater.
Cities with sanitary sewer overflows or combined sewer overflows employ one or more engineering approaches to reduce discharges of untreated sewage, including:
utilizing a green infrastructure approach
repair and replacement of leaking and malfunctioning equipment
increasing overall hydraulic capacity of the sewage collection system
Control
Industrial wastewater
Some industrial facilities generate ordinary domestic sewage that can be treated by municipal facilities.
Some Industries generate wastewater with high concentrations of conventional pollutants (e.g. oil and grease), toxic pollutants (e.g. heavy metals, volatile organic compounds) or other nonconventional pollutants such as ammonia, need specialized treatment systems.
these facilities can install a pre-treatment system to remove the toxic components, and then send the partially treated wastewater to the municipal system.
Industries generating large volumes of wastewater typically operate their own complete on-site treatment systems.
Heated water generated by power plants or manufacturing plants may be controlled with:
cooling ponds, man-made bodies of water designed for cooling by evaporation, convection, and radiation
cooling towers, which transfer waste heat to the atmosphere through evaporation and/or heat transfer
cogeneration, a process where waste heat is recycled for domestic and/or industrial heating purposes.
Water pollution control methods in Industries
Agricultural wastewater
The phosphorus and nitrogen load caused by field cultivation is one of the most significant environmental problems deriving from agriculture.
Water pollution control methods in agriculture
Water pollution control methods used in agriculture are listed below:
reducing the use of fertilisers lighter tillage practices green fallowing reducing the use of pesticides subsoil drainage controlled drainage lime filter drainage buffer zones and strips sedimentation basins wetland areas
Water pollution control methods in forestry
Forestry activities, such as drainage, felling, soil cultivation and fertilisation, cause suspended-solid and nutrient loading of water systems.
Water pollution control methods in forestry
Water pollution control methods used in forestry include the following:
drainage digging breaks and dredging breaks temporary weirs submerged weirs lighter soil cultivation reducing fertilisation avoiding the use of pesticides sludge sumps and sludge pockets buffer zones sedimentation basins overland flow areas (wetland areas)
CONCLUSION
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