Corectat-Generalitati Privind Tractiunea Electrica Si Locomotivele Electrice

8/9/2019 Corectat-Generalitati Privind Tractiunea Electrica Si Locomotivele Electrice

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GENERALITI PRIVIND TRACIUNEAELECTRIC I LOCOMOTIVELE ELECTRICE

1.1. SCURT ISTORIC AL TRACIUNII ELECTRICE

Primele idei privind r!"#i$ne! ele"ri"% d!e!&% din !n$l 1'(). P*+i,ili!e! $ili&%rii

ener-iei ele"ri"e penr$ mi"!re! l*"*m*ivel*r +/! "*n$r! 0n+% !,i! !$n"i "nd2re!li&nd$/+e prim$l m**r ele"ri" de "$ren "*nin$$2 +/! +$-er! "% !"e+! e+e "!p!,il ! 3i3*l*+i 0n +"*p$ri de r!"#i$ne.

4n 15') m$n"i*r$l T6*m!+ D*venp*r ! "*n+r$i $n v!-*n !nren! de "%re *m!in% m!-ne*m**!re. 4n !n$l 15'5 0n An-li!2 R*,er D!vid+*n ! re!li&! * l*"*m*iv%ele"ri"% pr*p$l+!% pe prin"ipi$l ele"r*m!-nei"7 !"e!+! "n%re! 8 i ! !in+ * vie&% de"ir"! 9 :m;6. Prin !n$l 158(2 0n Ameri"!2 P!-e 3!"e 0n"er"%ri de r!"#i$ne ele"ri"%e? l! e

perpe$!% pn% !&i.4n Ameri"!2 dei 0nr&i!% 3!#% de E$r*p!2 r!"#i$ne! ele"ri"% *,#ine 0n 155' prim!l*"*m*iv% ele"ri"% 0n +!$l Ne *r:.


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Din 0n"ep$$l +e"*l$l$i !l ==/le!2 r!"#i$ne! ele"ri"% +/! de&v*l! 0n m!i m$le #%rii pe *!e "*ninenele2 0n+% 0n m*d ine-!l2 d!*ri% "*ndi#iil*r e"*n*mi"e diver+e. L! 0n"ep$+/! 3*l*+i "$ren$l "*nin$$ l! en+i$ni red$+e F8((9(( VH2 !B$n-nd$/+e l! ' :V l! lini!de "*n!". S/! re"$ !p*i l! "$ren$l !lern!iv m*n*3!&! B*!+% 3re"ven#% 19 ;' &2 l!18 :V2 i!r 0n $lim! vreme l! "$ren$l !lern!iv m*n*3!&! 3re"ven#% ind$+ri!l% 8( & l! *en+i$ne de 8 :V.

4n #!r! n*!+r%2 de l! 0n"ep$$l +e"*l$l$i d!e!&%2 0nre Ar!dPn"*!2 "$ r!mi3i"!#i!G6i*r*"R!dn!2 lini! de e"!r!men 1 ((( mm ele"ri3i"!% 0n "$ren "*nin$$ 1 98( V. Pee! "ir"$l% !$*m**!re ele"ri"e pe p!r$ *+ii2 !" i*n!e de ele"r*m**!re de 8( CP2 "e p*rem*r"! 3ie"!re 8 v!-*!ne de "%l%*ri +!$ m!r3% "$ vie&! de )8 :m;6.

Pr*,lem! ele"ri3i"%rii $n*r linii !le "%il*r 3er!e din #!r! n*!+r% +/! p$+ prim! d!% 0n!n$l 1?1' prin +$di$l el!,*r! +$, "*nd$"ere! pr*3. in-. I.S. G6e*r-6i$. Se prevede!ele"ri3i"!re! liniei 3er!e de m$ne Pier*i#! M*r*eniSin!i! F!3l!% !$n"i 0n pr*ie"!reHi ! +e"#iil*r Sin!i!Prede!l i Sin!i!Pl*iei. Penr$ !limen!re! !"e+ei "%i 3er!e +e

pre"*ni&! "*n+r$ire! $nei 6idr*"enr!le l! D*,rei2 "!re +/! re!li&! !,i! pe+e 18 !ni.D$p% prim$l r%&,*i m*ndi!l2 prin +$dii +/! pr*p$+ ele"ri3i"!re! $n*r r!+ee de "!le

