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Index
Index
Note : Page numbers followed by “ f ” indicate fi gures; those followed by “ t ” indicate tables.
303
Abdominal exploratory, 99, 101
Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
(AIVR), 196–198
Acepromazine, 39
premedication, 5 t in ferrets, 236 t in rabbits, 244 t in rodents, 247 t
Acid–base analysis, 96, 156, 198, 206,
213–218 . See also Arterial blood gas
Acidemia, 36 f Acidosis, 36 f , 47 t , 95, 170–171 . See also
Metabolic acidosis; Respiratory
acidosis
in acid–base disturbances, 213
in hypoadrenocorticism, 157
in renal insuffi ciencies, 169
Activated clotting time (ACT), 3 t Addison ’ s disease, 152–156
Adjustable pressure limiting (APL) valve, 14,
17 t , 20 t , 21
Adrenalectomy, 102
Afterload, 20 f , 201
Age, 178–180
Agent analyzer, 25
Anion gap, 214–215
Airway
disease
lower, 174–175
upper, 171–172
management, see Endotracheal intubation
obstruction, 10 t , 106, 160, 172–173, 208,
216
in hedgehogs, 237
in pot belly pigs, 241
in rabbits, 242
in rodents, 246
Albumin, 3 t , 103, 163–164
Albuterol, 39, 80, 137, 174, 209 t Alfaxalone, 50 t Alkalosis, 47 t , 96, 214–216 . See also
Metabolic alkalosis; Respiratory
alkalosis
Alpha 2 agonists, see Dexmedetomidine;
Xylazine
Alpha 2 antagonist, see Atipamazole
Alveolar ventilation, 205–206
Amantadine, 58 t , 80
Amputation(s), 104–106
regional analgesia for, 263
Anal sacculectomy, see Perianal surgeries
Analgesia
constant rate infusions, 295–296
multimodal, 295
non-opioid, 58 t –64 t opioid, 71 t –77 t postoperative, 12
preemptive, 4
regional, see Local anesthetic techniques
reversing, 294
Anaphylactic reaction, 21
Anaphylactic shock, 42 t , 188
Small Animal Anesthesia Techniques, First Edition. Amanda M. Shelby and Carolyn M. McKune.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Companion website: www.wiley.com/go/shelbyanesthesia
COPYRIG
HTED M
ATERIAL
304 IndexIn
dex
Anesthetic depth, monitoring, 13, 17, 203 t , 216
Anesthetic machine, 13–17
Anesthetic plan, 139, 229
Anesthetic plane, 25, 134–137, 186, 216, 229
Anesthetic risk, ASA physical status, 4 t , 121,
159, 178, 185
Anion gap (AG), 214–215
Anticholinergic, see Atropine; Glycopyrrolate
Anticonvulsant(s), 53 t , 60 t , 228 f Antidiuretic hormone, 75 t , 127, 149 . See also
Desmopressin; Vasopressin
Antisedan, see Atipamezole
Antitussive, 71 t , 175
Anxiety, 180
Aortic stenosis, see Valvular stenosis
Apnea, 9 t , 12 t , 53 t , 252, 258, 266
Arrhythmia(s), 191–200 . See also Ventricular
arrhythmias
detection, 27
Arterial blood gas analysis, 32–36, 122 . See also Acid–base analysis
in avians, 248
Arterial blood pressure, monitoring, 21–25 .
See also Diastolic arterial pressure;
Mean arterial pressure; Noninvasive
blood pressure; Systolic arterial
pressure
Arterial catheter placement, 23 t in avians, 252
in rabbits, 242
Arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide
(PaCO 2 ), 25, 154
Arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO 2 ), 4 t , 35, 36 f , 167, 187, 207–214
sampling, 32
waveform, 24 f , 25
Ascites, 208, 222
Aspiration pneumonia, 112, 119, 227, 245
Assisted ventilation, 14 . See also Mechanical
ventilation
in cesarean section, 120
in diaphragmatic hernia, 124
during treatment of
hypoxemia, 209 t respiratory acidosis, 216
in reptiles, 258
in thoracotomy, 122
Asthma, 80, 95, 174, 208
Asystole, 53 t , 93, 294
in cardiac arrest, 198–199
in head and neck procedures, 111
in hypercalcemia, 218
in hyperkalemia, 127
Atelectasis, 19, 36 f , 177, 187
Atenolol, 80
Atipamezole, 59 t , 68 t , 78 t , 81, 294
Atracurium, 57 t , 78 t –79 t , 81, 170
Atrial fl utter and fi brillation, 195–196
Atrioventricular (AV) block, 193–194, 218,
226
Atropine, 40 t , 78 t –79 t , 81
in CPR, 294
in gastroscopy, 137
in pregnancy, 186
in ocular procedures, 132–133
in rabbits, 242
in rodents, 247 t treatment of
AV block, 194
hypotension, 203 t sinus bradycardia, 192
Avians, 248–253
Azotemia
in hyperthyroidism, 159
in hypoadrenocorticism, 156–157
in pheochromocytoma, 162
Bain breathing circuit, 15 f , 17, 225
Barbiturates, 163–164 . See also Pentobarbital
Base excess (BE), 213
calculating bicarbonate, 95
BBB, see Blood brain barrier
Benzodiazepine, 9 t , 51 t , 54 t , 228 f . See also
Diazepam; Midazolam
reversal, 78 t , 121
Benzodiazepine antagonist, see Flumazenil
Bicarbonate, 95–96, 221
treatment of
hyperkalemia, 220 t regurgitation, 227
use in
acid–base disturbances, 213–216
blood loss, 205
CPR, 294
regional blocks, 274 t Bier block, 106, 261–262
