COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL · 2017. 3. 28. · 1116 Index Brake power, 159, 171, 182, 184, 189–197, 205, 212–213, 293 British Fairey Delta, 597 British Spitfire, 158–159, 385, 487–488,

1113

Index

A

Accelerating climb, 353, 355

Acceleration sensitivity, 958–963

Ackert’s theory, 775

Adams-Bashfourth-Moulton, 1021, 1026–1027,

1033–1034, 1038

Adams-Moulton, 748

Additional section lift, 85–87, 108

Adiabatic, 19, 131

Advance angle, 173–174, 176, 186, 219

Advance ratio, 183–192, 197, 199, 214, 225–

226, 478–479, 508, 513

Adverse yaw, 81, 337, 570–571, 691

Aerodynamic, 1

angle, 498–499, 525, 597

angle of attack, 63, 74, 78, 80, 175, 185,

189, 219

balance, 635, 637

coefficients, 3, 183, 224, 262, 497, 508, 684,

721, 723, 748, 773–774

controls, 605

coordinates, 1–2, 518, 717

coupling, 924, 928, 934–935, 986

derivatives, 500, 504, 565, 768–788, 846,

914, 917, 924

drag, 260–261, 338

efficiency, 262, 264, 266, 389, 426

force, 1–4, 14, 18, 28–30, 46, 49, 94, 99–

107, 143, 259, 403

force vector, 102

hinge moment, 633

hysteresis, 942

moment, 1–4, 103–105, 107, 259, 403, 437,

455, 474, 497, 499, 548

nondimensional derivatives, 792–794

pitch angle, 169–170, 173, 175, 181–182,

185–186, 218–219

pitch length, 170, 183, 185

pressure, 403, 455

properties, 26

torsional spring, 752

twist, 51–55, 57–58, 63, 72, 553–554

yaw departure, 940

Aerodynamic center, 5–7, 30, 45, 120–130,

145, 381–395, 400, 403, 413, 420, 422,

424–425, 427, 430, 436, 438, 448, 453–

472, 555, 560–561, 608, 624, 625, 635,

645, 647, 688 (see also Neutral point)

definition, 458–459

general relations for, 464–471

ideal, theoretical, 30

of drag, 460

of lift, 460

semispan, 88–93

traditional approximation, 462–463

two-surface small-angle approximation,

471–472

vertical offset, 436–472

wings with constant sweep and dihedral, 463

Aerodynamics, 1, 3, 20, 28, 49, 135, 139

compressible, 131

inviscid, 16, 28

inviscid compressible, 131–134

overview, 1

Aeroelastic bending, wing, 679

Aeroelasticity, 624, 877

Aft CG limit, 615–620, 660, 967–968

Aft tail, 384–385, 389–390, 394–395, 436–437,

624, 627, 631, 634–636, 661–666

estimating downwash angle on, 411–421

Afterburner, 164, 241–242

Aileron, 9, 72–82, 377, 549, 567–568, 596–

597, 666, 691

angle, 73, 567–568

deflection, 73–76, 78, 80–82, 567–570, 596–

597, 680–681

Frise, 691

response, 921

reversal, 679

reversal speed, 681

saturation, 582, 584, 585, 589, 591–593

sizing, 574, 595, 921

Air density, 132–133, 230, 265, 268, 272–273,

277, 279, 282, 284, 287–289, 293–294,

298–299, 304, 311, 316, 327, 331–332,

345–346

Aircraft, 1, 10–11, 14–18, 48, 53, 94, 107–131,

138, 153–168, 245, 253

control response, 953, 976–986

controls, 605

design, 259, 263–264, 272, 565

dynamics, 727

engine, 154–155, 157, 190, 200, 236–237

equations of motion, 715, 719

fixed wing, 74, 681

flight simulation, 989–1060

handling qualities, 953–986

maneuverability, 605

performance, 16, 259–805

plane of symmetry, 95, 497

COPYRIG

HTED M

ATERIAL

1114 Index

position, 1044

propulsion, 153–168, 191, 253

stability, 223, 380–381, 436, 447

stability and control, 225, 259

state, 957

tailless, 453, 517, 565

weight, 279, 292, 322, 356

Airflow, 1, 47, 131

Airfoil, 4, 26–28, 144, 318

cambered, 143

coordinates, 33–34

modern, 318

section, 3, 5, 26, 28, 32, 34, 38–50, 95–96,

100, 134, 138, 168, 384, 388, 427, 448

section geometry, 16

section moment data, 30

section theory, 50

supercritical, 139

supersonic, 138, 143, 145

symmetric, 26, 30, 143, 145, 318, 384, 388–

393, 395

theory, 39

thickness, 28, 30, 38, 45

thin, 28, 134, 143, 145

Airplane

high-wing, 558–560

low-wing, 558

spin, 693–695, 703, 706

spin-resistant, 705, 706

stall, 693

Airscrew, 170 (see also Propeller)

Airspeed, 14, 16, 81, 158–161, 164, 171–179,

190–191, 197, 200, 216–219, 231–232,

259–368, 377–379, 387, 392–393, 397,

439, 557, 719

best climb, 281

best glide, 310–316

design, 318, 393

forward, 173–176, 187, 190, 207, 216

freestream, 205

indicated, 327, 331

landing, 351–352, 411

liftoff, 344–345, 411

maximum, 274–277

maximum endurance, 291–293, 299, 301

maximum range, 296–302, 305

minimum, 259, 317

minimum-control, 582–596

minimum drag, 264, 267, 296, 299–301

minimum power, 273, 307

minimum sink, 307–308

minimum thrust, 273

optimum, 265

subsonic, 155, 165, 168


true, 327

VNE, 325–326

All-flying tail, 385, 682, 687

All-movable trim adjustment, 688–689

Altitude, 10–12, 17, 190, 264–265, 272–273,

281–282, 289, 292, 294, 297–298, 305–

307, 311, 327, 358, 377, 989, 1044–1049,

1052–1055, 1057

density, 306

geometric, 10, 17

geopotential, 10–11

obstacle clearance, 353–361, 364

Ambient

pressure, 153, 203, 233–234, 246, 483

temperature, 237, 245

Amphibian, 456

Amplification factor, 817–818 (see also

Dynamic gain)

Angle

advance, 173–174, 176, 186, 219

aerodynamic, 498–499, 525, 597

aerodynamic pitch, 169–170, 173, 175, 181–

182, 185–186, 218–219

aileron, 73, 567–568

azimuth, 736, 990 (see also Heading)

bank, 260, 321–324, 336, 497–499, 548–549,

736, 901, 990

climb, 260, 278, 282–286, 309, 321–324,

332–334, 357–360, 386, 392, 437

crab, 295

dihedral, 95, 550, 554, 565–566

downwash, 173–174, 176, 218–219, 387,

390–391, 394–395, 411, 413, 415, 417–

420, 479–480, 484, 509, 571

Euler, 735–743, 753–754, 759, 927, 989–990

elevation, 437, 696, 736, 990

ground track, 295

heading, 295, 736 (see also Azimuth angle)

induced, 173, 175, 181, 183, 218

Mach, 140, 142–143

orientation, 499

phase, 818

pitch, 169–170, 176, 180, 182, 185–186, 219

roll, 78

sideslip, 225, 497–503, 508–511, 516–519,

526, 548–549, 551, 557, 719, 721, 901

sidewash, 502–503, 509, 519

sweep, 95–96, 417–418

thrust, 171, 262, 265–270, 274, 278–279,

296, 320, 338

upwash, 422, 424–425, 428, 479

wind direction, 295

wind-track, 295, 308

Index 1115

Angle of attack, 3–5, 14–16, 28–32, 37–42, 45,

52–58, 75, 99–100, 107, 143, 185, 189,

200, 216, 219, 225, 246, 262–263, 266,

334–335, 338, 340, 344–346, 379–386,

390–403, 413, 423, 437–440, 443–444,

448–449, 453–455, 474, 476, 478, 484,

499–501, 523, 548, 611, 719

aerodynamic, 63, 74, 78, 80, 175, 185, 189,

219

blade, 189–190, 218

differential in, 551

effective, 50, 391, 411

equilibrium, 392, 730, 804

fuselage, 393, 396, 429

geometric, 51, 73–74

high, 15, 940–942, 987

induced, 50–51, 78, 96

local aerodynamic, 63, 74

local section, 50, 101, 106, 176, 183

low, 14

optimum, 349

propeller, 171–172, 201, 216–220, 222, 225,

480, 508–510, 513–515

small, 134

trim, 450

zero, 143, 391, 395–396, 404, 406, 428, 448,

450, 480, 484

zero-lift, 30–31, 40–42, 51, 59, 170, 184–

185, 390, 424

Angular momentum equation, 206–207, 212

Anhedral, 95, 550

Area, 3–4

characteristic, 473

frontal, 3, 473

planform, 3, 53, 96

wing, 259, 265, 318, 345

Area rule, 139

Aspect ratio, 49, 53–54, 57, 62, 66–67, 70, 76,

83, 96, 102, 105–106, 262, 269, 272, 275,

318, 389, 391, 412–413, 415, 420, 426–

428, 448–449, 505, 527, 552, 870

apparent, 505

effective, 505, 527–528

high, 102, 265

low, 106

true, 527–528

Atmosphere, 10–14

desert, 11

polar, 11

standard, 11, 14

Atmospheric pressure, 14

Atmospheric temperature, 14

Attitude, 380, 387, 423

descriptors, 1004

equilibrium, 379–381

liftoff, 337

quaternion representation, 1007, 1010

Autopilot, 969, 985–986

Axis of propeller rotation, 171, 173, 176, 216

Azimuth angle, 736, 990 (see also Heading)

constraint, 1014

B

B-17 Flying Fortress, 157, 159

B-29 Superfortress, 157

Bairstow approximation, 858

Balanced field length, 353–355, 363–365

Bank angle, 260, 321–324, 336, 497–499, 548–

549, 736, 901, 990

load-limited, 323–324

maximum, 322–324

regulatory limit, 589

stall-limited, 322–324

Basic section lift, 85–87, 108

Beech Bonanza, 690

Bell Airacomet, 161–162

Bernoulli’s equation, 203, 208

Betz condition, 179, 199, 217

Bifilar pendulum, 884

Biot-Savart law, 25, 412, 417, 518

Blade

angle of attack, 189–190, 218

drag, 190, 200

interference, 159

section, 173, 175, 189, 218

wake, 199

Blade-tip vortex, 177–179, 215

helical, 215

Body, 3 (see also Fuselage)