3er!% i !n$me2 0n !nii 1?);1?8 penr$ lini! Pl*ieiPrede!l@r!*v7 1?5/1?'( penr$

r*n+*n$l Cmpin!@r!*v2 i!r 0n 1?' +/! inen#i*n! "*n"e+i*n!re! l$"r%ril*r deele"ri3i"!re 0n "$ren "*nin$$ ! liniei Pl*iei/@r!*v2 $n*r 3irme +r%ine. 4n 1?)1 +/! rel$!+$di$l ele"ri3i"%rii de "%re 3irme -erm!ne ! !"e+ei linii 0n "$ren m*n*3!&! 19 ;' &218 :V2 i!r 0n 1?) +/! 0n3iin#! Dire"#i! ele"ri3i"%rii C.J.R. "*nd$+% de pr*3. in-. D. Le*nid!!vnd "! *,ie"ive e+en#i!le ele"ri3i"!re! "%il*r 3er!e2 le-!e de pl!n$l -ener!l deele"ri3i"!re ! %rii.

C*n+ider!% Kemin!mene !-ri"*l% pn% 0n !n$l 1?)) i men#in$% 0n +!re de0n!p*iere e"*n*mi"%2 R*mni! ! 3*+ lip+i% de * ,!&% ener-ei"% 3%r% de "!re n$ +e p*!e"*n"epe ele"ri3i"!re! "%il*r 3er!e. A,i! d$p% !n$l 1?))2 prin p*lii"! P!rid$l$i C*m$ni+R*mn2 ele"ri3i"!re! "%il*r 3er!e ! "*n+i$i * p!re ine-r!n% ! pl!n$l$i de ele"ri3i"!re !#%rii7 dire"ivele C*n-re+$l$i !l Vlll/le! !l P.C.R. !$ prev%&$ ele"ri3i"!re! prin"ip!lel*r!rere de "!le 3er!% "$ pr*3il -re$ i r!3i" inen+.

In+!l!#iile 3i


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Ele"ri3i"!re! "%il*r 3er!e din #!r! n*!+r% ! "*nin$! 0n rim r!pid2 0nre 1?99 i 1?>8dnd$/+e 0n e' '9( )?8A,$r 1(( 8( 128 82 /Die+el / )?2> > >(28 81Ele"ri" / (2>' 928 )2' )?E D / 8( >528 ?)25 1((

1.. CARACTERISTICI PRINCIPALE I PERJORMAN ELE LOCOMOTIVELOR ELECTRICE DIN PARCUL C.J.R.

C!r!"eri+i"ile prin"ip!le !le l*"*m*ivel*r ele"ri"e din d*!re! C.J.R. +$n d!e 0n!,l*$l .


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T!,l*$l

PARAMETRULTip$l l*"*m*ivei

EA EC

Ten+i$ne! n*min!l% 0n lini! de "*n!" 82( :V

Ten+i$ne! m!28 :Ten+i$ne! minim% 1?28 :V

Ten+i$ne! minim% de +"$r% d$r!% 1>28 :

J*rm$l! *+iil*r C* C* +!$ (9( @* @* +!$ ()(E"!r!men$l 1)'8 mmL$n-ime! 0nre !mp*!ne 1?5(( mm 185?( mmL%#ime! "$iei '((( mm '1(( mm4n%l#ime! "$ p!n*-r!3$l "*,*r )8(( mm )98( mmDi+!n#! 0nre "enrele ,*-6i$ril*r 1('(( mm >>(( mm

