Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 2 Prenatal Development And Birth Theories of Development “ This multimedia product and its contents are protected under

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006

2Prenatal Development And

BirthTheories of

Development

“This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:• any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;• preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, pf any images;• any rental, lease, or lending of the program.”

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• Sigmund Freud– Psychosexual Theory

• Worked with mental patients

– Id– Ego– Superego– Defense Mechanisms

• Sigmund Freud– Psychosexual Theory

• Worked with mental patients

– Id– Ego– Superego– Defense Mechanisms

Psychoanalytic Theories


Common Defense Mechanisms


Psychosexual Stages


• Erik Erikson

– Development is influenced by common cultural demands.

– Each stage of development requires the solution of a crisis.

– Healthy development requires a favorable ratio of positive to negative.

Psychosocial Theory


Psychosocial Theory


• Ivan Pavlov– Classical Conditioning

• Reflex– Stimulus – Response connection

• Unlearned– Unconditioned Stimulus elicits Unconditioned Response

» Food automatically elicits Salivation

• Learned– Conditioned Stimulus elicit Conditioned Response

» Smell of food (bacon) elicits Salivation

Learning Theories


• B.F. Skinner– Operant Conditioning

• Behaviors are dependent on “Reinforcement”– Positive Reinforcement

– Negative Reinforcement

• Punishment• Shaping• Extinction

• B.F. Skinner– Operant Conditioning

• Behaviors are dependent on “Reinforcement”– Positive Reinforcement

– Negative Reinforcement

• Punishment• Shaping• Extinction

Learning Theories


• Albert Bandura– Social Learning Theory

• Observational Learning– Learning that results from seeing a model reinforced or

punished for a behavior.

• Dependent on four factors– Attention– Memory– Physical capabilities– Motivation

• Self - Efficacy

Learning Theories


• Jean Piaget– Scheme

• internal cognitive structure.

– Assimilation • process of using schemes to make sense of

experiences.

– Accommodation • changing a scheme to incorporate new information.

– Equilibration – • balancing assimilation and accommodation

Cognitive Theories


• Jean Piaget– Stages of Cognitive Development

1. Sensorimotor Stage

2. Preoperational Stage

3. Concrete Operational Stage

4. Formal Operational Stage

Cognitive Theories


• Information Processing Theory– Thinking about and studying memory

processes.

– Three Stage Theory of Memory• Sensory Memory• Short-Term Memory• Long-Term Memory

Cognitive Theories


Cognitive Theories


Questions to Ponder

• Pick three defense mechanisms and write your own personal example of them. You may not use the book examples.

• Looking at ecological systems theory, describe your personal exosystem, macrosystem, and microsystem influences.


• Nativism– The view that humans possess unique genetic

traits.

• Ethology– Genetically determined mechanisms that

promote survival.

• Sociobiology– The study of society using methods and

concepts of biological science.

Biological Theories


• Behavioral Genetics

– The effects of heredity on individual differences.

– Related people such as children and parents have similar traits influenced by genes.

Biological Theories


• Lev Vygotsky– Complex forms of thinking have their origin in

social interactions.

– Children’s learning of new cognitive skills is guided by a skilled social partner (adult)

– Zone of Proximal Development– Scaffolding

Socio-Cultural Theory


Ecological Theory

• Urie Bronfenbrenner

– Explains development in terms of relationships between people and their environments.

– Contexts• Macrosystem• Exosystem• Microsystem


Ecological Theory


• Multiple Theoretical Approaches

– Build on ideas from several sources.

– Avoids rigid adherence to a single theory.

– Allows deeper probing of behavior using better research.

Eclecticism


Comparing Theories


• Evaluation of Usefulness of each theory

• Generate predictions that can be tested.

• Heuristic value – the degree to which it stimulates research.

• Practical value.

• Explain the basic facts of development.

Comparing Theories


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