axis, 1

bluff, 3, 15

-fixed stability and control coordinates, 7–8

streamlined, 14, 15

Body force, 668

Boeing 707, 163

Boeing 747, 165

Boundary conditions, 38

Boundary layer, 14–17, 19, 42, 134, 138, 146,

199

concept, 14

equations, 14

flow, 14, 38

separation, 15–16, 29, 42, 138

solution, 39

theory, 14, 38

viscous, 14, 16

wake, 16

Bow shock, 143

1116 Index

Brake power, 159, 171, 182, 184, 189–197,

205, 212–213, 293

British Fairey Delta, 597

British Spitfire, 158–159, 385, 487–488, 514,

599

Bypass ratio, 164, 245, 248–253

C

C-130 Hercules, 166, 558–560

Camber, 26–28, 39, 84, 143–145

line, 26–28, 30–31, 37–42, 143, 145

maximum, 27, 30, 32

negative, 384

positive, 384, 390

Camber line geometry, 40–42

Camber line ordinate, 40

Cambered wing, pitch stability of, 381–384

Canard, 421–437, 449–453, 608

lift coefficient, 424, 426, 432

lift slope, 424

movable, 666

volume ratio, 425–426, 429

Cartesian aerodynamic coordinates, 1–2, 518,

717

Ceiling

absolute, 282

service, 282

Center of aerodynamic force, 468

Center of drag, 460, 468

Center of gravity, 381–383, 386–395, 399–407,

422–425, 435–436, 439, 444–445, 448,

453–473, 500–501, 504–506, 560

limits, 407, 615–623, 646–661, 967–968

low, 664

vertical position, 663

Center of lift, 460, 468

Center of pressure, 5, 29–30, 145

fuselage, 473–474

Center of thrust, 386, 395, 422, 436

Center of vorticity, 415–417

Centripetal acceleration, 606, 616, 668, 698

Centroidal chord, 88–93

CFD, 39, 96, 105–107, 474, 482

Characteristic length, 99, 103

Characteristic polynomial, 974

Chord, 2, 27, 41

centroidal, 88–93

flap, 41

geometric mean, 83

length, 2–3, 27, 30, 51, 54–55, 59, 63, 77,

103, 175–176, 183–186, 200, 220

line, 1–5, 26–27, 46, 98, 143, 261

mean aerodynamic, 84, 89, 460

root, 55

tip, 55

Chord length ratio, 183–184, 186

Circulation, 21, 24, 48, 51, 78, 94, 98, 177,

180–181

distribution, 52, 55, 75

local section, 51, 177

vector, 555

Climb, 277–287

accelerating, 353, 355

Climb angle, 260, 278, 282–286, 309, 321–324,

332–334, 357–360, 386, 392, 437


stall-limited, 333

steady, 358

Clustering, 32, 104

cosine, 32–33, 104–105

Cobra maneuver, 334, 987

Coefficient, 3–4

axial force, 3

drag, 3–4, 15–16, 30, 52–55, 58, 62, 107,

138, 145

induced drag, 52–55, 58–59

lift, 3, 15–16, 30, 38, 41–42, 52–63, 66, 80,

106, 135, 146, 175, 182–183, 200, 262–

267, 271–272, 277, 283–284, 310, 317,

320, 322, 334, 336–340, 344, 346, 357–

360, 382–383, 387–391, 396, 398, 401,

411–412, 415, 424, 449–451, 455, 608

moment, 3, 5, 29, 36, 42, 135, 145–146, 382,

387, 392, 449, 609

normal force, 3, 5

pressure, 135–137, 142–143

yawing moment, 78–81

Cofactor, 973, 975

Combustion chamber, 228, 233–235, 237, 241,

247

Complex amplitude, 984

Compressibility, 131, 159, 196

Compressible flow theory, 230

Compressible subsonic flow, 134–139

Compressor, 228, 233, 237–238, 246

inlet, 234–235

outlet, 234

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 39, 96,

105–107, 474, 482

Conservation of mass, 203, 208

Constant-speed pull-up maneuver, 606–607

Constraint

azimuth angle, 1014

design, 318

elevation angle, 1014

pitch, 1014

roll, 1013

rotational, 1013

Index 1117

yaw, 1014

Continuity equation, 16–18, 210

Contrails, 177–178

Control, 9, 48, 682

alternative, 666

anticipation parameter, 960, 962, 963, 967

automatic, 985

column, 632

derivatives, 597

inputs, 968

irreversible, 633

lateral, 666

loader, 633

longitudinal, 605, 669

orthogonality, 1026–1028

pitch, 9, 72, 385, 426, 472, 605, 632, 637,

638–641, 644, 655–658, 682–687 (see

also All-flying tail; Elevator; Stabilator;

V-tail)

reversible mechanical, 633

roll, 9, 72–73, 567, 570, 691–692, 969 (see

also Ailerons; Spoilers)

stick, 632

surface deflection, 72, 74, 424–434, 670,

672, 675

weight-shift, 407–411

wheel, 632

yaw, 9, 504, 570, 692, 693, 704, 941, 969

(see also Rudder; V-tail)

yoke, 632

Control derivative, 504, 512, 570, 597, 627,

681

Control force, 632

derivative, 639

gradient, 632, 637, 640, 643, 654, 660

in ground effect, 655–658, 661

per g, 637, 640, 643, 660

pitch, 605, 639, 656–658

Control point, 32–35, 99–105

Control problem

generalized linear, 970, 977, 981

special linear, 970, 972, 978

Control response, 953, 968–986

Control reversal

aileron, 679

elevator, 632

Control surface, 9, 72

asymmetric, 72

deflection, 72, 74, 424–434, 670, 672, 675

distribution function, 74, 80

effectiveness, 425

geometry, 76

hinge moment, 633

other configurations, 682–693

sign convention, 9, 73, 437, 513, 567, 597–

598, 635, 676, 683, 918

spanwise asymmetric, 72

Control system, 633

autopilot, 969, 985–986

digital, 953

fly-by-wire, 633, 646, 692, 953

gain coefficient, 692

Control theory

automatic, 986

classical, 985

modern, 985

optimal, 986

Control volume, 153–154, 228–229

Cooper-Harper rating scale, 954–955

Coordinated

maneuver, 666, 668

turn, 322–324, 328–331, 337, 926, 927, 936–

937

Coordinates, 1, 21, 523, 715–716

aerodynamic, 1–2, 518, 717

airfoil, 33–34

atmosphere-fixed, 717, 719, 726

body-fixed, 697–698, 717–718, 725, 735,

739, 741, 769, 770, 798, 926, 989, 993,

995

Cartesian, 717, 1044

Earth-fixed, 717–718, 735, 739, 741, 926,

989, 993, 995

fixed, 718

flat-Earth, 967, 1044

geographic, 1044–1063

inertial, 717, 727, 732, 734, 735, 758, 989–

990, 992, 995, 1002

nodal, 33

noninertial, 989–991, 995, 1002

panel, 33

polar, 21

right-hand, 499

surface, lower, 27–28

surface, upper, 27–28

transformation, 135

Corbett-Wright

gain coefficient, 1022–1026, 1029

orthogonality control, 1021–1026, 1029,

1038

Coriolis acceleration, 732

Coriolis forces, 930

Cosine clustering, 32–33, 104–105

Crab angle, 295

Critical engine failure speed, 354–355, 364–

365

Curl, 16, 18, 20

Curved vortex sheet, 32

1118 Index

Cycle analysis, 233

D

Damped natural frequency, 736, 814–817, 839,

888, 890

Dutch roll, 891, 912

lateral mode, 888

phugoid/long period, 843, 854, 856, 864

short-period, 842, 848

Damped sinusoid, 814, 815, 825, 976

Damping

Dutch roll, 891, 895, 909, 911–912, 916–

919, 939, 943–944

drag, 869–870

phase, 863, 869–870

phugoid/long period, 854, 857, 863, 869–

871, 939, 964

pitch, 610, 845, 869–870, 979

rate, 814–817, 839, 855, 888, 896, 899–901,

911–912

ratio, 815–818, 839, 888, 891, 960, 964, 966

requirements, 960–968

roll, 78, 895, 909, 914, 939, 965

short-period, 845, 848, 939, 963–964, 979

spiral mode, 901, 917, 939, 965

yaw, 918, 981

Decay rate, 816 (see also Damping)

Deflection, 41

aileron, 73–82, 567–570, 596–597, 680–681

control surface, 72, 74, 424–434, 672, 675

efficiency, 43–44, 81

elevator, 389–400, 405–408, 438–444, 448,

606, 611

flap, 39–46, 99–100

rudder, 503–504, 510–515, 570–596, 676

Degrees of freedom, 497

lateral, 497, 596


DeHavilland Dash 8, 166

Derivatives (see also Gradient)

aerodynamic, 500, 504, 565, 768–788, 846,

914, 917, 924

control, 597

force and moment, 768–788

nondimensional, 792–794

Design, 45, 260, 565, 597

aircraft, 259, 263–264, 272, 565

airspeed, 318, 393

constraint, 318

final, 259–260

parameters, 259–260, 263

preliminary, 45, 107, 259–260, 388–391,

411, 418, 473, 505–506, 515, 527–528

requirements, 259

tail, 524–525

Differential equations, 135

elliptic, 135

hyperbolic, 135, 139

partial, 135, 139

Differential operator, 733

Dihedral, 52–55, 94–98, 104–105, 413, 415,

517, 519, 558

angle, 95, 550, 554, 565–566

factor, 554, 565

tail, 529–547

Dihedral effect, 548, 550, 565–566

fuselage, 565–566

vertical stabilizer, 566

Dimensionless, 3–4, 75–77, 99–104, 107

Direction cosine, 992

formulation, 992–993, 1000, 1038

matrix, 992

transformation, 1004

Direction of flight, 261 (see also Heading)

Distance

acceleration, 337–338, 344–345, 349, 351,

361

braking, 351–352

FAR takeoff, 353–355, 358, 361–364

free-roll, 351–352

ground roll, 337, 353

liftoff, 337

rotation, 337–338, 344, 347, 351

Disturbance (see also Perturbation)

lateral, 730, 885, 904


pitch, 451–452

roll, 904

to steady equilibrium flight, 730

yaw, 500, 904

Divergence

directional, 904

drag, 138, 776

pitch, 939–940

spiral, 893–894, 897, 901, 904, 965

Divergent mode, 834–835, 858, 876, 942

Doublet, 21

Doubling time, 834, 893–894, 965

Douglas X-3 Stiletto, 524

Downwash, 48, 50, 94–96, 104, 172–177, 179,

340, 390–391, 411, 413, 415, 417–420,

449, 478, 484, 523, 564

angle, 173–174, 176, 218–219, 387, 390–

391, 394–395, 411, 413, 415, 417–420,

479–480, 484, 509, 571

distribution, 390

gradient, 397, 420, 480, 484, 505, 509, 571

induced, 177, 416

Index 1119

uniform, 63

velocity, 391, 411–413

Drag, 2–3, 168, 171–174, 189, 216, 219–220,

228, 259–260, 267, 278, 296, 337, 339–

340, 347, 379–380

additive, 229–232

aerodynamic, 260–261, 338

blade, 190, 200

coefficient, 3–4, 15–16, 30, 52–55, 58, 62,

107, 138, 145

curve, 138

damping, 869–870

divergence, 138, 776

effects of, 436–472

force, 2, 171, 174, 219, 228, 261–262, 277,

357, 381, 403, 455

induced, 50, 52–66, 171, 173, 176, 220, 262,

264, 272, 278, 339–340, 357, 380, 389,

425, 517

level flight, 278, 317

local section, 175–176

minimum, 298–299, 318–319

nacelle, 229, 232

nonlinear, 447

parasitic, 107, 171, 176, 200, 220, 262, 264–

265, 272, 339

pre-entry, 229

section, 30, 145, 220

trim, 409–411

viscous, 146

wave, 145–146

zero-lift, 272, 318

Drag coefficient, 3, 176, 182–184, 200, 220,

265, 267, 336, 338, 345–347, 352, 357–

360, 448–450

constant, 346

parasitic, 262, 265, 318–319

zero-lift, 319, 340, 346

Drift error, 1023, 1026–1028, 1038

Ducted fan, 165, 245

Dutch roll, 886, 893, 895, 906–919, 943–945,

966, 981, 983

amplitude, 892, 895, 907

approximation, 906–919

coupling ratio, 911, 912, 914, 917

damped natural frequency, 891, 912

damping, 891, 895, 909, 911–912, 916–919,

939, 943–944

eigenvalues, 906, 909–916, 983

eigenvectors, 891, 892, 906, 907, 913

frequency, 892, 909, 911, 916, 966

handling qualities, 966

mode, 886, 891, 892, 895, 912, 944

oscillation, 891, 895, 944–945

period, 893, 939

phase, 892

phase-divergence ratio, 911, 912, 914, 917

stability ratio, 911, 912, 914, 916

undamped natural frequency, 892, 916

Dynamic angular rates, 670

Dynamic frequency response, 984

Dynamic gain, 984 (see also Amplification

factor)