Amp!!men$l ,*-6i$l$i )'8( mm >(( mm

Di!mer$l r*#il*r 0n +!re n*$% 18( mm

Di!mer$l r*#il*r "$ ,!nd!Be +emi$&!e 11( mm

Gre$!e! *!l% "$ ,!l!+ 19 3 Q

3%r% ,!l!+ 1( 3 Q

"$ 3rn% ele"ri"% Q 5( 3

3%r% 3rn% ele"ri"% Q >5 3

Gre$!e! 3rn!% "$ 3rn% de mn% 1? 3 19 3

"$ 3rn% !$*m!%EA7 E@5) 3

>8 3EA11(9 3

S!r"in! pe *+ie "$ ,!l!+ 1 3 Q

3%r% ,!l!+ ( 3 Q "$ 3rn% ele"ri"% ( 3

3%r% 3rn% ele"ri"% 1?28 3

Vie&! m!' (

1( :m;6


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l! r!p*r$l de r!n+mi+ie !!n-ren!Bel*r 1() '5

19( :m;6

Vie&! m!( m2p!n% 9 +$pr!0n%l#!re 118 mm2+$pr!l%r-ire! e"!r!men$l$i de 8 mm.

9( :m;6

Vie&!

minim%

0n re-im $ni*n!rEA7 E@95 :m;6EA1?(28 :m;6

EC 9' :m;6EC15) :m;6

0n re-im de d$r!%EA7 E@9?28:m;6 EA1 ?28:m;6

EC 98 :m;6EC15> :m;6

R!&! minim% de 0n+"riere 0n "$r,% ?( m

P$ere! n*min!l% ! r!n+3*rm!*r$l$i l!8 :V

8 >?( :VA 8 (9( :VA

P$ere! n*min!l% ! l*"*m*ivei 8 1(( : ' )(( :

J*r#! de r!"#i$ne m!


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R

e-imd

e

3$n"i*n!re

PARAMETRUL

(9(EA

(9(EA1

()( EC ()( EC1

C$ di+p*&iiv$l penr$ en+i$ne"*n+!n%

de"*/ne"!

"*ne"/!

de"*/ne"!

"*ne"/!

Uni*n!r

P$ere! l! !r,*relem**!rel*r der!"#i$ne :

8)(( 8)(( '9(( '9(( '9(( '9((

J*r#! der!"#i$nel! *,!d%

3

L! "mpplin

52> 128 1? 1? 1)2' 1)2'

L! "mpred$+ 8(

2' 192> 1)2> 1)2> 11 11

Vie&!:m;6

L! "mpplin

9(29 5(2> 9' >> 5) 1(

L! "mpred$+ 8(

>5 1('2? 5 1(( 1(( 1''

Ded

$r!%

P$ere! l! !r,*relem**!rel*r der!"#i$ne :

81(( 81(( ')(( ')(( ')(( ')((

J*r#! der!"#i$nel! *,!d%

3

L! "mpplin

92> ( 1>2> 1>2> 1'2' 1'2'

L! "mpred$+ 8( (2) 182' 1'28 1'28 1(21 1(21

Vie&!:m;6

L! "mpplin

9125 52) 98 >? 5> 1(8

L! "mpred$+ 8(

5(2? 1(>25 58 1(' 11' 1'>

1.'. ELEMENTELE DE @A ALE UNEI CI JERATEELECTRICE

Tr!"#i$ne! ele"ri"% "$prinde d*$% "!e-*rii m!ri de in+!l!#ii in+!l!#ii 3i


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alimentareJA7 re e!$! ele"ri"% pl!+!% de!+$pr! "%ii 3er!e "!re "*nd$"e ener-i! ele"ri"% de

l! +$,+! i! de r!" i$ne ST l! l*"*m*iv! LE n$mi% linie de "*n!" LC7 locomotiva electric LE careprimee ener-i! ele"ri"% de l! lini! de "*n!" i

* r!n+3*rm% 0n ener-ie me"!ni"% l! *,!d! r*#il*r7 re#e!$! de ine S "!re2 pe ln-% r*l$l l*r de "!le de r$l!re2 +erve+" penr$

ntoarcerea curentuluil! +$,+!#i! de r!"#i$ne7/ "!,l$ri "!re le!-% inele "$ +$,+!#i! de r!"#i$ne2 n$miefideri de ntoarcere FI

Ji-. '

Din 3i-. ' +e vede "% l*"*m*iv! ele"ri"% e+e elemen$l "*n+$m!*r !l $n$i m!re"ir"$i ele"ri" F3i-$r! prin +%-e#iH "!re2 "! *ri"e "ir"$i2 penr$ ! p$e! 3$n"#i*n! re,$ie +%3ie 0n"6i+.

