Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Barbara Heard, Atlantic Cape Community College C H A P T E R © 2013 Pearson

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

PowerPoint® Lecture Slidesprepared byBarbara Heard,Atlantic Cape Community College

C H A P T E R

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.© Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images

Tissue: The Living Fabric: Part B

4

Epithelial tissue cells are packed close together, with only extracellular fluid between them (and all cells).

Many connective tissue cells are spaced further apart and make a gooey substance (gel) between them

Other connective tissue cells make a gooey substance (gel) plus

protein fibers

Cells in Tissues can be spaced differently

INTRAcellular fluid(intra=within)

Ground substance: A name for all extrafluid, gel,or minerals between cells

*Matrix = Ground Substance PLUS fibers

cellprotein fiber

CONNECTIVE TISSUES CELLS secrete gel and fibers


Many types of cell are found in CT

• Each CT has its own cell types with a particular function:

• Adipose CT has adipocytes which store fat

• Blood CT has erythrocytes which carry oxygen

• Cartilage CT has chondroblasts which make fibers and gel

• NOTE:

• Cyte = mature cell that does not make fibers

• Blast= cell that can still develop into a cyte, and usually make fibers

Around the cells is usually:

1. Ground substance: a sugary complex (hyaluronic acid and proteoglycan) that traps water and nutrients near the cells to keep them hydrated.

Around the cells are:

2. Protein fibers such as

-Collagen fibers (made of collagen)

• Strongest and most common fiber

-Elastic fibers (made of elastin)

• allow for stretch

-Reticular fibers (made of collagen)

• Short, fine, highly branched fibers

Let’s learn the specific connective tissues!

AREOLAR CTADIPOSE CTBLOOD CTDENSE REGULAR CTDENSE IRREGULAR CTELASTIC CTHYALINE CARTILAGE CTELASTIC CARTILAGE CTFIBROCARTILAGE CTOSSEOUS CT

COMPACTSPONGY

RETICULAR CT

AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Description: Gel-like matrix with allthree fiber types; cells: fibroblasts,macrophages, mast cells, and somewhite blood cells.

Function: Wraps and cushionsorgans; its macrophages phagocytizebacteria; plays important role ininflammation; holds and conveystissue fluid.

Location: Widely distributed underepithelia of body, e.g., forms laminapropria of mucous membranes;packages organs; surroundscapillaries.

Photomicrograph: Areolar connective tissue, asoft packaging tissue of the body (300x).

Epithelium

Laminapropria

Fibroblastnuclei

Elasticfibers

Collagenfibers

Figure 4.8a

AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Figure 4.7

Macrophage

Fibroblast

Lymphocyte

Fat cell

Mast cell

Neutrophil

Capillary

Cell types Extracellularmatrix

Fibers• Collagen fiber• Elastic fiber• Reticular fiber

Ground substance

Areolar CT cartoon


• Location: surrounds blood vessels, nerves, and muscles.

• Functions: cushions organs, and provides an immune defense

• Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, leukocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, and adipocytes

• Matrix: elastic fibers, collagen fibers, reticular fibers, and gel

Figure 4.8b

ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Description:; closely packedadipocytes, or fat cells, havenucleus pushed to the side by largefat droplet. Tiny amount of gel. Nofibers.

Function: Provides reserve foodfuel; insulates against heat loss;supports and protects organs.

Location: Under skin in thehypodermis; around organs; in breasts.

Photomicrograph: Adipose tissue from thesubcutaneous layer under the skin (350x).

Nucleus offat cell

Vacuolecontainingfat droplet

Adiposetissue

Mammaryglands

ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE


• Location here: Hypodermis (below skin)

• Function: energy storage, insulation and protective cushioning

• Cells: adipocytes

• No matrix.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.8k

BLOOD CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Description: Erythrocytesand leukocytes surrounded by plasma (fluid)

Function: Transport ofrespiratory gases, nutrients,wastes, and other substances.

Location: Contained withinblood vessels.

Photomicrograph: Smear of human blood (1860x); twowhite blood cells (neutrophil in upper left and lymphocytein lower right) are seen surrounded by red blood cells.

Type of leukocyte

Erythrocytes

Type of leukocyte

Plasma

BLOOD CONNECTIVE TISSUE


• Location: inside blood vessels

• Cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes

• Function: carries fluid, gas, nutrients, wastes and hormones

• Matrix: plasma and fibrin (does not form fibers unless exposed to air, as in a scab)


Bloody Case Study

A newly adopted child cried incessantly when brought out into the cold.

Your job: compare his blood work (below) with normal blood work (above). Discuss with your neighbor the shapes of the red cells.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001554/

Figure 4.8d

(DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Description: Primarily parallelcollagen fibers; a few elastic fibers;major cell type is the fibroblast.

Function: Attaches muscles tobones or to muscles; attaches bonesto bones; withstands great tensilestress when pulling force is appliedin one direction.

Location: Tendons, mostligaments, aponeuroses.

Photomicrograph: Dense regular connectivetissue from a tendon (500x).