Dynamic handling quality predictions, 958–968

Dynamic margin, 615–620, 660, 853, 961

Dynamic pitch rate, 616, 670, 678, 679, 960

Dynamic pressure, 383, 387–388, 423

ratio, 504

Dynamic roll rate, 670

Dynamic yaw rate, 670

Dynamics, fundamentals of, 813–836 (see also

Eigenproblem)

E

Earth, 1044–1063

ellipsoidal model, 1044–1051

equatorial plane, 1045–1046

equatorial radius, 1045–1046, 1051

polar axis, 1045–1046, 1052

polar radius, 1045–1046, 1051

spherical approximation, 1051–1057

Effective headwind, 297

Efficiency, 155, 158–159, 164–168, 191, 193,

197, 199, 245, 249–253

aerodynamic, 262, 264, 266, 389, 426

deflection, 43–44, 81

fuel, 168

hinge, 43–44, 81

ideal, 205

maximum, 159, 187, 190–191

propeller, 155, 158–159, 190–191, 200, 293

tail, 388

thermal, 236–250

thermodynamic, 168

Eigenaxis, 993

Eigenproblem, 813–836, 885

generalized, 819, 822, 826–827, 838, 887

special, 826–827, 838, 887

Eigenvalue, 814, 819–820, 823, 825–830, 834–

835, 837–839, 886–888

complex, 814, 816–817, 823, 836

Dutch roll, 906, 909–916, 983

dimensionless, 839, 848, 855–856, 864, 867,

900

phugoid/long period, 843, 855, 856, 858,

861–864, 867–868

pure pitching motion, 873

pure yawing motion, 923

1120 Index

real, 814, 823

rigid-body displacement mode, 834, 844,

892

roll mode, 893, 896–897

short period, 842, 847–849, 983

spiral mode, 897, 898–900

Eigenvector, 819–820, 823, 824, 825, 826, 830,

835, 836, 838, 839, 844, 877, 887, 892,

924, 925, 934

complex components, 836

complex pair, 824

components, 825

Dutch roll, 891, 892, 906, 907, 913

lateral, 892

longitudinal, 844

phugoid/long period, 846, 855, 857–858,

864, 866

roll mode, 890, 897

short period, 845, 847, 849

spiral mode, 890, 898–901

Elastic deflection angle, 626

Electronic yaw damper, 918

Elevation angle, 437, 696, 736, 990

constraint, 1014

Elevator, 9, 377, 385, 390, 605, 635, 666

angle per g, 611, 660

angle to turn, 677–679

control reversal, 632

deflection, 389–400, 405–408, 438–444,

448, 606, 611

effectiveness, 627–631

hinge moment, 635

power, 621–623

response, 976–979

sizing, 646–661

Ellipsoidal-Earth model, 1044–1051

Empennage, 384–385, 690

Endurance, 287–295

maximum, 291–294, 299–300, 303–304, 317

specific, 292–294

Energy

equation, 205, 212

potential, 272, 357, 845–846

rotational kinetic, 845–846

translational kinetic, 846

Engine, 157–168, 171, 173, 190, 195–198, 216,

228–233, 245, 247–251, 253, 260, 277,

282, 293, 484

air-cooled piston, 155, 159

air-cooled radial, 157

aircraft, 154–155, 157, 190, 200, 236–237

bypass, 164

failure, 353–355, 361, 363, 365, 582–596

failure reaction speed, 362

failure recognition speed, 362, 364–365

gas turbine, 160, 168, 228

horizontally opposed, 159

ideal, 233

internal combustion, 155–156, 158, 288

jet, 155, 160, 164, 270, 282, 482, 484–486

liquid-cooled piston, 155

piston, 158, 168, 190, 195, 197, 340

Rolls-Royce Griffon, 158, 161

radial, 156–157

reciprocating, 282

reciprocating jet, 160

reciprocating piston, 159

rotary-radial, 155–156

static-radial, 157

supercharger, 159

turbofan, 155, 164–166, 168, 245–249, 252–

253, 306, 340, 482–483, 486

turbojet, 155, 160–166, 228–238, 241–242,

245, 248–249, 252, 268, 270, 274–275,

282, 286, 303, 340, 358, 361, 482–483,

486

turboprop, 166–168

turboshaft, 168

Engine-out flight configuration, 596

Engine-propeller combination, 155, 159–161,

164, 173, 196, 198, 245, 270, 282, 482,

486

Enthalpy, 154, 205, 235

freestream, 205

Equations of motion, 716, 735, 1032

6-DOF, rigid body, 753

aircraft, 715, 719

general linearized, 928

lateral, 886, 943

linearized, 754–767, 943, 970, 977, 986


nondimensional linearized, 788–798, 931

nonlinear, 969, 986

rigid-body, 715–716, 753, 834, 943, 989

Equator, 1044, 1049, 1050, 1052, 1053, 1057,

1060, 1062

Equilibrium, 377–381, 386, 451

angle of attack, 392, 730, 804

neutrally stable, 379

stable, 377–379, 452

static, 377–383, 386–387, 390

unstable, 377–381, 664

Error

drift, 1023, 1026–1028, 1038

orthogonality, 1021–1023, 1026–1029, 1038

quaternion, 1010

round-off, 1028–1029

simulation, 1025, 1029, 1034–1036

Index 1121

truncation, 1029, 1033, 1034

Euler angle, 735–743, 753–754, 759, 927, 989–

991, 997, 1000, 1003–1008, 1013, 1016–

1018

definitions, 735–737, 990–991

formulation, 735–753, 989–993, 996, 1003,

1013, 1037–1038

integration of, 743

rotation, 993–994

singularities, 743

time derivatives of, 741

transformation, 743, 1003, 1013, 1038

Euler axis, 993–995, 1009

formulation, 993–996

rotation, 993–996, 999

vector, 1009–1010

Euler instability, 1022

Euler integration, 1030, 1036

Euler-Rodrigues

quaternion, 996, 1000, 1004, 1008–1012,

1037

quaternion conjugate, 1002

quaternion formulation, 996–1005, 1009–

1010, 1017–1020, 1037–1038

symmetric parameters, 996–997, 999–1002,

1009

Euler’s formula, 993, 997

Euler’s theorem, 997

Exhaust jet, 482–484, 525

entrainment, 525

Exhaust nozzle, 233–235

Exit nozzle, 228, 235

Exit plane, 229

Exponential method, 1030–1031 (see also

Local linearization method)

External stores, 472–474, 505–506

F

F-14 Tomcat, 524, 580, 582, 585–591

F/A-18 Hornet, 595, 687

FAR takeoff, 353–355, 358, 361–364

Failure state, 958

Fan nozzle, 246–248

Fang and Zimmerman algorithm, 1025

Feathering the prop, 189

Feedback control system, 918–919

Finite thickness, 38

Finite wing, 25, 46–49, 54, 58, 94, 97, 99, 172,

390, 555

theory, 46–94

First law of thermodynamics, 153–154, 234–

235, 241, 246

Fixed-wing aircraft, 74, 681

Flap, 39–46

chord fraction, 42

chord length, 40

deflection, 39–46, 99–100

sealed, 43–44

trailing-edge, 39–46, 51, 72

Flap effectiveness, 39, 42–43, 45, 567–568

ideal section, 41–42

local section, 75

Flaperons, 666

Flat-Earth

approximation, 717, 1037

coordinate system, 989, 1044

quaternion formulation, 1035–1042

Flat vortex panels, 32

Flex-wing aircraft, 681

Flight

accelerating, 605

envelope, 325–326, 957

equilibrium, 730, 744, 756–759, 763, 792

free, 379–380, 383, 392

gliding, 306, 309, 312, 317

level, 269, 278–279, 295–296, 317, 322, 386,

389

mechanics, 1, 253, 259–260, 715

powerless, 307–308

simulation, 259, 989, 996, 1029, 1032

simulator, 1002

steady, 17–18

steady level, 260–263, 267–271, 274–275,

279–283, 287–290, 293, 295, 298, 306,

317, 358, 377

testing, 253

trimmed, 377, 379–380, 384, 392, 425, 444,

452–453

turning, 321–322, 670, 672

Flight envelope, 957

operational, 957, 968

permissible, 957

service, 957

Flight phase categories, 955–956

Floatplane, 514–515

Flow, 14

adiabatic, 19, 131

axisymmetric, 209

boundary layer, 14, 38

compressible, 20, 131, 134–135, 139

compressible subsonic, 134–139

core, 246, 248

doublet, 2-D, 21

entrained, 482, 525

fan, 246

field, 18, 47, 136, 411, 557

fluid, 16, 143

freestream, 17, 20, 171, 216

1122 Index

incompressible, 18, 20, 26, 46, 132, 134–

136, 193–194, 200–203, 212

induced, 215

inviscid, 14, 15–19, 94, 131, 135

inviscid irrotational, 17

irrotational, 20, 131, 133, 139

isentropic, 19, 131, 230, 246–247

leakage, 42

lifting, 2-D, 24

over multiple lifting services, 94–107

potential, 20–25, 29–30, 32, 37–38, 49, 131,

136, 199

separation, 232, 940 (see also Stall)

source, 2-D, 21

stagnation, 2-D, 21

streamtube, 203, 214

subsonic, 30, 134, 139, 143, 145

supersonic, 134–139, 143

three-dimensional, 716

turbine, 233

two-dimensional, 716

uniform, 18, 20–22, 28, 32, 34, 99, 131, 133,

206–209, 212, 229, 502

viscous, 232

vortex, 2-D, 21

Fluid, 19

compressible, 19

density, 177

flow, 16, 143

inviscid, 232

statics, 10

Flying qualities (see Handling qualities)