Bilirubin, 3 t
Index 305
Index
Birds, see Avians
Blood brain barrier (BBB), 169, 182 t –183
Blood gas analysis, see Acid–base analysis;
Arterial blood gas analysis
Blood pressure, see Arterial blood pressure;
Hypertension; Hypotension
Blood transfusion, 131, 218
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 3 t , 163, 169
Blood work, 1–2, 3 t , 99, 143, 249
Body condition, 159, 185, 249
Body temperature, 2, 31, 57 t , 160 ; see also
Hyperthermia; Hypothermia
in ferrets, 235
in rabbits, 243, 244
in reptiles, 253, 254, 258
Brachial plexus block, 55 t , 56 t , 132 t , 261–265
Brachycephalic procedures, 106–107
Bradycardia, 5 t , 191, 249
associated with
Cushing ’ s refl ex, 167
head and neck procedures, 111
hypercalcemia, 219 t hyperkalemia, 127, 156, 219
hypotension, 201–203
hypothermia, 194, 226
hypothyroidism, 161
neurological disorders, 156
pulmonary thromboembolism, 210
sinus, 192–193
Breathing systems, comparison, 16 t Bronchial alveolar lavage (BAL), 135–137
Bronchodilation, 174, 210
characteristic of
albuterol, 137
atropine, 40 t epinephrine, 42 t glycopyrrolate, 40 t
Bronchoscopy, 135–137
BUN, see Blood urea nitrogen
Bundle branch block, 194–195
Bupivacaine, 55 t , 81, 105
Buprenorphine, 5 t , 71 t , 81
in cats, 117
in ferrets, 236 t in hedgehogs, 237 t in pot belly pigs, 241 t in rabbits, 244 t in rodents, 247 t
Butorphanol, 5 t , 71 t , 81
in avians, 252, 253t
in cats, 117
in ferrets, 236 t in hedgehogs, 237 t in rabbits, 244 t in reptiles, 259 t in rodents, 247 t
Calcium, 217 . See Hypercalcemia;
Hypocalcemia
in cesarean section, 187, 120
channel blockers, 194
chloride, 218, 219 t in fl uids, 46 t gluconate, 81, 120
ionized, 3 t with metabolic alkalosis, 215
in parathydroidectomy/thyroidectomy, 112,
114
treatment of hyperkalemia, 220 t total, 3 t
Capillary refi ll time (CRT), 2, 3 t Capnograph, 25, 28 f
in avians, 252
comparison, 29 t in ferrets, 235
monitoring in patients with
cardiovascular disease, 149
head and neck procedures, 111
hypoventilation, 206
respiratory distress or arrest, 212
thoracotomy, 123
in pot belly pigs, 240
in rabbits, 245 t in reptiles, 258
in rodents, 247
use with
CPR, 292
NMB agents, 57 t , 78 t Carbocaine, see Mepivacaine
Cardiac arrest, 25, 292
during ocular procedures, 135
in patients with
hypercalcemia, 217
hyperkalemia, 219
hyperthyroidism, 159
hypokalemia, 220
hypothermia, 226
306 IndexIn
dex
respiratory acidosis, 216
shock/trauma, 188
rhythms, 198–199
Cardiac arrhythmias, see Arrhythmia(s)
Cardiac dysrhythmias, see Arrhythmia(s)
Cardiac massage, see Cardiopulmonary
resuscitation
Cardiac output (CO)
in abdominal exploratory, 102
in avians, 248
in cardiovascular disease, 143
in rabbits, 243
in sinus bradycardia, 192
with use of
acepromazine, 5 t CVP monitoring, 33 t dexmedetomidine, 5 t mechanical ventilation, 18
vasopressin, 45 t xylazine, 64 t , 70 t
Cardiogenic shock, 188
Cardiomyopathy, 197
dilated, 70 t , 145, 196
hypertrophic, 45 t , 57 t , 64 t , 70 t , 80, 147,
202
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
(CPR), 292–294
algorithm, 293
evaluating, 25
in response to
cardiac arrest, 199
shock/trauma, 188
status, 122, 159
Cardiovascular disease, 143–149, 191
concurrent with
bundle branch block, 194
hypotension, 202
pulmonary edema, 175
contraindications with
dexmedetomidine, 59 t , 68t
phenylephrine, 44 t xylazine, 64 t , 70 t
Carprofen, 65 t , 82
in avians, 253 t in ferrets, 236 t in reptiles, 259 t in rodents, 247 t
Castration, 116–117, 240
Catecholamine, see also Epinephrine
contraindications with
dobutamine, 41 t dopamine, 41 t esmolol, 88
isoproterenol, 90
decreases response during acidosis, 214,
216
depletion, characteristics of
acepromazine, 67 t in geriatric patients, 180
release with
hypothyroidism, 161
mechanical ventilation, 203
pheochroomocytoma, 162–163
Catheter
arterial, 23 t in avians, 249, 251 f central venous, 33 t intravenous, 4, 6t, 7 f in pot belly pigs, 239 f
Central venous pressure (CVP), 32, 33 t , 34 f monitoring in
abdominal exploratory, 102
cardiac diseases, 145, 147, 149
hypoadrenocorticism, 157
shock/trauma, 189
Cerebral blood fl ow, 166, 216
Cerebral edema, 91, 169, 221 ,
Cerebral metabolic requirement for oxygen
(CMRO 2 ), 166–167
Cerebrospinal fl uid (CSF), 166
present during epidural, 267, 269
Cesarean section (C-section), 118, 186
Chamber or box induction, 235
Chest tube
discomfort from, 272, 272 t indications for
pneumothorax, 211–212
space-occupying respiratory disease,
178
thoracotomy, 123–124
