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Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? Dr Anita Foerster Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne Prepared for Melbourne Energy Institute Symposium, 12 Dec 2018

Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? · Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? Dr Anita Foerster Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne Prepared for Melbourne

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Page 1: Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? · Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? Dr Anita Foerster Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne Prepared for Melbourne

Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition?

Dr Anita FoersterMelbourne Law School, University of Melbourne

Prepared for Melbourne Energy Institute Symposium, 12 Dec 2018

Page 2: Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? · Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? Dr Anita Foerster Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne Prepared for Melbourne

Acknowledgements

Research funded by ARC, DP160100225, Devising a Legal Blueprint for Corporate Energy Transition – Prof. Jacqueline Peel, Melbourne Law School

International collaborators: Prof. Hari Osofsky, Penn State Law and School of International Affairs; Prof. Brett McDonnell, University of Minnesota Law School

Page 3: Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? · Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? Dr Anita Foerster Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne Prepared for Melbourne

Research Questions

Framing of climate change as a financial risk for business & investorsHow does this enliven obligations within corporations law to disclose and manage these risks? ‐ Business Risk Disclosure‐ Directors’ Duties (due care & diligence, 

best interests of company)‐ Shareholder ResolutionsPotential to influence decision‐making by listed companies? > shift capital & resources away from carbon‐intensive assets or operations & into clean energy practices

Page 4: Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? · Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? Dr Anita Foerster Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne Prepared for Melbourne

Pathways to corporate energy transition

DisclosureDuties

SH resolutions

Internal decision‐making 

(companies)

Asset divestment& re‐allocation

DisclosureDuties

SH resolutions

External decision‐making (investors)

Capital divestment & re‐allocation

Regulators

Civil Society

Page 5: Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? · Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? Dr Anita Foerster Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne Prepared for Melbourne

Research Approach

Understand legal obligations, duties and rights as they apply to climate risk

Empirical work (document review & qualitative interviews) ‐ how companies & investors approach climate risk & the impact of corporate law tools in shaping decision‐making

Assessment of potential & limitations > law & governance reform recommendations

InterviewsCorporate & Financial Sector Regulators (2)

Companies (7) – ASX50 (energy, utilities, materials)

Asset Owners (7) – industry superfunds

Asset Managers (2)

Civil Society Advocacy Groups (2)

Investor Groups / Associations – climate change focus (2)

Investor Service Providers ‐ ESG analysis, proxy voting, engagement (2)

Page 6: Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? · Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? Dr Anita Foerster Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne Prepared for Melbourne

Source: TCFD Final Report 2017, p10.

Page 7: Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? · Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? Dr Anita Foerster Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne Prepared for Melbourne

Source: Bank of England, ‘The Bank of England’s Response to Climate Change’ (2017)

Page 8: Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? · Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? Dr Anita Foerster Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne Prepared for Melbourne

Business Risk Disclosure‐ legal obligations to disclose where CC poses material risks to company interests –annual reports (financial statements & director’s report)‐TCFD –emerging best practice (scenario analysis including 2⁰ or lower temp. goal, quantification of risks)

Highly variable & inadequate practice

Materiality assessment focused on short‐term

Transition risks feature more prominently than physical risks – tendency to focus narrowly on 

policy risks

Weak enforcement, lack of regulatory guidance

Practice is shifting as a result of TCFD (& focus from regulators) – best practice still evolving

Page 9: Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? · Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? Dr Anita Foerster Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne Prepared for Melbourne

Litigation –misleading disclosure

Photo Credit: https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy‐General/Exxon‐To‐Disclose‐The‐Real‐Risk‐Of‐Climate‐Change.htmlhttps://www.abc.net.au/news/2017‐08‐08/david‐barnden,‐guy‐abrahams‐(right)/8786474

Page 10: Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? · Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? Dr Anita Foerster Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne Prepared for Melbourne

Directors’ duties‐Hutley legal opinion (2016): directors have duties to inform themselves about climate risks and take steps to manage these risks where they pose material risks to company interests (duty of due care and diligence)