Flying wing, 383–384

Force, 2, 259, 384

aerodynamic, 1–4, 14, 18, 28–30, 46, 49, 94,

99–107, 143, 403

axial, 2–4

braking, 355

buoyant, 18, 228

center of aerodynamic, 468

derivatives, 768–788

drag, 2, 171, 174, 219, 228, 261–262, 277,

357, 381, 403, 455

friction, 351

gradient, 508

lift, 261, 322–323, 381, 455

normal, 2, 172, 216, 223–227, 476–478, 480,

482–483

off-axis, 216

pressure, 14–18, 38, 138, 455, 474

resultant aerodynamic, 18

rolling friction, 340

section, 2

shear, 403, 455

side, 2, 216, 223, 225, 319, 322, 377, 381,

387, 497, 499, 501, 506–508, 513, 526,

548, 560

thrust, 171, 216, 270, 352, 357–358

vector, 270

viscous, 38, 138

viscous shear, 14

Forced response, 813, 817

Forcing frequency, 818

Ford Tri-motor, 156–157

Forebody blowing, 987

Forebody strakes, 941, 987

Forebody suction, 987

Forward airspeed, 173–176, 187, 190, 207, 216

Forward CG limit, 407, 621–623, 653–654,

658, 660, 661

Fourier, 52

coefficients, 52–62, 67–81

integral, 77

series, 52–55

Free response, 813–814, 817, 834

Freestream, 2–3, 18, 29–30, 50, 98–99, 133–

134, 139–141, 143, 154, 171, 205, 216,

230–234, 386, 476, 482

airspeed, 205

conditions, 132

density, 3

dynamic pressure, 387–388

enthalpy, 205

flow, 17, 20, 171, 216

Mach number, 136, 138, 139–143, 237, 775

pressure, 154, 205, 208, 228

static pressure, 202, 207, 210, 231

temperature, 230

velocity, 2, 17, 21, 35, 48, 51, 133–136, 139,

153–154, 182, 203–204, 207, 222, 236,

386, 391, 411, 413, 422, 436, 485, 555

Frequency

Dutch roll, 892, 909, 911, 916, 966

phugoid/long period, 856, 858, 863, 868–

869, 877, 964

response, 817, 983, 984

response curves, 985

short period, 846, 848, 959–964

Frise ailerons, 691

Fuel consumption, 287, 289–290, 295, 304

minimum, 289–291

power-specific, 287, 317

rate, 289–292, 303–304

specific, 159, 287–290, 298–299, 303–304

thrust-specific, 304, 306

total rate, 289, 292, 303

Fuel injection, 159

Full-stall landing, 652, 655

Index 1123

Fuselage

angle of attack, 393, 396, 429

bending, 627–628, 630

center of pressure, 473–474

contribution of, 472–476

dihedral effect, 565–566

effect, 505

reference line, 261, 386, 391, 393, 395, 401,

422, 424, 436–439, 448, 479–480, 484

Fuselage-wing interaction, 558

G

Gain, 984

Corbett-Wright, coefficient, 1022–1026,

1029

coefficient, 1021, 1025, 1029

dynamic, 984

static, 984

Gas turbine, 160, 168, 228

Gauss elimination, 827

Geocentric angle, 1052, 1055

Geocentric coordinates, 1052

Geocentric latitude, 1046

Geodesic, 1049–1057, 1060, 1061

Geodetic bearing, 1050

Geodetic latitude, 1046, 1051

Geographic coordinates, 1044–1063

Geometric mean chord, 83

Geometric shape, 26

Geometric twist, 51–52, 55, 95, 105, 553–554

Geometric washout, 169

Gimbal lock singularity, 743, 989–993, 996,

1007–1009, 1038

Glide ratio, 308–315

maximum, 311–317

zero-wind, 310–311, 317

Gliding flight, 306

Gloster Meteor, 161–162

Gloster/Whittle E28/39, 161–162

Goldstein’s hypothesis, 180, 199

Goldstein’s kappa factor, 180

Goldstein’s vortex theory, 179–180, 185, 187,

196, 200–202, 214, 217

Gossamer Albatross, 272

Gossamer Condor, 272

Gradient, 17–19

control force, 632, 637, 640, 643, 654

downwash, 397, 420, 480, 484, 505, 509,

571

moment, 508

normal force, 478–479

pressure, 15, 19

sidewash, 503–505, 509, 511, 518–525

temperature, 11, 19

upwash, 425, 428

velocity, 19

Great circle, 1056, 1060–1063

navigation, 1060–1063

Gross weight, 259–262, 267, 290–292, 299–

301, 312, 314, 318–319, 322, 326–327,

345

maximum, 323–326

Ground control speed, 346

Ground effect, 339–340, 357–359, 646–658

Ground roll, 337–341, 344, 346, 349–350, 352,

358

landing, 351–352

takeoff, 353

Ground speed, 295–296, 309, 338, 354, 719

Ground track, 295

Gyroscopic coupling, 805–807, 924–925, 928,

934, 986, 1037

Gyroscopic effects, 155, 806

H

Half-chord, 53, 145

Handling qualities, 377, 381, 633, 953–968,

983, 986

aircraft, 953–987

Dutch roll, 966

lateral phugoid, 965

phugoid/long period, 964

prediction, 958–968

roll mode, 964

short period, 958–963

spiral mode, 965

Heading, 295, 736 (see also Azimuth angle)

Headwind, 295–298, 310–316, 338

effective, 297

Heavily damped motion, 74, 845, 886

Heaviside expansion theorem, 975

Heinkel He-162, 596

Heinkel He-178, 160

Heinkel He-280, 160

Helical

blade-tip vortex, 215

path, 177–179

surface, 179

vortex, 177, 179, 180

Helix, 170, 215

High-lift device, 318, 338, 340, 351, 427, 435,

564

High thrust vector, 472

Hinge-efficiency, 43–44, 81

Horizontal tail, 384, 386, 389, 391, 395, 411,

413, 420, 444–447, 482, 501–505

dihedral, 529–547

Horizontal tail volume ratio, 394–395, 504

1124 Index

Horseshoe vortex, 96–99, 101–104, 105

Householder method, 839

I

Ideal gas, 10, 14, 131, 230, 233

constant, 10, 12, 19, 230, 239

law, 141

Incompressible, 18, 205

flow, 18, 20, 26, 46, 132, 134–136, 193–194,

200–203, 212

inviscid flow, 18, 203

velocity potential, 18

Induced

angle, 173, 175, 181, 183, 218

downwash, 177, 416

Induced drag, 50, 52–66, 171, 173, 176, 220,

262, 264, 272, 278, 339–340, 357, 380,

389, 425, 517

minimum, 62

Inertia tensor, 717, 725, 735

Inertia, moment of, 617, 725–728, 752, 794,

806, 871, 873, 874, 876

Inertial coordinates, 717, 727, 732, 734, 735,

758, 989–990, 992, 995, 1002

Inertial coupling, 805–807, 924–925, 928, 934,

939–940, 986, 1037

Inertial cross coupling, 732

Inertial reference frame, 726

Infinite series, 29, 31

Inlet, 233

duct, 228

plane, 229

pressure, 232

velocity, 164

Inverse rotation, 1002

Inverse transformation, 721–722, 975

equations, 722

Inviscid, 14–19

adiabatic flow, 19, 131

aerodynamic force, 28

aerodynamic moment, 28

aerodynamics, 16, 28

CFD solution, 105–107

compressible aerodynamics, 131–134

flow analysis, 15

fluid, 232

forces, 106

lift coefficient, 36–37

moments, 106

panel codes, 107

theory, 146, 199

Irreversible controls, 633

Irrotational, 18, 20, 131, 139

Isentropic, 19, 131, 142, 233

J

Jacobian, 101

Jet engine, 155, 160, 164, 270, 282, 482, 484–

486


Jet propulsion, 160–161

Jet transport, 785, 794, 804

K

Kalman filtering, 1000

Kinematic

equations, 1021

formulation, 992

transformation equations, 742, 753, 989,

991, 996, 999, 1018

Kinetic energy, 153, 236, 242, 247–248, 357

Kutta, 46

condition, 28, 34

lift, 49

Kutta-Joukowski law, 24, 29, 48–49

L

Landing, 337–353

Landing configuration, 659

Landing gear, 338, 340, 342

tail-dragger, 338, 345, 513–514

tricycle, 338, 345–346

Landing performance, 337

Laplace

equation, 18, 132, 134–136

transform, 970–971, 974, 975, 983, 985

Lapse rate, 11

Lateral control and maneuverability, 666

Lateral disturbance, 730, 885, 904

Lateral dynamics, linearized, 885–945

Lateral equations, 886

linearized, 763, 836

Lateral mode, 958

damped natural frequency, 888

damping rate, 888

undamped natural frequency, 888

Lateral motion, 669–670, 836, 885–887

Lateral phugoid, 895, 966


Lateral static stability, 497–597

Lateral trim, 497–597

generalized small-angle requirements, 574–

577

steady-heading sideslip, 577–582

Latitude, 989, 1003, 1008, 1044, 1046–1052,

1054, 1055, 1057, 1062

Leading edge, 1–2, 4–5, 26–27, 33, 53, 95, 143

blunt, 143

moment coefficient, 30

Index 1125

sharp, 143

Length, 2–3

characteristic, 99, 103

l’Hospital’s rule, 67

Lift, 2–3, 138, 175–176, 216, 219, 259–260,

267, 277–278, 337

additional section, 85–87

basic section, 85–87

force, 261, 322–323, 381, 455

maximum, 108–119

vector, 50, 78, 173, 176–177, 220, 319

Lift coefficient, 3, 15–16, 30, 38, 41–42, 52–

63, 66, 80, 106, 135, 146, 175, 182–183,

200, 262–267, 271–272, 277, 283–284,

310, 317, 320, 322, 334, 336–340, 344,

346, 357–360, 382–383, 387–391, 396,

398, 401, 411–412, 415, 424, 449–451,

455, 608

canard, 424, 426, 432

design, 62, 81

differential, 337

inviscid, 36–37

maximum, 16, 39, 108–119, 318, 327, 330–

331, 342, 346, 351, 384, 408

optimum, 347, 350

section, 3, 30–31, 36–39, 46, 99–100, 106,

144, 175

tail, 388

thin airfoil, 41

wing, 388

Lift slope, 37, 39–42, 53–56, 59, 62, 77, 145,

383, 390, 394, 402, 405, 424, 644

canard, 424

in situ section, 551–554

section, 30, 42, 51, 55, 220

Lift-to-drag ratio, 262–267, 310, 314

Lifting-line, 96–97

equation, 52, 94, 96, 527–528, 553, 555

numerical method, 96, 105–107, 391, 525–

527, 552, 561, 570, 648, 690

solution, 98

theory, 48–94, 96, 105, 106, 391, 412, 414,

417, 505, 518–519, 552, 555, 569, 779,

782–783

Liftoff, 342, 346, 351, 353, 355–360

attitude, 337

speed, 342–346, 353, 361–364

Linear control problem

generalized, 970, 977, 981

special, 970, 972

Linear time-invariant systems, 970

Linearized equations

coupled, 836–847, 885

lateral, 763, 836


of motion, 754–767, 943, 970, 977, 986

Linearized lateral dynamics, 885–945

Linearized longitudinal dynamics, 813–876

Load factor, 322–324, 327, 331, 333, 335, 357,

605–606, 646, 672, 958

allowable, 326–327

load-limited, 325, 327, 329, 336

maximum, 324, 326

stall-limited, 325, 327, 329, 336

Load-limit, 330–331

negative, 323, 325

positive, 323, 325–327, 330–331

Local linearization method, 1030–1036 (see

also Exponential method)