placement, 211 t Chinchillas, 245, 234 t Circulation
in avians, 248
evaluation, 25
return, 199, 292, 294
Cisatracurium, 57 t , 78 t , 79 t , 82
Cardiac arrest (continued)
Index 307
Index
Closed circuit, 16 t CMRO 2 , see Cerebral metabolic requirement
for oxygen
Coagulation
disseminated intravascular, 121
hypo-, 103
lack, see Hemorrhage
test parameters, 3t
testing for
hepatic function disease, 163
rhinoscopy, 137
Colloidal osmotic pressure, 48 t Colloids, 48 t
treatment of
hypotension, 203
shock, 188
Common gas outlet, 14, 15f
Compliance
geriatric changes to, 179 t , 180
neonatal changes to, 182 t pregnancy changes to, 187
respiratory, 176, 210
Compound A, 171
Computed tomography (CT), 129
Congestive heart failure, 154, 196
contraindications for
hetastarch, 48 t pancuronium, 57 t
indication for furosemide, 89
Constant rate infusion (CRI),
calculation, 295–296
Controlled ventilation, 18
Conversions, 301 t Corneal refl ex, 17 t
in avians, 252
in rabbits, 243
in reptiles, 258
Corticosteroid, 152, 167, 173, 228 f Cough refl ex, in rabbits, 245
COX, see Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme
CPR, see Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Creatinine, 3 t , 152, 169
Critical patients, 149, 156, 178
Crystalloids, 47t, 103, 119 ,
treatment of
cesarean section, 118
decreased oncontic pressure, 103
hypotension, 203 t shock/trauma, 188
CSF, see Cerebrospinal fl uid
CT, see Computed tomography
Cushing ’ s refl ex, 166, 167,169, 200
Cushing ’ s syndrome, 152–156
CVP, see Central venous pressure
Cyclohexamine anesthetics, see Ketamine;
Tiletamine
Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme, 65 t , 66 t Cystotomy, 127, 128 t
Dantrolene, 82, 207, 225
Dead-space, 8, 16t, 206
in avians, 248, 252
Deep ear fl ush, 138
Dehydration, 129, 152, 202, 221, 249
Dentistry, 138–139, 275–279
Desfl urane, 49 t , 82
Desmopressin (DDAVP), 82, 149
Dexamethasone SP, 83–84, 112, 152 ,
Dexdormitor, see Dexmedetomidine
Dexmedetomidine, 84
as analgesic, 59 t , contraindications, 133, 152
in ferrets, 236 t as premedication, 5 t , 68 t in pot belly pigs, 241 t in rabbits, 244
reversal, 78 t Dextrans, 48 t , 84
Dextrose, 84–85
dilution calculation, 290
oversupplementation, 223
treatment of
hyperkalemia, 220 t hypoglycemia, 103, 152, 157, 164,
166
use in
cardiovascular disease, 151
ferrets, 235
hedgehogs, 238
insulinoma, 223
neonates, 183
rodents, 248
Diabetes insipidus, 149, 151, 221
Diabetes mellitus, 133, 151–152, 153 t , 154,
200, 219
Diaphragmatic hernia (DH), 123–124, 176,
208, 212
Diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), 22 t
308 IndexIn
dex
Diazepam, 85
contraindications of hepatic function
disease, 164, 165 t ferrets, 236 t as induction agent, 9 t as premedication agent, 5 t , 69 t treatment of seizures, 167
Diffusion barrier impairment, 36 f , 174
Digit block, 263, 265 t Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), see
Cardiomyopathy
Dilaudid, see Hydromorphone
Diphenhydramine, 85–86
protocol for mast cell tumor, 109, 110 t treatment of
allergic reaction, 224
transfusion reaction, 205
Direct blood pressure, see Invasive blood
pressure (IBP)
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC),
see Coagulation
Diuretics, 103, 175–176, 220, 222
Dobutamine, 41 t , 86
treatment of
accelerative idioventricular rhythm,
198 t hyperkalemia, 220 t hypotension, 104, 145, 188, 203 t , myocardial contractility, 145, 202
renal perfusion, 170
Dopamine, 41 t , 86
dilution calculation, 290
renal support, 103, 170, 171
treatment of
hyperkalemia, 220 t hypotension, 104, 145, 188, 203 t myocardial contractility, 145, 202
Doppler
and blood pressure, 25, 26 t in CPR, 292
Dorsal hemilaminectomy, 127–129
Doxapram, 86
Dyspnea, 159
Dystocia, 118, 186–187
ECG, see Electrocardiography
Edema
airway, 112
anaphylaxis, 224
cerebral, 91, 169, 221
facial, 73 t pulmonary, 47 t , 48 t , 89, 159, 160, 174,
175, 208
reduction, 83, 173
reexpansion pulmonary, 124
tissue, 48 t , 106, 221
Edrophonium, 78 t , 86
Electrocardiography (ECG)
changes associated with
AV block, 193 f , 194
bradycardia, 192f
bundle branch blocks, 196 f cardiac arrest, 198
hypercalcemia, 218
hyperkalemia, 156–157, 219–220
hypocalcemia, 218
monitoring during
CPR, 292
calcium supplementation, 81
potassium supplementation, 93
monitoring in
avians, 252
ferrets, 235
hedgehogs, 237
pot belly pigs, 240
rabbits, 242
rodents, 246–247
preoperative assessment, 179
waveform, 24 f , 27–30
Electrolyte disturbances, 217–222