Dinre in+!l!#iile !r%!e m!i +$+2 "enr!lele ele"ri"e i liniile de r!n+p*r ! ener-ieiele"ri"e 3*rme!&% !!/n$mi$l +i+em ener-ei" n!#i*n!l i +e !3l% 0n !dmini+r!re! !l$imini+er. C.J.R./$l !+i-$r% e


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1. Sistemul detraciune electric n

curent continuu

la o tensiune de 1,5 sau 3 kV folosit nBelgia, . S. !e"oslo#ac, $anemarca,

%l#e&ia, 'ran&a, .'. (ermania, .$.(erman, )talia, .S.'. )ugosla#ia,*u+emurg, -lando, .. olon,

ortugalia, S/ania, 0..S.S.

. Sisteme detraciune electric n

curent alternati#

trifa2at

la 5 2 i tensiuni de 1,5 3sau 6 kV, a/licat la /rimeleelectri7cri de cale ferat, n%l#e&ia i nordul )taliei. 8cestsistem s9a aandonat 7indcom/licat constructi#.

monofa2at

de :oas frec#en& 16 ;3 2 i tensiune 15 kV,

folosit n 8nglia, 8ustria,$anemarca, 'ran&a, .'.(ermania, .$. (erman,)talia,?or#egia, Suedia, . .0ngar

de frec#en& industrial 5=2 i tensiune 5 kV, rs/@ndit

n 8nglia, . . Bulgaria, . S.!e"oslo#ac, %l#e&ia, 'ran&a, .

$. (erman, .S.'. )ugosla#ia,*u+emurg, ortugalia, .S.om@nia, Aurcia, .. 0ngar,0..S.S.

Si+emele 0n "$ren "*nin$$ i 0n "$ren !lern!iv m*n*3!&! 19 ;' &2 18 :V2 +$n"*n+ider!e +i+eme "l!+i"e de ele"ri3i"!re7 "! l$n-ime ele repre&in% !pr*!pe 8( dinre#e!$! 3er*vi!r% m*ndi!l% ele"ri3i"!%.

Si+em$l 0n "$ren !lern!iv m*n*3!&! 8( &2 8 :V2 pre&in% 3!#% de +i+emele"l!+i"e * +erie de !v!n!Be. In"epnd "$ !n$l 1?8(2 el +/! imp$+ pe pl!n m*ndi!l2 !+3el "% !&in$ n$m!i "% #%rile "!re re" l! ele"ri3i"!re2 "i "6i!r "ele ele"ri3i"!e 0n !l +i+em d!r "!re 0ie


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4n 3$n"#ie de +i+em$l de r!"#i$ne ele"ri"%2 +e di+in- rei ip$ri prin"ip!le penr$ r!n+3*rm!re! "$ren$l$i ri3!&! 8( & +!$ m*n*3!&! 19 ;' & 0n

"$ren !lern!iv m*n*3!&! de 19 ;' & 0n lini! de "*n!"2 l! en+i$ne! de !limen!re !l*"*m*ivei7

penr$ r!n+3*rm!re! "$ren$l$i ri3!&! 8( & din +i+em$l ener-ei" n!#i*n!l0n "$ren m*n*3!&! 8( & 0n lini! de "*n!"2 l! en+i$ne! de !limen!re ! l*"*m*ivei.