Lockheed C-5 Galaxy, 165

Lockheed P-38 Lightning, 524, 571–596, 602,

631–632

Lockheed P-80, 163

Long-period, 846, 854 (see also Phugoid)

amplitude, 843–844


damped natural frequency, 843, 854, 856,

864

damping, 854, 857, 863, 869–871, 939, 964

damping rate, 855–856, 864, 939

eigenvalues, 843, 855, 856, 858, 861–864,

867–868

eigenvectors, 846, 855, 857–858, 864, 866

frequency, 856, 858, 863, 868–869, 877, 964


lateral oscillation, 966

mode, 837, 842–843, 846, 858, 871, 877

motion, 846, 859, 862, 868

oscillations, 843, 877, 979

period, 843, 939

phase, 843–844

phase-divergence ratio, 863

pitch-damping-ratio, 863

stability ratio, 863, 868–871

undamped natural frequency, 843, 856, 863,

868

Longitude, 989, 1003, 1008, 1044, 1047–1049,

1053–1055, 1057, 1062

Longitudinal control, 605, 669

Longitudinal disturbance, 730, 885

Longitudinal dynamics, 837

linearized, 813–876, 885

stick-fixed, 876

Longitudinal equations, 886

linearized, 763, 836

Longitudinal-lateral coupling, 596–597, 924–

939, 986, 1037

nonlinear effects, 986–987

1126 Index

Longitudinal mode, 839, 877, 958

Longitudinal motion, 497, 596, 836–847

Longitudinal static stability, 377–486

Longitudinal trim, 377–486

M

Mach angle, 140, 142–143

Mach lines, 143–144

Mach number, 18–19, 132–139, 166, 168, 196,

200, 235, 240, 242, 247, 262

critical, 134, 136–139

design, 232

design cruise, 231

exit, 241

flight, 131, 134–135, 230–232, 237–245,

249, 252–253

freestream, 136, 138, 140, 142–143, 237,

775

hypersonic, 134

inlet, 230–232

local, 136, 200

low, 36

subsonic, 134–135


tip, 196

transonic, 134

zero, 135

Maneuver, 325–326

cobra, 334, 987

coordinated, 666, 668

margin, 612, 613, 960–961, 968

point, 612–621, 643–646, 660, 853, 854, 960

post-stall, 334, 661

pull-up, 605–607, 610, 633, 637, 644, 969,

979

Maneuverability, 605, 666, 682

aircraft, 605

analysis, 605

Maneuvering speed, 326–327, 330–331

Mass flow rate, 153, 154, 159, 164–165, 193,

204, 228–230, 245, 483, 727

Mass moment of inertia tensor, 725, 874

Mass transfer, 726

Maximum lift coefficient, 108–119

Maximum range, 259, 297–302, 304–306, 317

Mean aerodynamic chord, 84, 89, 460

Mean chord length, 3, 383, 387, 394, 402

Mean-sea-level ellipsoid, 1044–1052

Meridian, 1044–1046, 1050–1054, 1057

prime, 1044, 1050, 1062

Messerschmitt Me-262, 161

Minimum-control airspeed, 582–596

absolute, 588–592

aileron limited, 584, 586, 588–590

ground-, 595–596

rudder limited, 584, 586, 588–590

Minimum power required, 280, 289

Minimum runway length, 353 (see also FAR

takeoff)

Mirror image model, 648–649

Mission task elements, 955

Mode

convergent, 835, 858, 942, 984

critically damped, 816, 823

Dutch roll, 886, 891, 892, 895, 912, 944

damped, 835

divergent, 834–835, 858, 876, 942

long-period, 837, 842–843, 846, 858, 871,

877

longitudinal, 839, 877, 958

nonoscillatory, 835

oscillatory, 835, 943

overdamped, 816, 823

phugoid, 836, 842–843, 846, 858, 877, 895,

964

rigid-body, 831, 834, 835, 844, 892

roll, 886, 890–896, 909, 943, 965

short-period, 837, 842, 844–847, 877, 895,

958

spiral, 886, 890, 893–895, 897–905, 943,

965

time constant, 965

undamped, 835

underdamped, 816, 823

Moment, 1–4, 259, 384

about leading edge, 4

aerodynamic, 1–4, 103–105, 107, 259, 403,

437, 455, 474, 497, 499, 548

bending, 90–93

coefficient, 3, 5, 29, 36, 42, 135, 145–146,

382, 387, 392, 449, 609

derivatives, 768–788

gradient, 508

nondimensional derivatives, 792–794

pitching, 2, 120–130, 138, 145, 216, 223,

225, 377, 381–387, 390–397, 400, 403,

420, 422, 445, 449–450, 474, 476–477,

482, 484, 497

propeller-induced, 171

propeller yawing, 508, 510, 515, 572

quarter-chord, 30, 32, 41–42, 45, 103

restoring, 500–501

rolling, 2, 72–74, 76–77, 80–82, 171, 176,

216, 377, 381, 387, 497–499, 526, 549–

550, 556–564, 567–596, 885

section, 2

semispan components, 88–93

slope, 45, 392, 404, 475, 481

Index 1127

thrust, 437

twisting, 90–93

yawing, 2, 78–82, 172, 216, 224–225, 377,

381, 387, 497–501, 504–510, 513, 515,

548–550, 556–561, 567–570, 703, 885

Moment coefficient, 3, 5, 29, 36, 42, 135, 145–

146, 382, 387, 392, 449, 609

bending, 90–93

leading edge, 30

pitching, 3, 5, 45, 120–130, 144–145, 224,

384, 390, 392, 394, 405–406, 424, 434–

435, 445, 450–456, 473, 477, 479

quarter-chord, 30, 32, 41

rolling, 76–77, 82

section, 3, 103

semispan, 88–93

twisting, 90–93

yawing, 78–82, 224–225, 504, 548

Moment of inertia, 617, 725–728, 752, 794,

806, 871, 873, 874, 876, 1082–1085

Momentum, 94, 153, 204, 229

angular, 206–208, 211

axial, 228

downward, 94

equation, 16–18, 131, 141, 206–209, 211,

228

fluid, 173, 204

flux, 215, 228–229

theory, 204, 207, 212–216

Motion

critically damped, 815

lateral, 596

longitudinal, 497, 596, 836, 838

overdamped, 814–815

phugoid, 846, 859, 862, 868

pure pitching, 871–873, 1015

underdamped, 814–815

Multiple lifting surfaces, 94–107

N

Nacelle, 228–229, 391, 394, 411, 472–474,

505–506


drag, 229, 232

effect, 505–506

Natural frequency

damped, 736, 814–817, 839, 888, 890

undamped, 815, 818, 836, 839, 868, 888, 891

Navier-Stokes equations, 14, 132

Navigation, 1046, 1058–1060

great circle, 1060–1063

rhumb line, 1051–1059

Neutral axis, 462–464, 467, 470–471

definition, 462

Neutral point, 401, 403–404, 407, 428, 475,

481, 647 (see also Aerodynamic center)

Neutral roll stability, 904–905

Newtonian mechanics, 207, 715

Newton’s corrector equation, 274

Newton’s law of gravitation, 10

Newton’s method, 101–102, 274–275, 316, 440

Newton’s second law, 2, 94, 153, 228–229,

260, 338, 355, 362, 483, 605, 669, 725–

727, 730, 732, 735, 741, 753, 757, 821,

876, 989, 1017

Nodes, 32–35, 97, 99, 102, 104

Nondimensional derivatives, 792–794

Nonlinear effects, 436–472, 939–943, 969, 986

Nonlinear inertial coupling, 939–940

Normal force

coefficient, 3–5

gradient, 478–479

North American XB-70, 164

Notation, 1, 716, 728–730, 740, 790, 993

Nozzle, 246

core, 246–248

exhaust, 233–235

exit, 228, 235

fan, 246–248

Numerical lifting-line method, 96, 105–107,

391, 525–527, 552, 561, 570, 648, 690

Numerical panel method, 30, 105–106

O

Operating conditions, 259

Optimum, 54, 62, 346, 349

airspeed, 265

angle of attack, 349

flight profile, 306

induced drag, 63

lift coefficient, 347, 350

thrust angle, 265–266

total washout, 62

washout, 62, 64–65, 80–82

washout distribution, 63–66, 80

washout distribution function, 69, 71

Orthogonality

control, 1026–1028

error, 1021–1023, 1026–1029, 1038

Oscillations

Dutch roll, 891, 895, 944–945

limit-cycle, 943

long-period lateral, 895, 966

phugoid/long period, 843, 877, 979

pilot induced, 943

rolling, 886

short period, 845, 877

sideslipping, 886

1128 Index

sinusoidal, 984

yawing, 886

Oscillatory roll-spiral mode, 895, 966

Oswald efficiency, 262, 265, 272, 318–319

P

P-38 Lightning, 524, 571–594, 601–602, 631–

632, 713

P-3C Orion, 583

P-51 Mustang, 514

Panel codes, 36, 98, 136, 482

3-D, 96, 505

inviscid, 107

vortex, 137

Panel methods, 106, 474

numerical, 30, 105–106

vortex, 32, 36–39, 42–45, 391, 648

Panels, source, 2-D, 22–24

Panels, vortex, 2-D, 24–25

Payload-to-power ratio, 272

Performance, 16, 168, 171, 197, 203, 249

aircraft, 16, 259–260

characteristics, 304

landing, 337

takeoff, 337, 344, 346

turning, 336

Perturbation, 133–134, 141 (see also

Disturbance)

Phase angle, 818

Phase damping, 863, 869–870

phugoid, 871

Phugoid, 846, 854, 964, 979 (see also Long-

period)



damped natural frequency, 843, 854, 856,

864

damping, 854, 857, 863, 869–871, 939, 964

damping rate, 855–856, 864, 939

eigenvalues, 843, 855, 856, 858, 861–864,

867–868

eigenvectors, 846, 855, 857–858, 864, 866

frequency, 856, 858, 863, 868–869, 877, 964


lateral, 895, 966

mode, 836, 842–843, 846, 858, 877, 895,

964

motion, 846, 859, 862, 868

oscillations, 843, 877, 979

period, 843, 939, 964

phase, 843–844

phase damping, 871

phase-divergence ratio, 863

pitch-damping-ratio, 863

stability ratio, 863, 868–871


868

Pilot

compensation, 954

opinion, 953–960, 968, 983

reaction time, 351, 352, 363, 894, 944–945,

965

response time, 944, 964

technique, 357

Piloting task

classification, 956

definitions, 955

Pitch, 2, 72, 170, 180, 183, 185, 195, 377, 379–

381, 390, 445, 548, 736–737

angle, 169–170, 176, 180, 182, 185–186, 219

constraint, 1014

control, 9, 72, 385, 426, 472, 605, 632, 637,

638–641, 644, 655–658, 682–687 (see

also All-flying tail; Elevator; Stabilator;

V-tail)

control force, 605, 639, 656–658

damping, 610, 845, 869–870, 979

disturbance, 451–452

divergence, 939–940

length, 170–171, 183, 185, 200

stiffness, 383

Pitch-acceleration-sensitivity limit, 617–618

Pitch-damping derivative, 610, 780

Pitch rate, 607–608, 742

dynamic, 616, 670, 678, 679, 960

traditional dimensionless, 608, 610, 616

Pitch stability, 381–385, 394–395, 404, 421,

422, 424, 426, 505, 631

contribution of jet engines, 482–486

contribution of running propellers, 476–481

derivative, 383, 397, 401, 405, 424, 447–

448, 451, 455, 473, 480, 485, 500–501,

506, 550, 611, 627, 645

effect of the fuselage, nacelles, and external

stores, 472–475

nonlinear effects, 436–472

static, 421, 435, 500–501

wing-canard combination, 421–436

wing-tail combination, 384–400

Pitch-to-diameter ratio, 158, 183–199, 225–

226, 478

Pitching, 2

moment, 2, 88–93, 120–130, 138, 145, 216,

223, 225, 377, 381–387, 390–397, 400,

403, 420, 422, 445, 449–450, 474, 476–

477, 482, 484, 497

moment of inertia, 874

motion, pure, 871–873, 1015

Index 1129

Planar, 22

curve, 26

segment, 22

source sheet, 22

Planform, 3, 49, 52–55, 57–58, 60, 62, 66, 76,

96, 100, 103, 183

arbitrary, 59, 62, 66, 77, 199

elliptic, 49, 58, 62–63, 77, 184

rectangular, 66–67, 69

spanwise symmetric, 76

tapered, 70

wing, 60, 62, 72, 77, 80

Poisson’s kinematic equations, 992

Position and orientation, 735–753 (see also

Euler angle; Quaternion)