Emergency drugs, 294 t Emergency physical status classifi cation, 4 t EMLA cream, 87
Endocrine disease, 149–163
Endoscopy, 137
Endotoxemia, 62 t , 121
Endotracheal intubation, 2, 4, 8, 10 t . See also
Endotracheal tubes
in avians, 251
delayed intubation, 106
diffi cult intubation, 172, 176
in ferrets, 235
in hedgehogs, 237
induction, 9 t positioning for, 11 f in pot belly pigs, 238, 240
in rabbits, 242, 243 f , 245 t in reptiles, 255, 256 f
Index 309
Index
retrograde intubation, 172, 173 t in rodents, 246
supplemental oxygen with, 209 t traumatic intubation, 92, 173
Endotracheal tubes, 8 . See also Endotracheal
intubation
ferret, 235
neonatal, 119 t pot belly pigs, 240
uncuffed, 246, 248, 251, 255
wire-guarded tubes, 130
End-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO 2 ), 22 t absent, 130
hyperventilation, 205
hypoventilation, 21, 122, 206
impact on cerebral fl ood fl ow, 167
increase, 21, 225
indicator of circulation, 292
indicator of V/Q mismatch, 154
monitoring, 25
avians, 252
pot belly pigs, 240
rabbits, 243, 245 t reptiles, 258
sudden change in, 209–210
verifi cation of intubation, 172
Enucleation, 131, 133
Ephedrine, 42 t , 86
during pregnancy, 187
treatment of hypotension, 121, 162,
203 t Epidural, 266–269
calculation, 299
complications associated with, 127
Epinephrine, 42 t , 87
contraindication with isoproterenol,
90
in CPR, 294
peripheral use, 56 t , 62 t secretion, 162
treatment of
allergic reaction, 224
vasodilation, 109, 121, 188, 203 t Esmolol, 87
treatment of
tachycardia, 162, 163, 196, 198 t thyroid storm, 114, 160
Esophageal stethoscope, 29, 31 t , 252,
258
ETCO 2 , see End-tidal carbon dioxide
Etomidate, 9 t , 51 t , 88
contraindicated in
hypoadrenocorticism, 157
renal insuffi ciencies, 170
Euthanasia, pentobarbital, 52 t Expiratory time, 19, 21
Exploratory laparotomy, see Abdominal
exploratory
Extubation, 12
aspiration at, 112, 138
in avians, 252
during procedures, 173
obstruction at, 106, 240, 242
reptiles, 258
swallowing at, 112, 227, 240
swelling at, 92, 106, 160
Eyes
assessment, 2
avians, 249
pot belly pigs, 240
rabbits, 244
Famotidine, 88, 109, 110t, 224
Fasting
hypoglycemia, 223
recommendations for
avians, 248
canines and felines, 1
reptiles, 254
pot belly pigs, 238
refl ux, 227
Femoral nerve block, 271 t Fentanyl, 72 t , 89
caution in hyperadrenocorticism, 154
in ferrets, 236 t in hedgehogs, 237 t as induction agent, 9 t , 122, 188
intraoperative benefi ts, 145, 147, 149,
164
in pot belly pigs, 241 t in rabbits, 244 t
Ferrets, 233–236
First degree AV block, 193, 193 f . See also
Atrioventricular block
Flow meter, 14, 15 f , 17
Flumazenil, 69 t , 78 t , 89
Foreign body, 103 . See also Scoping
procedures
310 IndexIn
dex
Fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO 2 ), 4 t , 35,
36 f , 207–209, 258
Furosemide, 89, 103, 175, 208, 224
Gabapentin, 60 t , 90
Gastric dilation–volvulus (GDV), 102–103
Gastrointestinal obstruction, 79 t Gastroscopy, 137
General anesthesia, 107–109, 129
alveolar ventilation, 206
cardiovascular effects, 144, 164
effects on CMRO 2 , 166
effects on renal function, 170
effects on thermoregulation, 226
geriatric effects on, 179
maintenance, 258
for reproductive procedures, 116, 120
Gerbils, 245–248
Geriatric patients, 2, 5 t , 178–181
Glaucoma, 133–134
contraindication of
ketamine, 51 t , 61 t tiletamine, 54 t
treatment, 91
Glucocorticoids, 154, 157, 223
Glucose, 3 t , 185 t . See also Dextrose;
Hyperglycemia; Hypoglycemia
avians, 248
blood, 25, 32, 85, 220, 222–224
diabetes mellitus, 151–152
monitoring, 103
neonatal supplement, 119 t Glycopyrrolate, 40 t , 90
in rabbits, 242
in rodents, 247 t suggested protocol for
hepatic disease, 165 t neonatal or pediatric, 184 t
treatment of
AIVR, 198 t hypotension, 186–187, 203 t
Guinea pigs, 245–248
Hamsters, 245–248
Hanging-drop technique, 269 t . See also
Epidural
Head trauma, contraindications with
opioids, 72 t –77 t . See also
Neurological disorders
Heart rate (HR)
calculation from ECG, 29
monitoring anesthetic depth, 17
normal in
avians, 248
canines, 3 t , 22 t exotic mammals, 234 t felines, 3 t , 22 t neonates and pediatrics, 185 t reptiles, 254
Heartworm disease, 147
Hedgehogs, 236–238
Hemoabdomen, 104
Hemoglobin, 3 t avians, 252
measurement by pulse oximetry, 29–31
reptiles, 258
Hemorrhage, 203–205
during adrenalectomy, 102
during amputations, 104
during hepatic function diseases, 164
during nephrectomoy, 103
during orthopedic procedures, 130
during ovariohysterectomy, 117
during pheochromocytoma, 162
