Cornel Style notes in your spiral Cornel Style notes in your spiral notebook! notebook!

MicrobiologyMicrobiology

The study of The study of microorganisms, microorganisms, which are tiny which are tiny organisms that organisms that live around us live around us and inside our and inside our body. body.

OrganismOrganism

A living thing that ingests and A living thing that ingests and breaks down food for energy and breaks down food for energy and nutrients, excretes undigested nutrients, excretes undigested food as waste, and is capable of food as waste, and is capable of reproduction. reproduction.

MicroorganismMicroorganism

A very, very small organism that A very, very small organism that you cannot see with your naked you cannot see with your naked eye, and can be seen using a eye, and can be seen using a microscope. microscope.

Types of MicroorganismsTypes of Microorganisms

Unfriendly MicroorganismsUnfriendly Microorganisms An infection is caused by the infiltration of a disease-An infection is caused by the infiltration of a disease-

causing microorganism known as a causing microorganism known as a pathogenic pathogenic microorganism.microorganism.

Mycobacterium tuberculosisMycobacterium tuberculosis Yersinia pestisYersinia pestis

Friendly MicroorganismsFriendly Microorganisms NOT all microorganisms are pathogenic!NOT all microorganisms are pathogenic! Many microorganisms help to maintain homeostasis Many microorganisms help to maintain homeostasis

in our bodies and are used in the production of food in our bodies and are used in the production of food and other commercial products. and other commercial products.

Example of ‘friendly’ Example of ‘friendly’ microorganisms: microorganisms:

Flora – found in your intestines that assist in Flora – found in your intestines that assist in the digestion of food. the digestion of food.

E. coli – found in your intestine that also assist E. coli – found in your intestine that also assist in the digestion of food. in the digestion of food.

Shapes of Bacteria:Shapes of Bacteria:

1.1. The Coccus - The cocci are spherical or The Coccus - The cocci are spherical or oval bacteria having one of several oval bacteria having one of several distinct arrangements based on their distinct arrangements based on their planes of division. planes of division.

a.a. diplococcus: cocci arranged in pairsdiplococcus: cocci arranged in pairs1. Example: 1. Example: Streptococcus pneumoniaeStreptococcus pneumoniae

b.b. streptococcus: cocci arranged in chainsstreptococcus: cocci arranged in chains1. Example: 1. Example: S Streptococcus pyogenestreptococcus pyogenes

2. 2. The rod or bacillusThe rod or bacillus - Bacilli are rod- - Bacilli are rod-shaped bacteria. Bacilli all divide in one shaped bacteria. Bacilli all divide in one plane producing a plane producing a bacillusbacillus, , streptobacillusstreptobacillus, or , or coccobacilluscoccobacillus arrangement.arrangement.

3. 3. The spiralThe spiral - Spirals come in one of three - Spirals come in one of three forms, a forms, a vibriovibrio, a , a spirillumspirillum, or a , or a spirochetespirochete. .

How Small is a Microorganism?How Small is a Microorganism?OrganismOrganism SizeSize

German ShepherdGerman Shepherd 1 Meter1 Meter

Human gamete (egg) Human gamete (egg) from a female ovaryfrom a female ovary

1 Millimeter1 Millimeter

Human Red Blood CellHuman Red Blood Cell 100 Micrometer100 Micrometer

A typical Bacterium cellA typical Bacterium cell 10 Micrometers10 Micrometers

A virusA virus 10 Nanometers10 Nanometers

An AtomAn Atom 0.1 Nanometers0.1 Nanometers

Levels of Biological OrganizationLevels of Biological Organization

atoms atoms Molecules Molecules Organelles Organelles Cells Cells Tissues Tissues Organs Organs OrganismsOrganisms

What makes a good research What makes a good research organism?organism?

1.1. It must be able to reproduce quickly.It must be able to reproduce quickly.

2.2. It must complete it’s life cycle in a It must complete it’s life cycle in a reasonable time frame.reasonable time frame.

3.3. It must be safe to the researcher and It must be safe to the researcher and others.others.

4.4. It must be susceptible to the treatments It must be susceptible to the treatments that is being done to the organism. that is being done to the organism.

Types of Cells used in Types of Cells used in Biotechnology:Biotechnology:

VERO Cells – African green monkey kidney VERO Cells – African green monkey kidney epithelial cells.epithelial cells.

HeLa cells – Human epithelial cellsHeLa cells – Human epithelial cells

CHO – Chinese Hamster Ovary CellsCHO – Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

E.coli – Most research companies, biotechnology E.coli – Most research companies, biotechnology labs, and pharmaceuticals uses E.coli. labs, and pharmaceuticals uses E.coli.