Position factor, 420, 428

Position vector, 753

time rate of change, 741

Post-stall

dynamic turn, 334

maneuver, 334, 661

stability, 661, 663

Potential

energy, 312, 357, 845–846

field, 22

perturbation, 141

perturbation velocity, 133–134

scalar field, 20

scalar velocity, 132

uniform flow, 133

velocity, 18, 131–134

velocity field, 21

Potential flow, 20–25, 29–30, 32, 37–38, 49,

131, 136, 199

compressible, 132, 141

elementary, 20, 22

incompressible, 20, 135–136

linearized approximation, 134, 139

small angle, 140, 142–145

solution, 37–38, 96, 106, 647


theory, 38, 48, 145

Potential line, 140

Power, 153, 155, 159, 165–168, 171, 187–190,

193–197, 200, 206, 236, 245, 248

available, 274, 277, 279–284, 293, 295, 298,

303, 306, 321–322

brake, 159, 171, 182, 184, 189–197, 205,

212–213, 293

coefficient, 182, 184, 187–188, 192, 197,

201–202

distribution, 185–186

excess, 279–280, 321–322

failure, 306

full throttle, 273, 275, 279, 284

input, 154, 194

propulsive, 171, 189, 198, 205, 236, 273,

293

required, 270–277, 279–284, 288–290, 293,

295, 298, 303, 305, 307, 321–322

Power-specific fuel consumption, 287, 317,

370

Power-to-weight ratio, 155–160, 168, 274–275,

285

Prandtl-Glauert compressibility correction,

134–135, 774–776

Prandtl’s tip loss factor, 181

Pressure, 15, 94, 143

aerodynamic, 403, 455

ambient, 153, 203, 233–234, 246, 483

coefficient, 135–137, 142–143

difference, 94

distribution, 37–38

dynamic, 383, 387–388, 423

force, 14–18, 38, 138, 455, 474

freestream, 154, 205, 208, 228

gradient, 15, 19

local static, 18

stagnation, 19, 131, 230, 233–235, 241

uniform, 206, 209

Pressure ratio, 165, 234, 237–238, 248

compressor, 166, 237–245, 249, 252–253

fan, 248–253

stagnation, 246

Propeller, 153–216, 253

angle of attack, 171–172, 201, 216–220,

222, 225, 480, 508–510, 513–515

blade, 168–169, 173–174, 176–177, 181, 199

blade shape, 159

blade theory, 173–202, 214

blade-tip speed, 159

brake power, 171

constant-pitch, 171, 185, 340

constant-speed, 158–159, 190–191


counter-rotating, 503, 524

diameter, 159, 182–183, 194, 197–199

disk, 202–204, 207–211, 215, 219, 222, 224

downwash angle, 479–480

downwash gradient, 481

effect of, 506

efficiency, 155, 158–159, 190–191, 200, 293

fixed-pitch, 171, 184, 187, 189–190, 192,

197, 288, 478

forces and moments, off-axis, 216–228

geometry, 181, 201–202

induced velocity, 172–176

momentum theory, 202–216

1130 Index

normal force, 477–478

performance, 171, 200–201

pitch, 191–192, 200–201, 293, 346

plane of rotation, 171–172, 216, 222–223

slipstream, 476, 502–503, 508, 513, 524,

564–565

theory, 199

thrust, 182, 184, 201, 222

variable-pitch, 158–159, 171, 189–191, 273,

293

yawing moment, 508, 510, 515, 572

Proper orthogonal transformation, 993

Propulsion, 153, 253

aircraft, 153–157, 159–160, 168, 191, 253

overview, 153–253

Propulsion system, 153, 155, 228

aircraft, 153, 155

ideal, 153–155, 159, 164

Propulsive efficiency, 154, 159, 164–165, 171,

184, 187–190, 197–198, 205–206, 213–

214, 236–237, 245, 248–252, 485–486

Propulsive power, 171, 189, 198, 205, 236,

273, 293

available, 287, 304

Pull-up maneuver, 605–607, 610, 633, 637,

644, 969, 979

constant speed, 606–607

Pure pitching motion, 871–876, 1015

eigenvalues, 873

Pure rolling motion, 919–922, 1015

Pure yawing motion, 922–923, 1015

eigenvalues, 923

Q

QR method, 839

Quarter-chord, 30, 45, 99, 105

line, 50, 53, 95–97, 104

moment coefficient, 30, 32, 41

moment slope, 41–42

wing, 390, 394, 399–400, 405–407, 417, 428

Quaternion, 997, 1000–1004, 1009–1011

algebra, 997, 1000–1001, 1025, 1038

attitude, 1010

bank angle constraint, 1013

closed-form solution, 1013–1020

command-attitude, 1010

components, 1011, 1030

conjugate, 1001–1002

Euler-Rodrigues, 996, 1000, 1004, 1008–

1012, 1018, 1037 (see also Euler-

Rodrigues symmetric parameters)

error, 1010

formulation, 743, 989, 1003, 1013–1015,

1020–1021, 1030–1031, 1038–1040

magnitude, 1001

numerical integration of, 1019–1034

of finite rotation, 996

product, 1000–1004

relations with other attitude descriptors,

1004–1011

renormalization, 1022–1023, 1026, 1038,

1042

rotational constraints, applying, 1011–1013

transformation, 743, 1013, 1038

unit, 1009–1010

R

Radius of curvature, 606

Radius of gyration, 617, 853, 876, 960, 961,

968, 1082–1085

Ramjet, 160, 379

Range, 295

maximum, 259, 297–302, 304–306, 317

specific, 295–305

Rate gyro, 918

Rate of climb, 259–260, 277–287, 306, 321–

322

maximum, 280, 282, 284–286

steady, 277, 306–307

Reaction force, 153

Reaction time, 351, 352, 363, 894, 944–945,

965

Redundancy relations, 993

Relative air flow, 1

Relative airspeed, 177

Relative wind, 2

local, 50

Residual, 137

Resonance, 818, 877

Response frequency, 817, 983–984

maximum, 836

Response time, 944, 964

Response to control inputs, 968–986

Restoring moment, 500–501

Reversible mechanical controls, 633

Reynolds number, 14–16, 57

Rhumb line, 1051, 1058–1062

bearing, 1058

navigation, 1051–1059

Right-hand rule, 499

Rigid body, 260

displacement, 833

dynamics, 725–735, 836

equations, 6-DOF, 756

equations of motion, 715–716, 721, 753,

834, 943, 989

mode, 831, 834–835, 844, 892

Rigid-wing aircraft, 681

Index 1131

Roll, 2, 72–74, 78, 80, 377, 379–381, 736–737,

885

acceleration, 73–74, 965

amplitude, 892

angle, 78


constraint, 1013

control, 9, 72–73, 567–574, 691–692, 969

(see also Ailerons; Spoilers)