during portosystemic shunt, 103
during rhinoscopy, 137
during TECABO, 114
during ventral slot, 130
Hemorrhagic shock, 188
Hemothorax, 177
Henderson–Hasselbalch equation, 213
Heparin
lithium, 32
mast cell tumor, 109
Hepatic disease, 163–166
Hetastarch, 48 t , 90
treatment of
hypotension, 164
low oncotic pressure, 103
High pressure system, 13
Histamine release
complication of
atracurium, 57 t hydromorphone, 73 t meperidine, 5 t , 73 t morphine, 5 t , 74 t
in mast cell tumor, 109
treatment, 85, 88
Index 311
Index
History, 1
Hofmann elimination, atricurium, 57 t Horner ’ s syndrome, 114
Hydromorphone, 73 t , 90
in avians, 252
in ferrets, 236 t in hedgehogs, 237 t incidence of hyperthermia, 225
as induction agent, 9 t as premedication agent, 5 t in rabbits, 244 t in reptiles, 259 t
Hydroxyethyl starch, see Hetastarch
Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing ’ s
syndrome), 152–156
Hypercalcemia, 217–218, 219 t with hypoadrenocorticism, 157
with renal insuffi ciencies, 169
Hypercapnia, see Hypoventilation
Hyperglycemia, 222–223
in diabetes mellitus, 152
in neurological disorders, 166
in renal insuffi ciencies, 169
Hyperkalemia, 219–220
complications of AV block, 194
treatment, 220 t calcium gluconate, 81
dextrose, 84–85
sodium bicarbonate, 95–96
with hypoadrenocorticism, 156–157
with urological disease, 127
Hypernatremia, 221
Hyperparathyroidism, with
hypercalcemia, 218
Hypertension, 200–201
with adrenalectomy, 102–103
with Cushing ’ s refl ex, 167
with hyperadrenocorticism, 152
with hyperthyroidism, 159
with noxious stimuli, 227
with pheochromocytoma, 162
with portosystemic shunt, 103
with renal insuffi ciencies, 169
with serotonergic crisis, 154
treatment, 201 t Hyperthermia, 224–225
causes of
laryngeal tie back, 112
obesity, 185
serotonergic crisis, 154
respiratory alkalosis, 217
thyroid storm, 114, 160
malignant, 206
in rabbits, 244
Hyperthyroidism, 159–160
Hypertonic saline, 47 t causes of hypernatremia, 221
treatment of
Cushing ’ s refl ex, 167
hypotension, 203 t Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), 147
Hyperventilation, 205
with increased ICP, 206
with metabolic acidosis, 215
with respiratory alkalosis, 217
Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison ’ s
disease), 152–156
Hypoalbuminemia
with hepatic dysfuction, 164
with neonates, 182 t Hypocalcemia, 218
causes of ventricular arrhythmias, 197
consequence of
metabolic alkalosis, 215
respiratory alkalosis, 217
with pregnancy, 120, 186
with renal insuffi ciencies, 169
treatment, 219 t Hypocapnia, see Hyperventilation
Hypoglycemia, 223–224
in ferrets, 235
in hedgehogs, 238
with hepatic dysfunction, 164
with hypoadrenocorticism, 156–157
in neonates, 119t, 120, 183
with neurological disorders, 166
with portosystemic shunt, 103
in rodents, 248
Hypokalemia, 220
with metabolic alkalosis, 215
with renal insuffi ciencies, 169
with respiratory alkalosis, 217
with ventricular arrhythmias, 197
Hyponatremia, 221–222
with hypoadrenocorticism, 156
Hypoparathyroidism, 218
Hypoproteimemia, 100
with renal insuffi ciencies, 169
312 IndexIn
dex
Hypotension, 201–203
in endotoxemia, 121
in hemorrhage, 204
in hepatic function diseases, 164
in hypoadrenocorticism, 157
in hypothyroidism, 161
in mast cell tumor, 109
in pregnancy, 186
in splenectomy, 104
Hypothermia, 226–227
in geriatric patients, 180
and hepatic function diseases, 164
and hyperthyroidism, 160
in neonates, 183
and poor body condition, 185
Hypothyroidism, 160–162
Hypotonic fl uids, 222
Hypoventilation, 205–207
in avians, 249, 253
correction, 21
and diaphragmatic hernia, 124
identifi cation, 36 f and hyperadrenocorticism, 154
and hyperthyroidism, 160
and obesity, 186
in pot belly pigs, 241
in pregnancy, 120
in reptiles, 258
and space-occupying respiratory
disease, 177
in thoracotomy, 122
Hypovolemia
and gastric dilation and volvulus, 102
with hemothorax, 177
as result of hemorrhage, 104
and splenectomy, 104
Hypovolemic shock, during Addisonian
crisis, 157
Hypoxemia, 207–209
blood gas analysis, 35
and lower airway disease, 174
and neurological disorders, 167
and reexpansion pulmonary edema, 124
and thoracotomy, 122
tissue, 188
and upper airway obstruction, 172
Hypoxia, 36 f myocardial, 197
tissue, 196, 200
ICP, see Intracranial pressure
Indirect blood pressure, 25 . See
Non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP)
Induction, see also Induction agents
of anesthesia, 4–10
of avians, 249
of ferrets, 235
of hedgehogs, 236
of pot belly pigs, 239
of rabbits, 242
of reptiles, 255