O +$,+!#ie de r!"#i$ne "*n#ine 0n -ener!l !p!r!e de r!"*rd!re l! re#e!$! de 0n!l% en+i$ne ! +i+em$l$i ener-ei"

n!#i*n!l7 r!n+3*rm!*!re +pe"i!le "*,*r*!re de en+i$ne i "*nveri&*!re penr$

r!n+3*rm!re! "$ren$l$i !lern!iv 0n "$ren "*nin$$ F0n "!&$l +i+em$l$i de r!"#i$ne 0n"$ren "*nin$$H +!$ n$m!i r!n+3*rm!*!re i even$!l "*nveri&*!re de 3re"ven#% Fl!+i+em$l de r!"#i$ne 0n "$ren !lern!ivH7

!p!r!e penr$ ple"%rile "$ren$l$i "%re lini! de "*n!".S"6emele de prin"ipi$ ! +$,+!#iil*r di3er% d$p% +i+em$l de r!"#i$ne2!+3el1. S$,+!#iile de r!"#i$ne de "$ren "*nin$$ +$n !limen!e de l! +i+em$l

ener-ei" ri3!&! 8( &. Ele "*mp*r% !! n$mi$l 22-r$p de r!"#i$ne 3*rm! dinr/$nr!n+3*rm!*r ri3!&! "*,*r*r de en+i$ne T i * m!in% +!$ !p!r! "!re "*nveree "$ren$lri3!&! 0n "$ren "*nin$$2 den$migrup convertizor.

4n *rdine! "r*n*l*-i"% ! !pli"%rii 0n r!"#i$ne! ele"ri"%2 -r$p$l "*nveri&*r ri3!&!/"*nin$$ p*!e 3i r*!iv2 3*rm! dinr/$ngrup motorgenerator"*n+i$i din m**r$l +in"r*nri3!&! M "e !nrene!&% $n$l +!$ d*$% -ener!*!re de "$ren "*nin$$ G F3i-. )H2 +!$ +!i""*n+nd din redresorul cu vapori de mercur !F3i-. 8H inr*d$+ din 1? 0n +$,+!#iile der!"#i$ne.


10/13

Gr$p$rile "*nveri&*!re de,ie!&% pe * ,!r% de "$ren "*nin$$ @ de 128 :V +!$ ' :V2pe "!re +$n ,r!n!e2 prin inermedi$l di+B$n"*!rel*r D2 * +erie de 3ideri "%re lini! de"*n!".

2. S$,+!#iile de r!"#i$ne penr$ "$ren m*n*3!&! de B*!+% 3re"ven#%16 2/3 Hz, 0n 3$n"#ie de +"6em! de !limen!re +e p* !limen! "$ ener-ie de l! "enr!le m*n*3!&!e de 19 ;' & +pe"i!l "*n+r$ie7 de l! +i+em$l ener-ei" ri3!&! 8( &.a> "limentarea de la centrale speciale F3i-. 9H "!re pr*d$" dire" "$ren

m*n*3!&! de 19 ;' &2 +/! !pli"! 0n m!B*ri!e! #%ril*r e$r*pene2


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e


12/13

Ji- 5

5T

) s r :i


13/13

1.9. AVANTAELE SISTEMULUI DE TRACIUNE 4NCURENT ALTERNATIV JA DE SISTEMUL 4N CURENT

CONTINUUTr!"#i$ne! 0n "$ren "*nin$$ ! !v$ * l!r-% r%+p0ndire 0n +pe"i!l 0nre !nii 1?(/

1?'8. Imp*r!n#! +! "*n+% 0n 3!p$l "% ! "*nri,$i l! eviden#iere! !v!n!Bel*r r!"#i$niiele"ri"e. D$p% re&*lv!re! di3i"$l%#il*r le-!e de de&e"6ili,r$l pr*d$+ 0n +i+em$l ener-ei"

de l! "!re +e 3!"e !limen!re! m*n*3!&!% i d$p% !p!ri#i! $n*r n*i i m!i $*!re in+!l!#ii deredre+!re +!i"% F"$ i-nir*ni2 e

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Corectat-Generalitati Privind Tractiunea Electrica Si Locomotivele Electrice