convergence, 893

coupling, 915

Dutch, 886, 893, 895, 906–919, 943–945,

966, 981, 983

damping, 78, 895, 909, 914, 939, 965

disturbance, 904

eigenvalue, 893, 896–897

eigenvector, 890, 897


mode, 886, 890–896, 909, 943, 965

moment, 2, 72–74, 76–77, 80–82, 88–93,

171, 176, 216, 377, 381, 387, 549–550,

556–564, 567–596, 885

oscillations, 886

rate, 72–75, 77, 80–82, 742, 885, 896, 965

response, 74

rotation, 497

time constant, 965

trim requirements, 567–596

Roll-axis, 499, 570

Roll-damping, 78, 895, 909, 914, 939, 965

derivative, 778, 914, 917

rate, 920–921

ratio, 909, 914

Roll-spiral pair, 891, 895

Roll stability, 517, 548–566, 915

derivative, 549–551, 554, 557–566, 917

dihedral effect, 548–566

effect of rotating propellers, 563–565

effect of wing dihedral, 550–554

effect of wing sweep, 554–557

influence of the fuselage, nacelles, and

external stores, 557–560

influence of the tail, 560–563

insufficient, 904

neutral, 904–905

ratio, 915

Roll-yaw coupling, 676, 904, 916

derivatives, 917

Rolling friction, 338–340, 344, 346, 351

Rolls-Royce Griffon, 158, 161

Rollup, 50

Rotary-radial configuration, 155

Rotation

constant, 1015–1016, 1034

rate, 344

triad, 729

Rotational

constraint, 1013

speed, 176, 342

Round-off error, 1028–1029

Rudder, 9, 377, 666

deflection, 503–504, 510–515, 570–596, 676

effectiveness, 504

response, 980–982

saturation, 582, 584, 585, 589, 591–593

sizing, 592–596

Runge-Kutta

fourth-order, 747, 1021, 1023–1025, 1028–

1029, 1035, 1038

second-order, 1029–1030, 1035

S

Sailplane, 318

Scalar potential field, 20

Secant method, 137, 198

Section flap deflection-efficiency, 43–44

Section flap effectiveness, 39–46, 75

Section flap hinge-efficiency, 43–44

Section lift, 2, 52, 63, 75, 78, 106, 144, 175

additional, 85–87

basic, 85–87

Section lift coefficient, 3, 30–31, 36–39, 46,

99–100, 106, 144, 175

Segment, 22, 25–26, 97–98, 107

bound, 97, 99, 102, 104

differential, 22, 24, 29

trailing, 97

Semispan, 73–74

aerodynamic center, 88–93

moment components, 88–93

Shape of the Earth, 1044–1051

Shock, 138

bow, 143

waves, 138, 232

Short-period, 844, 845, 847, 979


approximation, 847–854, 857

approximation errors, 853

damped natural frequency, 842, 848

damping, 845, 848, 939, 963–964, 979

damping rate, 848, 852

damping ratio, 852, 960

eigenvalues, 842, 847–849, 983

eigenvectors, 845, 847, 849

frequency, 846, 848, 959–964

handling qualities, 958–963

mode, 837, 842, 844–847, 877, 895, 958

oscillation, 845, 877

1132 Index

period, 842

phase, 843–844


959, 960

Short takeoff, 427

Side force, 2, 216, 223, 225, 319, 322, 377,

381, 387, 497, 499, 501, 506–508, 513,

526, 548, 560

coefficient, 224, 497, 508, 525–526

Sideslip, 216, 223, 497, 501, 519, 524, 551,

555, 560, 570, 577–582, 885

angle, 225, 497–503, 508–511, 516–519,

526, 548–549, 551, 557, 574–582, 719,

721, 901

effect of, 520, 550

oscillations, 886

steady-heading, 577–582

translation, 497

velocity, 499, 549, 551

zero, 503, 510, 512, 548

Sidewash, 502–503, 509, 513, 519, 522–523,

564, 569

angle, 502–503, 509, 519

factor, 522

Sidewash gradient, 503–504, 509, 511, 518,

521–525

induced, 521–522

Sign convention, 73, 597, 640, 1044

aircraft position, 1044

angles/moments, 73, 78, 497–500, 504–505,

508, 519, 549, 556, 597, 716–717

control forces, 640

control surface, 73, 437, 513, 567, 597–598,

635, 676, 683, 918

Singularity, 742, 991–992, 996, 1000, 1003,

1038

gimbal lock, 743, 989–993, 996, 1007–1009,

1038

Sink, 21–22

rate, 307–308, 317

Sinusoidal

input, 983

oscillation, 984

Slipstream, 153, 177, 179, 206–210, 215, 476,

502–503, 508, 513, 524, 564–565

rotation, 206–207, 212–214, 564

ultimate, 154, 205, 209–211, 213

velocity, 165, 193, 203–204, 209, 212–213

Slipstream effects, 564

Small-angle approximation, 40–46, 217–222,

266, 321, 387–388, 422, 519, 556

Small-climb-angle approximation, 282–286,

322–324, 332

Small-disturbance theory, 754, 756, 760, 764

Small glide angle, 310

Small-glide-angle approximation, 314

Small thrust angle, 283, 477, 486, 507

Small-thrust-angle approximation, 267–270,

274, 278, 296, 320

Sound barrier, 138

Source, 21

negative, 21

panel, 2-D, 22–24

sheet, 22

Span, 2

efficiency factor, 53, 262

finite, 46, 50

infinite, 46

Spanwise

circulation distribution, 75

coordinate, 26

differential section, 100

section lift distribution, 75

symmetric airplane, 499

variation in airspeed, 335–337

vorticity distribution, 416

Spatial vector, 25–26, 97, 99, 102–103

Specific endurance, 292–294

Specific fuel consumption, 159, 287–290, 293,

298–299, 303–304

Specific heat, 230, 233

constant, 233

Specific range, 295–305

maximum, 297–302, 305

Speed of sound, 19, 131–132, 138, 159, 230,

242

Spherical-Earth approximation, 1051–1057

Spin, 693–696, 700–703

airplane, 693–695, 703, 706

axis, 694

characteristics, 704–705

dynamic parameters of, 699

flat, 693–694, 705

fully developed, 697, 704

initiation, 703

recovery, 693, 703

resistance, 693

steady developed, 702, 705

steep, 693–694, 705

Spiral

amplitude, 892


convergence, 897, 901, 904

damping, 901, 917, 939, 965

damping rate, 899, 901, 939

dive, 705, 894

divergence, 893–894, 897, 901, 904, 965

eigenvalues, 897, 898–900

Index 1133

eigenvectors, 890, 898–901


instability, 894

mode, 886, 890, 893–895, 897–905, 943,

965

stability, 918

Spirit of St. Louis, 156

Spitfire Mark XVIII, 158–159, 385, 487–488,

514, 599, 706, 708–710, 714

Spoilers, 351, 691–692

Stabilator, 385, 580–581, 682–688

compound, 682–686

differential, 580–581

simple, 687–688

Stability, 377, 384, 389, 436, 447, 627–630

aircraft, 223, 380–381, 436, 447

analysis, 425, 437, 472

augmentation system, 613, 953, 985–986

axes, 769, 771, 803

axes, transformation of, 798–805

derivative, 402, 448

directional, 500

dynamic, 813, 953

lateral static, 497–598

longitudinal static, 377–486

neutral, 378

pitch, 381–385, 394–395, 404, 422, 424,

426, 505, 631

post-stall, 661, 663

ratio, 863, 868–871, 911, 914, 916

roll, 517, 548–550, 555, 915

rotational, 500

static, 377, 380–384, 386, 395, 402, 411,

425–426, 472, 475, 478, 482, 485–486,

497–500, 506, 613, 953

translational, 379–380

weathercock, 500 (see also Yaw stability)

yaw, 500–502, 505, 510, 515, 517–518, 522,

524–525, 529–547, 548, 915, 918

Stabilizer, 94

horizontal, 94–95, 385

vertical, 94

Stable

equilibrium, 377–379, 452

neutrally, 401

unconditionally, 394

Stagnation, 19

conditions, 20, 132, 234, 247

density, 19, 131

flow, 21

point, 21, 34

pressure, 19, 131, 230, 233–235, 241

temperature, 230, 234–235, 238, 241–242,

245–246, 249

Stall, 15, 42, 45, 102, 106, 108–119, 269, 282,

317, 324–327, 380, 383–384, 393, 402,

661, 693

airplane, 693

asymmetric, 693

deep, 665

limit, 330

negative, 451, 453

positive, 451, 453

recovery, 661

shallow, 666

wake, 666

wingtip, 57, 335–337

Stall speed, 317, 326, 351, 432, 434–435

level flight, 317

Standard atmosphere, 1080–1081

Standard sea level, 12, 192, 197, 231, 263,

268–271, 275, 279–282, 287, 332, 358,

395

State space approach, 985

State variable, 756

State variable response vector, 971, 974

Static equilibrium, fundamentals, 377

Static gain, 984

Static instability, 404

Static margin, 400–409, 427, 432–434, 475,

480–481, 613, 628, 659

Static pressure taps, 38

Static-radial configuration, 156

Static stability, 377, 380–384, 386, 395, 402,

411, 425–426, 472, 475, 478, 482, 485–

486, 497–500, 506, 613, 953

fundamentals, 377

lateral, 497, 499


pitch, 421, 435, 500–501

Static thrust, 171, 192–197

Steady climbing flight, 277–278, 355

Steady coordinated turn, 319–337, 666, 667–

669, 672, 675, 695, 926–927

Steady flight, 17–18

Steady-heading sideslip, 577–582

Steady level flight, 260–263, 267–271, 274–

275, 279–283, 287–290, 293, 295, 298,

306, 317, 358, 377

Steady level turning flight, 322

Step function, 975, 976

Step response, 974

Stick-fixed dynamic response, 945, 966, 983

Stick-fixed lateral dynamics, 943

Stick-fixed maneuver margin, 612, 613

Stick-fixed maneuver point, 612–613, 623, 646

Stick-fixed neutral point, 400–403, 475, 613,

645

1134 Index

Stick-fixed static margin, 402

Stick-free maneuver point, 644, 646

Stick-free neutral point, 644–646

Stiffness, 383

Strakes, 941, 987

Streamline, 28, 143, 202–203, 209

Streamtube, 202–203, 206–209

Strip theory, 568

Structural flexibility, 623


Structural limit, 323, 327

Subsonic

airspeed, 155, 165, 168

flight, 232, 240

Supersonic, 96

aircraft, 138, 145

airspeed, 144, 164, 253

flight, 143, 232, 240

flow, 134–139, 143

Supersonic airfoil theory, 145

Sweep, 52, 55, 94–98, 102, 104–106, 120–130,

453, 516, 519, 565

angle, 95–96, 417–418

back, 557

factor, 418, 420, 428

forward, 557

variation, 96

Symmetric

airfoil, 26, 30, 143, 145, 318, 384, 388–393

flight condition, 381

spanwise, 72–80

T

T-tail configuration, 525, 528, 561, 666

Tail, 384–400, 608

design, 524–525

dihedral, 529–547

effect of position, 521

efficiency, 388

lift coefficient, 388

position factor, 415

sidewash factor, 521

volume, 394

volume ratio, 395

Tail boom stiffness, 629

Tailplane, 385

Takeoff, 337–365

acceleration phase, 338, 340

distance, 16, 259

FAR, 353–355, 358, 361–364

performance, 337

Taper

linear, 65–66

ratio, 54–55, 57, 62–64, 413, 554

Temperature, 133, 142, 160, 229–230, 237–242

ambient, 237, 245

atmospheric, 14

freestream, 230

gradient, 11, 19

local, 141

ratio, 143, 230

stagnation, 230, 234–235, 238, 241–242,

245–246, 249

static, 235

turbine inlet, 166–167, 237–240, 248, 252

Thermal efficiency, 236–250

Thermodynamic cycle analysis, 228, 241, 246

Thickness, 14, 27, 28, 30, 37–39, 42, 45, 105,

143–145

airfoil, 28, 30, 38, 45

distribution, 28, 37, 39

finite, 38

maximum, 27–28

Thin airfoil approximation, 37

Thin airfoil theory, 28–46, 774–775

Thomas algorithm, 827

Throttle setting, 279, 298

Thrust, 153, 168, 176, 181–182, 189–191, 196,

203–205, 211–215, 221–222, 259–260,

267–269, 317, 321, 332–334, 338–340,

476, 483, 506

angle, 171, 262, 265–270, 274, 278–279,

296, 320, 338

asymmetric, 377

available, 228–229, 268, 273, 277–279, 282–

283, 298, 333, 358

coefficient, 189, 192, 196, 198, 201, 214,

224, 477–478

equilibrium, 477

fraction, 507

full throttle, 268

installed, 228, 232

maximum, 194, 338

moment, 437

normal, 277

required, 260–272, 296, 320, 358

reversal, 351–352, 355

specific, 237–245, 248–249, 251

static, 171, 192–197

uninstalled, 229, 232, 236–237, 242, 248

vector, 260, 266, 279, 282–283, 381, 386,

437, 444–445, 448, 450, 456

vectoring, 666, 987

Thrust-specific fuel consumption, 161, 166,

168

Thrust-to-weight ratio, 155, 166, 237, 245,

268–269, 277, 279, 282, 284, 306, 481

Time constant, 816

Index 1135

Time domain, 974

response, 983

Time scale, 788, 934

Time to double amplitude, 834, 893–894, 965

Time to half amplitude, 816

Torque, 171, 176, 181–182, 206–208, 212–213,

222

coefficient, 182, 184, 224

Torsional pendulum, 874–876

Torsional stiffness, wing, 679, 681

Total aircraft weight, 279

Trailing edge, 4, 26, 33–34, 47, 384

reflexed, 384

Trailing-edge flap, 39–46, 51, 72

Trailing vortex filaments, 50

Trailing vortex sheet, 47–48, 50, 94, 96–98,

179, 199, 415

Transfer function, 970, 974, 983–985

matrix, 970–971, 973

Transformation, 739

direction cosine, 743

Euler angle, 743, 1003, 1013, 1038

equations, 721

inverse, 721–722, 975

matrices, 739

quaternion, 743

Transition phase, 355, 357

Translational coupling, 930

Transonic, 138, 775

Trifilar pendulum, 874–875

Trim, 377–384, 386–402, 405–412, 420–441,

444–453, 472, 476, 478, 482, 485–486,

499, 682

analysis, 426, 472

lateral, 497–597

level, 399

longitudinal, 377–486

requirement, 445

residual equations, 446

small-angle lateral, 574–577

stability, 425–426, 485–486

stable, 379, 383–384, 388

static, 596

tab, 632, 634–635

Trim drag, 409–411

Trim point

conventional, 664–665

deep-stall, 664–665

Truncation error, 1029, 1033, 1034

Turbine, 160, 166, 168, 228, 241, 245–246, 248

inlet, 235, 238, 245, 249

outlet, 241, 246

Turbofan, 153, 155, 164–166, 168, 245–253,

306, 340, 482–486

Turbojet, 155, 160–166, 228–238, 241–242,

245, 248–249, 252, 268, 270, 274–275,

282, 286, 303, 340, 358, 361, 482–486

afterburner, 241–245

cycle analysis, 233–241

thrust equation, 228–233

Turbomachinery, 166

Turboprop, 166–168

Turbulence, 451

Turbulent mixing, 482

Turbulent shear layer, 482

Turn, 259, 319–322, 329, 334–337

axis, 335

coordinated, 322–324, 328–331, 337, 926,

927, 936–937

dynamic, 334

elevator angle to, 677–679

level, 321, 323, 327, 332–333

level coordinated, 321–324, 331

steady, 320, 333

steady coordinated, 319–323, 329

steeply climbing, 332–334

Turning radius, 16, 320–324, 327–336, 672


minimum, 327–337

short, 331

stall-limited, 327–328, 336

Turning rate, 329, 333, 672


maximum, 329–331, 333, 336

stall-limited, 329–330

Twist, 51–55, 108–130, 169, 413, 415, 519 (see

also Washout)