of rodents, 246
Induction agents, 50 t –54 t Infi ltrative blocks, 270
Infraorbital nerve block, 276–277
Inotrope, see names of specifi c drugs
Inspiratory to expiratory ratio (I : E), 19
Inspiratory fl ow, 19, 20
Inspiratory time, 19, 20
Insulinoma, 223, 235
Intercostal nerve block, 272–273
Intermediate pressure system, 14
Intermittent positive pressure ventilation
(IPPV), 18–21
and lower airway disease, 176
and space-occupying respiratory
disease, 178
Intervertebral disk disease, see Dorsal
hemilaminectomy
Intra-articular block, 274–275
Intracranial pressure (ICP), 166–167
Intraocular pressure (IOP), 133–134
Intraosseous catheter
in avians, 251
in hedgehogs, 237
in neonates, 183
in rabbits, 242
in reptiles, 255, 257 f in rodents, 246
Intraperitoneal (IP) injection, 246, 247 t Intrapleural block, 272–274
Intravenous block, 261, 262 t Intubation, see Endotracheal intubation
IOP, see Intraocular pressure
IPPV, see Intermittent positive pressure
ventilation
Isofl urane, 49 t , 90
as induction agent, 9 t as maintenance agent, 12 t
Index 313
Index
Isoproterenol, 90
Isotonic solutions, 203
Jaw tone, 17 t in avians, 252
in ferrets, 235
in pot belly pigs, 240
in reptiles, 258
Joint block, 274–275
Ketamine, 91
as analgesic, 61 t in avians, 253 t in ferrets, 236 t in hedgehogs, 237 t as induction agent, 9 t , 51 t in pot belly pigs, 241 t as premedication agent, 5 t in reptiles, 259 t in rodents, 247 t as total injectable combination in cats, 117 t
Ketoacidosis, 151
Ketoprofen, 66 t , 91
Kidney, see Renal insuffi ciencies
Lactate, 3 t in lactated Ringer ’ s solution, 46 t in metabolic acidosis, 214–215
Lactated Ringer ’ s solution (LRS), 46 t , 91
Lactic acidosis, see Metabolic acidosis
Laparotomy, exploratory, 99–104
Laparotomy sponge, estimated blood
absorbency, 204
Laryngeal paralysis, 111–112, 171
Laryngeal sacculectomy, see Brachycephalic
procedures
Laryngeal tie back, 111, 113 t Laryngoscope, use during intubation, 10t
Larynx
avian, 251 f canine, 11 f diseases, 171
tortoise, 257 f Leaks
troubleshooting, 17
ventilator, 20–21
Left bundle branch block, see Bundle branch
block
Lens luxation, see Ocular procedures
Lidocaine, 91
as analgesic, 62 t in avians, 252
in feline intubation, 10 t in ferret intubation, 235
as local anesthetic, 56 t in pot belly pig intubation, 240 t in rabbit intubation, 245 t in rodent intubation, 246
treatment of ventricular arrhythmias,
198 t Line block during cesarean section, 120,
121 t Lizard(s), see Reptiles
Local analgesic techniques, 261–284
Local anesthetics, 55 t –56 t Local nociception, 228 f Low pressure system, 14
Lower airway disease, 174–176
Lumbosacral epidural anesthesia, see Epidural
Lung volume, see Tidal volume
MAC, see Minimal alveolar concentration
Maintenance
anesthetics, 12 t fl uid rates, calculating, 297
phase, 10
Malignant hyperthermia (MH), 206
Mandibular nerve block, 278–279
Mannitol, 91
in treatment of increased ICP, 167
use as an osmotic diuretic, 103, 106
Manometer
aneroid, 22 f , 23 t pressure, 15 f sphygmo-, 25, 26t
Marcaine, see Bupivacaine
Maropitant, 63 t , 92
Mast cell tumor (MCT), 109, 110 t Mastectomy, 109
Maxillary nerve block, 278
Mean arterial pressure, 21, 22 t Mechanical ventilation (MV), 18–21
Medial nerve block, see Digit block
Meloxicam, 66 t , 92
in avians, 253 t in hedgehogs, 237 t in rabbits, 244 t in reptiles, 259 t
314 IndexIn
dex
Mental nerve block, 279, 281 t Meperedine, 73 t , 92
Mepivacaine, 56 t , 92
Metabolic acidosis, 35, 36 t , 213, 214–215
Metabolic alkalosis, 36 t , 213, 215–216
Metabolism
in avians, 249
of drugs in a fetus, 119
of drugs in hepatic function disease,
163
of drugs in a neonate, 119
in reptiles, 253
Methadone, 74 t , 92
in pot belly pigs, 241 t as premedication agent, 5 t
Mice, 245–248
Midazolam, 69 t , 92
in avians, 253 t in ferrets, 236 t in hedgehogs, 237 t as induction agent, 9 t in pot belly pigs, 238, 241 t as premedication agent, 5 t in rabbits, 242, 244 t in reptiles, 259 t in rodents, 247 t
Minimal alveolar concentration (MAC), of
inhalants, 12 t , 49 t Minute volume
in neonates, 182
use in calculating reservoir bag, 16
Miosis
neurological abnormality, 166
opioid induced, 132
Mitral regurgitation (MR), 144–146
Monitoring
during CPR, 292
equipment, 21–36
patient depth, 17
Morphine, 74 t , 92
as premedication agent, 5 t in reptiles, 255, 259 t in rodents, 247
Mucous membrane color (MMC), 2
Muscle relaxants, see Neuromuscular blocking
agents
Mydriasis
in cats, 132
in neurological disorders, 166