Increasing understanding of how 

directors’ duties apply to climate change

Increasing understanding of how 

directors’ duties apply to climate change

Different approaches ‐nature of company, sector, as well as 

personal characteristics of directors

Different approaches ‐nature of company, sector, as well as 

personal characteristics of directors

Focus on short‐term objective & risks 

outweighs longer term considerations

Focus on short‐term objective & risks 

outweighs longer term considerations

Threat of liability is significant driverThreat of liability is significant driver

Page 11: Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? · Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? Dr Anita Foerster Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne Prepared for Melbourne

Litigation – directors’ duties

Photo Credit: https://www.marketforces.org.au/world‐first‐legal‐case‐alleges‐rest‐breached‐duties‐over‐climate‐risk/https://vaaju.com/poland/ostroleka‐a‐shareholder‐agrees‐with‐energe‐for‐the‐construction‐of‐a‐new‐carbon‐block/

Page 12: Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? · Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? Dr Anita Foerster Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne Prepared for Melbourne

Shareholder resolutions‐member’s resolution (100 members / 5% of vote)‐ increasing use in practice in Australia (via constitutional change resolutions)

Shifting approaches to investor/company 

engagement in Australia

Resolutions increasingly viewed as important escalation tool by 

investors

Partnerships between investors & civil society, 

as well as investor coalitions are influential

Evidence of meaningful impact on company decision‐making

Page 13: Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? · Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? Dr Anita Foerster Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne Prepared for Melbourne

Climate change resolutions in Australia

Page 14: Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? · Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? Dr Anita Foerster Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne Prepared for Melbourne

Conclusions ‐ internal pathwaysMounting pressure on companies to identify, assess & disclose climate risks

Impact on internal decision‐making?

Limits ‐ legal obligations are process‐focused / principles‐based not outcome‐focused

Contingent on materiality determinations & evolution of climate risks ‐ business as usual still makes financial sense for many companies over medium term

Increased enforcement activity (public & private) – important to crystallise understandings around the financial materiality of climate risks & associated legal obligations

Identifying, assessing, disclosing & managing climate risks does not automatically translate to changed internal decision‐making on energy transition (asset divestment and re‐allocation) along the timeframes required to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement.

Page 15: Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? · Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? Dr Anita Foerster Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne Prepared for Melbourne

Conclusions ‐ External PathwaysInvestors > understanding risk exposure, engagement strategies to influence companies (SH resolutions) 

Impact on external decision‐making? 

Not yet resulting in broader shifts in investment strategy / strategic allocation of funds? – business as usual still profitable; short‐term considerations dominate.

Shifts around the margins (targeted divestment; fossil free options). 

Ongoing debate about effectiveness of divestment versus engagement.

Potential for investment decision‐making to shift progress on energy transition by companies is limited without other more substantive regulatory drivers. 

Page 16: Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? · Corporate Law driving Clean Energy Transition? Dr Anita Foerster Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne Prepared for Melbourne

More Information: http://law.unimelb.edu.au/centres/creel/research/current‐research‐projects/corporate‐energy‐transition

Osofsky, Peel, McDonnell & Foerster ‘Energy Re‐Investment’ (forthcoming 2019, Indiana Law Journal)Anita Foerster and Jacqueline Peel, ‘Liability for Misleading Disclosure of Climate Risk: could US‐style claims happen in Australia?’ (2017) 32(3) Australian Environment Review.Anita Foerster, Jacqueline Peel, Hari Osofsky, Brett McDonnell, ‘Keeping Good Company in the Transition to a Low Carbon Economy? An Evaluation of Climate Risk Disclosure Practices in Australia’ (2017) 35(3) Company and Securities Law Journal.Anita Foerster and Jacqueline Peel, ‘Rio Tinto’s climate change resolution marks a significant shift in investor culture’ The Conversation (3 May 2018).Anita Foerster and Jacqueline Peel, ‘Climate Change is a financial risk, according to a lawsuit against the CBA’ The Conversation (16 August 2017).Anita Foerster and Jacqueline Peel, ‘Carbon Risk Disclosure: The risk for Australian companies’ Pursuit (29 August 2016).