Copyright Limitations and Exceptions in International Treaties and Beyond:

Developing Countries and Access to Knowledge

Geidy Lung, WIPO Copyright Law Division

Copyright limits

• Fundamental or constitutional rights or public interest: freedom of speech, information, education, culture

• Balance among rights and interest

Berne Convention (1886 - 1971)Berne Convention (1886 - 1971)

Rome Convention (1961)Rome Convention (1961)

International framework

TRIPS Agreement (1994)TRIPS Agreement (1994)

Internet Treaties: WCT y WPPT (1996)

Internet Treaties: WCT y WPPT (1996)

Other treaties: Phonograms and Satellites

Other treaties: Phonograms and Satellites

Berne TRIPS

1967-1971 1994

Reprography, videotechnology, casettes and compact discs,satellite broadcasting, software, databases, cable television.

From the 70’s Internet boom

”guided development"1975 1990

WCTWPPT

1996

Rome

Technological developments and international treaties

1961

Digital Agenda

Rights for transmissionsin interactive

digital networks

Limitations andExceptions

Technological Measures

of Protection

Management rights information

Right of Reproduction

WCT and WPPT

Copyright flexibilities• Scope: ideas, theories, simple data

• Duration: 50 years, 25 years, 20 years

• Exclusion of some categories of works: Crown copyright

• Permitted uses without authorization and remuneration: fair use or fair dealing

• Permitted uses by law with remuneration: mandatory or compulsory licensing system

• Legislative options for Member States. Only one mandatory exception

Analog different from digital?

• Whether new exceptions are needed in the digital environment

• Whether existing exceptions from the analog environment remain appropriate in the digital environment, or need to be restricted in some way in that environment

The 3-step test

• Article 9(2) Berne Convention, Article 13 TRIPS Agreement, Articles 10(2) WCT and 16(2) WPPT– certain special cases– do not conflict with normal exploitation– do not prejudice the legitimate interests of

rightholders

• WTO Panel Decision, June 2000 (EU v. US)playing of radio or television broadcasts of musical works in certain bars, restaurants and other retail establishments

WIPO’s work

• SCCR

– persons with disabilities

– libraries – educational activities

• CDIP

– public domain– access to knowledge

and technology– licensing practices

SCCR

• Studies on limitations and exceptions in the digital environment

• Information meetings on digital content for the visually impaired and educational uses

• Questionnaire on limitations and exceptions

• Analytical document

• Visually impaired: platform and treaty proposal

CDIP

• Workshops on digital preservation and rights management information

• Scoping study on copyright and the public domain

• Second survey on copyright voluntary registration systems: orphan works

CDIP

• Survey of private copyright documentation systems and practices

• Global Meeting on Emerging Licensing Issues in the Copyright Area

• Research project on using copyright to promote access to information and creative content

Thank you

www.wipo.int/copyright