Myringotomy, 138
Naloxone, 79 t , 92
Neonates, 182–185
resuscitation, 119 t , 121
Neostigmine, 79 t , 92
Nephrectomy, 103
Nerve blocks, see names of specifi c nerve blocks
Neuroleptic induction, 9 t Neurological disorders, 166–169
Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA), 57 t . Neuropathic pain, 60 t Nitroprusside, 43 t , 92
treatment of hypertension, 201 t NMB agents, see Neuromuscular blocking
agents
NMB antagonists, 78 t . See also names of specifi c drugs
Nociception, 228
Noninvasive blood pressure, 25
Non-rebreathing system, 15 f , 16 t Nonsteroidal anti-infl ammatory analgesics
(NSAIDs), 65 t Norepinephrine, 43 t , 92
Normosol, 46 t , 92
Noxious stimuli, 227–229
Obesity, 185–186
Obstetric procedures, see Cesarean section
Ocular procedures, 131–135
Oncotic pressure, 103
Opioids, 71 t –77 t Orthopedic procedures, 127–131
Oscillometric blood pressure monitoring, 25,
26 t , 27 f Osmotic pressure, see Colloidal osmotic
pressure
Osteoarthritis, 180
Ovariohysterectomy (OHE), 118
Oxygen
conversion from PSI to liters, 13, 301 t cylinder, 15 f fl owmeter, 15 f fl ush valve, 15 f hemoglobin desaturation curve, 207 f pressure failure device, 14
saturation, 29–30
supplemental, 209 t
Index 315
Index
Oxygenation, 32, 35, 36 f Oxymorphone, 76 t , 92
in rodents, 247
Pacemaker, 194
Packed cell volume (PCV), 2, 3 t Pain, see Noxious stimuli
Palpebral refl ex, 17 t in ferret, 235
loss, 114
in pot belly pigs, 240
in rabbits, 243
in reptiles, 258
Pancuronium, 57 t , 92
PaO 2 , see Arterial partial pressure of oxygen
Parathyroidectomy, 112–114
Partial thromboplastin (PTT), 2 t , 103
Partition coeffi cient, 49 t Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), 73 t , 208 . See
also Cardiovascular disease
PCV, see Packed cell volume
PDA, see Patent ductus arteriosus
PE, see Physical examination
PEA, see Pulseless electrical activity
Peak end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), 19
treatment of hypoxemia, 209 t Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), 19
change in, 21
during CPR, 292
treatment of hypoxemia, 209 t Pediatric patients, see Neonates
PEEP, see Peak end-expiratory pressure
Pentastarch, 48 t Pentobarbital, 52 t , 92
Perianal fi stula, see Perianal surgeries
Perianal surgeries, 114–116
Pericardial disease, 147, 148 t Perineal urethrostomy (PU), 127, 128 t Peripheral nerve stimulator, 57 t pH, see Acid–base; Arterial blood gas analysis
assessment, 35–36
of fl uids, 46t–47 t normal range, 4 t
Pharyngeal refl exes, in reptiles, 258
Phenothiazine, see Acepromazine
Phenylephrine, 44t, 92
use during opthomology procedures, 133
use during rhinoscopy, 137
Pheochromocytoma, 102, 162–163
Physical examination (PE), 2, 3 t Physical status, 4
Pigs, see Pot belly pigs
Plasma
protein, see Protein, total serum
treatment of blood loss, 204
use in hepatic function diseases, 103, 164
Plasma-lyte, 46 t , 92
Platelets (PLTS), 3 t Pneumothorax, 210–212
iatrogenic, 122–123
mechanical ventilation, 21, 177–123
Pop-off valve (APL valve), 14, 15 f Portosystemic shunt (PSS), 103 . See also
Hepatic disease
Positive pressure ventilation, see Intermittent
positive pressure ventilation;
Mechanical ventilation
Pot belly pigs (PBP), 238–241
Potassium (K), 3 t , 218–220 . See also
Hyperkalemia; Hypokalemia
chloride (KCl), 92–93
within crystalloid solutions, 46 t Preanesthetic assessment, 1–4
in avians, 249
in reptiles, 254
Pregnancy, 186–187
Preload, 32, 202 f Premedication, 4, 6 f
in avians, 249, 253 t drugs, 5 t in ferrets, 235, 236 f in hedgehogs, 237
in pot belly pigs, 238, 241 t in rabbits, 242, 244 t in reptiles, 255, 259 t in rodents, 246, 247 t
Pressure checking anesthesia machine, 17
Pressure relief valve, 19
Prilocaine, see EMLA cream
Procainamide, 93
in treatment of
ventricular rhythms, 198 t Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome, 144
Propofol, 9 t , 12 t , 53 t , 94
in ferrets, 236 t in rabbits, 244 t in reptiles, 259 t
Propranolol, 94–95
316 IndexIn
dex
Protein, total serum (TS, TP), 3 t PTT, see Partial thromboplastin
Pulmonic stenosis (PS), see Valvular stenosis
Pulmonary contusions, 178
Pulmonary disease, 171–178
Pulmonary edema, 175–176
Pulmonary thromboembolism
(PTE), 209–210
Pulse oximetry, 29–31
Pulseless electrical activity (PEA), 198–199
Pyometra, 121–122
Rabbits, 241–245
Radial nerve block, see Digit block
Rats, 245–248
Rebreathing
CO 2 , 28 f system, 16 f , 16 t
Recovery phase, 12
Recurrent laryngeal nerve, 112
Red blood cells (RBCs), 3 t Regional blocks, 261–284.