aerodynamic, 51–55, 57–58, 63, 72, 553–554

blade, 169

geometric, 51–52, 55, 95, 105, 553–554

wing, 57–72

Twisting moment, 680

U

Ultimate slipstream velocity, 203–204, 209,

212–213

Undamped natural frequency, 815, 818, 836,

839, 868, 888, 891

Dutch roll, 892, 916

lateral mode, 888

phugoid/long period, 843, 856, 863, 868

short-period, 842

Uniform flow, 18, 20–22, 28, 32, 34, 99, 131,

133, 206–209, 212, 229

Untwisted, 53–56, 66

Upwash, 95, 177, 424, 428, 478, 484, 558

angle, 422, 424–425, 428, 479

gradient, 425, 428

1136 Index

V

V-n diagram, 325–326, 621–623, 653–654

V-tail, 529–547, 689–691

Variable, 10

change of, 10, 28, 30–32, 57, 104, 133–135,

139

disturbance, 757

state, 756

Vector, 2, 69, 95, 101

addition, 107

calculus, 16

circulation, 555

correction, 102

differential aerodynamic force, 49

differential vortex length, 49

dimensionless aerodynamic moment, 104

dimensionless vortex strength, 102

field, 20–21

fluid velocity, 16, 141

freestream velocity, 134, 139

lift, 50, 78, 173, 176–177, 220, 319

net aerodynamic force, 107

net aerodynamic moment, 107

notation, 16

spatial, 25–26, 97, 99, 102–103

thrust, 260, 266, 279, 282–283, 381, 386,

437, 444–445, 448, 450, 456

total aerodynamic force, 102

unit, 1–2, 21, 26, 97–100, 103, 107, 133

velocity, 16–18, 25–26, 49, 98, 107, 133–

134, 141, 173, 216, 270

vorticity, 98, 179, 555

Velocity, 18, 20, 34–35, 99, 132–134, 141, 153,

165, 169, 182, 203, 208, 215–217, 230,

232, 236 (see also Airspeed)

angular, 171, 173, 182, 207–216, 329

axial, 207–208, 211, 215, 229

body-fixed, 720, 721, 723

characteristic, 182

circumferential, 207, 209

corner, 326 (see also Maneuvering speed)

disturbance, 818 (see also Perturbation)

downwash, 391, 411–413

exhaust gas, 164, 245, 485

exit, 242

field, 18, 21, 131–132

flight, 773

flow, 203

fluid, 17, 49, 175, 203, 207–208

forward, 173, 175, 179, 216

freestream, 2, 17, 21, 35, 48, 51, 133–136,

139, 153–154, 182, 203–204, 207, 222,

236, 386, 391, 411, 413, 422, 436, 485,

555

gradient, 19

increment, 155, 159, 164, 193, 245

induced, 22–26, 32–35, 48, 97–99, 172–176,

179–180, 185, 199, 202–207, 214, 216,

555

inlet, 164

liftoff, 347

local, 132, 141

normal, 25, 34

perturbation, 133–134, 141 (see also

Disturbance)

potential, 18, 131–134

potential field, 21

radial, 209–210

ratio, 274–275, 284–286, 294, 303, 305,

314–315, 485

rotational, 182, 753

sideslip, 499, 548, 551

slipstream, 165, 193, 203–204, 209, 212–213

tangential, 25, 34

translational, 753

vector, 16–18, 25–26, 49, 98, 107, 133–134,

141, 173, 216, 270

vector field, 20–21

Vertical offset, 436


Vertical stabilizer, 525, 560, 569

dihedral effect, 566

Vertical tail, 384, 501, 503–505, 508, 513,

517–522

estimate lift slope for, 525–548

estimate sidewash gradient on, 518–525

volume ratio, 504

Viscous effects, 30, 37, 39, 48, 94, 106, 146

Viscous flow analysis, 38

Volume

characteristic, 394

control, 153–154, 228–229

tail, 394

Vortex, 24, 47–48, 94, 97, 99, 177, 179

blade-tip, 177–179, 215

filament, 25, 46, 48–50, 179

force, 49

forebody, 940–942

helical trailing, 177, 179, 180

horizontal tail, 941

horseshoe, 96–99, 101–104, 105

induced flow, 178

lift, 941

lifting law, 48–50, 52, 99, 177, 411, 518, 555

line segment, 3-D, 25

model, 94, 413, 416, 505, 518, 522, 525

panel, 2-D, 24–25

panel, flat, 32

Index 1137

panels, 33–36

segment, 25–26, 97

shedding, 941

sheet, 28–29, 32, 34, 46–48

sheet, curved, 32

sheet, trailing, 47–48, 50, 94, 96–98, 179,

199, 415

sheet, trailing helical, 180

span factor, 412, 414, 416, 519

strake, 941

strength, 25–29, 32–35, 46, 49, 97–98, 101–

104, 411–412, 518–519

strength factor, 412, 414, 416

trailing, 339, 390

vertical tail, 941

wake, 941–942

wingtip, 47–48, 94, 177, 411–412, 415, 417,

502–505, 518, 520, 941

Vortex panel method, 32, 36–39, 42–45, 391,

648

Vortex segment, 25–26, 97

bound, 97, 99, 105

straight, 25–26, 99

straight semi-infinite, 26

trailing, 97–98

Vorticity, 16–17, 48, 94, 98, 177, 179, 411

bound, 50, 96, 177, 416, 555

distribution, 49, 415–416

free, 97

net, 97

shed, 104, 172, 177, 416

vector, 98, 179, 555

W

Wake, 15, 701

blade, 199

boundary layer, 16

trailing, 16

ultimate, 199

viscous, 199

Washout, 51, 57–75, 413, 453 (see also Twist)

distribution, 57–75, 80, 82

distribution function, 57, 62, 69, 71

effectiveness, 60, 65

elliptic, 82

geometric, 169

linear, 59–60

maximum total, 57

negative, 62

optimum, 62, 64–65, 80–82

positive, 62, 64

spanwise symmetric, 76

symmetric, 74

total, 57, 62, 66

Waypoint, 1062–1063

Weathercock stability, 500 (see also Yaw

stability)

Weight, 260–262, 265, 267, 272, 277, 280,

290–292

aircraft, 279, 292, 322, 356

coefficient, 610

constant, 265, 312, 339

gross, 259–262, 267, 290–292, 299–301,

312, 314, 318–319, 322, 326–327, 345

Weight-shift control, 407–411

Whip-stall, 427

Wind

direction, 295

local relative, 386

speed, 295–296, 309, 313

-track angle, 295, 308

Wind tunnel model, 919–920, 922

Wind tunnel test, 871, 873

Windmilling, 189

Wing

aerodynamic center, 120–130

area, 259, 265, 318, 345, 383, 387

cambered, 381–384

-canard combination, 421–422, 425–427,

434–437

elliptic, 48, 53–54, 57, 62, 66, 77, 412–413,

417, 420, 519, 553

finite, 25, 46–49, 54, 58, 94, 97, 99, 172,

390, 555

finite lifting, 94

lift coefficient, 388

loading, 264, 272–273, 275, 310–313, 317–

318, 331, 335, 337

pitching moment, 120–130

planform, 60, 62, 72, 77, 80

quarter-chord, 390, 394, 399–400, 405–407,

417, 428

rectangular, 51, 72

rock, 941–943

stall, 108–119

sweep, 120–130, 152, 663

sweep factor, 125, 128, 418

swept, 416–417, 517

tapered, 54–65, 72, 77, 413, 417, 519, 554

twist, 57–72, 108–130, 152 (see also

Washout)

unswept, 66, 413, 501, 515, 519

Wing-canard, 421–422, 425–427, 434–437,

448

Wing-canard combination

simplified pitch stability analysis, 421–436

Wing dihedral, 550–551, 554, 565

effect of, 550

1138 Index

Wing sweep, 554–557

effect of, 554

Wing-tail, 384, 401–407, 420, 422, 437–440,

445, 522

Wing-tail combination

Simplified pitch stability analysis, 384–400

Winglet, 505, 525

Wingtip, 46–47

stall, 57, 335–337

vortex, 47–48, 94, 411–412, 415–416, 502–

505, 518, 520, 941

Wright Flyer, 155, 168

Wright R-1820-97, 157

Wright R-3350-23 Cyclone, 158

Wright Whirlwind, 156–157

X

X-3 Stiletto, 523

XB-70, 164

XP-38 Lightning, 590, 601

Y

Yaw, 2, 7–9, 78, 337, 377, 379–381, 500–517,

736–737, 885

adverse, 81, 337, 570–571, 691

constraint, 1014

control, 504, 570, 692, 693, 704, 941, 969

(see also Rudder; V-tail)

control derivative, 9, 504, 512

coupling, 916

damping, 918, 981

disturbance, 500, 904

divergence, 939–940

rate, 742, 896

stiffness, 500, 504, 506, 577

trim, 500, 510

Yaw-damping derivative, 676, 782, 917, 924

Yaw stability, 500–502, 504–506, 509–511,

515, 516–518, 522, 524–525, 529–547,

548, 915, 918

derivative, 500–501, 504, 505, 509, 511,

515–517, 524, 550, 565, 917, 924

effect of rotating propellers, 506–515

effect of tail dihedral, 529–547

effect of the fuselage, nacelles, and external

stores, 505–506

effect of the vertical tail, 501–505

effect of the wing and horizontal tail, 515–

517

excess, 904

insufficient, 904

ratio, 915

Yawing, 2

moment, 2, 78, 80–81, 172, 216, 224–225,

377, 381, 387, 497–501, 504–510, 513,

515, 548–550, 556–561, 567–570, 703,

885

moment coefficients, 497, 504–515, 572

moment gradient, 508

motion, pure, 922–923, 1015

oscillations, 886

rate, 672, 693, 885

rotation, 497

Z

Zero lift, 59, 264, 267

Zero-lift angle of attack, 30–31, 40–42, 51, 59,

170, 184–185, 390, 424

Zero-lift line, 169–170, 173, 175, 185, 218,

386, 512, 571

Documents

COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL · 2017. 3. 28. · 1116 Index Brake power, 159, 171, 182, 184, 189–197, 205, 212–213, 293 British Fairey Delta, 597 British Spitfire, 158–159, 385, 487–488,