Regurgitation, 227
Remifentanil, 77 t , 95
Renal disease, see Renal insuffi ciencies
Renal insuffi ciencies, 169–171
Replacement solutions, see Crystalloids
Reptiles, 253–259
Reservoir bag, 14, 15 f , 16
Respiratory acidosis, 35, 213 t , 214 t , 216
Respiratory alkalosis, 36, 213 t , 214 t , 216–217
Respiratory arrest, 212–213
Respiratory changes
associated with pregnancy, 187
in geriatric patients, 179 t in neonates, 182 t
Respiratory complications, 205–213
Respiratory disease, 171–178
in rabbits, 241
in rodents, 245
Respiratory distress, 212–213
Respiratory gases, 32, 36 f Respiratory obstruction, in rodents, 248
Respiratory rate (RR), 3 t Restraint
of avians, 249
of hedgehogs, 236
of pot belly pigs, 238, 239 f of rabbits, 242
of reptiles, 254
of rodents, 245
Resuscitation, see Cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR)
Retrobulbar block, 283–284
Retrograde intubation, 173 t Rhinoscopy, 137–138
Right bundle branch block, see Bundle branch
block
“Righting” refl ex, 246
Ring block, 263–266
Risk, operative, see Physical status
Rodents, see names of specifi c species
Saline solutions, see Hypertonic saline;
Hypotonic fl uids
Sciatic nerve blocks, 269–270
Scoping procedures, 135–138
Second degree AV block, 193 f . See also
Atrioventricular (AV) block
Sedation, with premedication drugs, 5 t Seizures, 167
Septic shock, 188–189
Sevofl urane, 49 t , 95
as induction agent, 9 t as maintenance agent, 12 t
Shock, 188–189
Sinus bradycardia, 192–193
Skeletal muscle relaxants, see Neuromuscular
blocking agents
Snakes, see Reptiles
Sodium, 3 t , 221–222 . See also
Hypernatremia; Hyponatremia
bicarbonate, 95–96
chloride
0.9%, 47 t , 96
7.5%, 47 t , 96
within crystalloid solutions, 46 t Soft palate, elongated, see Brachycephalic
procedures
Somatic pain, 5 t , 61 t , 130
Space occupying respiratory disease,
176–178
Sphygmomanometer, 25, 26 f Splash block, 270–272
Splenectomy, 104
Stenotic nares, see Brachycephalic procedures
Stifl e block, see Joint block
Swine, see Pot belly pigs
Index 317
Index
Systolic arterial pressure (SAP), 22 t during volume assessment, 25
hypertension, 200
hypotension, 201
measurement with Doppler, 25
Tachycardia, ventricular, 196, 197 f . See also
Atrial fl utter and fi brillation
Telazol, 54 t , 97
in pot belly pigs, 241 t Temperature, 3 t , 22 . See also Hyperthermia;
Hypothermia
of neonates, 185 t probe, 31–32
Terbutaline, 96–97
Testicular block, 117 t Thermoregulation, 185 . See also
Hyperthermia; Hypothermia
Third degree AV block, 193 f . See also
Atrioventricular (AV) block
Thoracentesis, 213 t Thoracotomy, 122–126
Thyroidectomy, 112
Tidal volume (V T ), 19, 206, 209, 292
in avians, 248
Tiletamine, 54 t , 97
in ferrets, 236 t TOF, see Train of four
Torbugesic, see Butorphanol
Tortoises, see Reptiles
Total blood volume, 203–204
Total ear canal ablation and bulla osteotomy
(TECABO), 114
Trachea, hypoplastic, see Brachycephalic
procedures
Tracheal intubation, rupture, 176 . See also
Endotracheal intubation
Train of four (TOF), 57 t Tramadol, 77 t , 97
Transdermal fentanyl patches, 72 t Transfusion, see Hemorrhage
Trauma, 188–189
Traumatic brain injury, 169
Tricuspid regurgitation (TR), 144–146
Troubleshooting leaks, 17
Turtles, see Reptiles
Ulnar nerve block, see Digit block
Ultiva, see Remifentanil
Upper airway disease, 171–174
Upper airway obstruction, 172
Urine, output, 103
Urological procedures, 127
Valvular stenosis, 147–149, 150 t Vapor pressure, of common inhalants, 49 t Vaporizer, 15 f Vasopressin, 45 t , 97
Venous access, catheter, 6 t , 7 f Ventilation, see Mechanical ventilation
Ventilation–perfusion mismatch (V/Q
mismatch), identifi cation, 32, 36 f . See also Hypoxemia
Ventilators, classifi cation, 18–19, 20 f Ventral slot, 129–130
Ventricular arrhythmias, 196–198
Ventricular fi brillation (VF), 199 f . See also
Cardiac arrest; Cardiopulmonary
resuscitation
Ventricular premature contractions
(VPC), 197 f . See also Ventricular
arrhythmias
Ventricular tachycardia (VT), 197 f . See also
Ventricular arrhythmias
Vulvoplasty, see Perianal surgeries
White blood cells (WBCs), 3 t Whole blood, 204
Windup, 61t, 131
Xylazine, 64 t , 70 t , 97
Y piece, 16 t Yohimbine, 79 t , 97
Yoke, 13
Zolazepam, 54 t , 97
in ferrets, 236 t