Shoulderjoint

Ligament

Tendon

Collagenfibers

Nuclei offibroblasts

DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE


• Location: tendons and ligaments

• Function: strong rope connects muscle to bone, or bone to bone

• Cells: Fibroblasts

• Matrix: collagen fibers and gel

Figure 4.8e

(e) DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Description: Irregularly arranged

collagen fibers; some elastic fibers;major cell type is the fibroblast.

Function: Able to withstandforce exerted in manydirections; provides structuralstrength.

Location: cover oforgans and of joints; dermis ofthe skin;

Photomicrograph: Dense irregularconnective tissue from the dermis of theskin (400x).

Collagenfibers

Nuclei offibroblasts

Fibrousjointcapsule

DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE


• Location: dermis of skin, around organs.

• Function: Strong net “covering” for organs, here seen around a shoulder joint.



Figure 4.8f

ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Description: Dense regularconnective tissue containing a highproportion of elastic fibers with Few fibroblasts not easily seen.

Function: Allows recoil of tissuefollowing stretching; maintainspulsatile flow of blood througharteries; aids passive recoil of lungsfollowing inspiration.

Location: Walls of large arteries;within certain ligaments associatedwith the vertebral column; within thewalls of the bronchial tubes.

Elastic fibers

Aorta

HeartPhotomicrograph: Elastic connective tissue inthe wall of the aorta (250x).

ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE


• Location: Within artery walls

• Function: provides elasticity within arteries


• Matrix: elastic fibers and gel


Marfan Syndrome

Marfan syndrome affects the structureof elastic fibers leading to:-weakened blood vessels-taller than average height

DISCUSS WITH YOUR NEIGHBOR.What do the fibers look like in normal elastic connective tissue?What is their normal function?What do they look like in Marfan Syndrome?How do you think the function of the tissue is affected?

Figure 4.8g

HYALINE CARTILAGE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Description: firm gelmatrix; collagen fibers present but notSeen. Chondroblasts make the gel andFibers.

Function: Supports and reinforces;has resilient cushioning properties;resists compressive stress.

Location: Forms most of theembryonic skeleton; covers the endsof long bones; cartilageof the nose, trachea, ribs, and larynx.

Photomicrograph: Hyaline cartilage from thetrachea (750x).

Costalcartilages

Chondrocytein lacuna

Matrix

HYALINE CARTILAGE CONNECTIVE TISSUE


• Location: ends of some bones, trachea, ribs, and nose

• Function: protects bone ends and airway

• Cells: chondroblasts, and chondrocytes

• Matrix: Collagen fibers and gel

Figure 4.8h

ELASTIC CARTILAGE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Description: Similar to hyalinecartilage, but more elastic fibersin matrix. Chondroblasts makegel and fibers.

Function: Maintains the shapeof a structure while allowinggreat flexibility.

Location: Supports the externalear (pinna); epiglottis.

Photomicrograph: Elastic cartilage fromthe human ear pinna; forms the flexibleskeleton of the ear (800x).

Chondrocytein lacuna

Matrix

ELASTIC CARTILAGE CONNECTIVE TISSUE


• Location: outer ear, epiglottis, auditory canal

• Function: flexible strong mesh

• Cells: chondroblasts, chondrocytes

• Matrix: elastic fibers and gel

Figure 4.8i

FIBROCARTILAGE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Description: Matrix similar tobut less firm than that in hyalinecartilage; thick collagen fiberspredominate. Chondroblasts makeFibers and gel.

Function: Tensile strengthwith the ability to absorbcompressive shock.

Location: Intervertebral discs;pubic symphysis; discs of kneejoint.

Photomicrograph: Fibrocartilage of anintervertebral disc (125x). Special stainingproduced the blue color seen.

Intervertebraldiscs

Chondrocytesin lacunae

Collagenfiber

FIBROCARTILAGE CONNECTIVE TISSUE


• Location: intervetebral discs, pubic symphysis, meniscus pad in knee joint

• Function: cushions shock to bones

• Cells: chondroblasts, chondrocytes


Figure 4.8j

COMPACT OSSEOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Description: Hard, calcifiedmatrix containing many collagen fibers made by osteoblasts.

Function: Bone supports andprotects (by enclosing);provides levers for the muscles; stores calcium andother minerals and fat; marrowinside bones is the site for bloodcell formation (hematopoiesis).Location: Bones

Photomicrograph: Cross-sectional viewof bone (125x).

Lacunae

Lamella

Centralcanal

COMPACT OSSEOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE


• Location: outer hard portion of bones.

• Cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts,

• Function: Strong structures

• Matrix: collagen fibers, calcium and phosphate mineral

Figure 4.8j

SPONGY OSSEOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Description: Hard, calcifiedmatrix containing many collagen fibers made by osteoblasts.

Function: compression at boneends. stores calcium andother minerals and fat; marrowinside bones is the site for bloodcell formation (hematopoiesis).

Location: End of long bonesInside flat bones

Photomicrograph: Cross-sectional viewof SPONGY bone (125x).

Lacunae

Lamella

Centralcanal

SPONGY OSSEOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE


• Location: softer bony structure inside the heads of the long bones

• Function: ability to compress, lightweight

• Cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

• Matrix: collagen fibers, calcium and phosphate minerals

Figure 4.8c

RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Description: Network of reticularfibers in a typical loose groundsubstance; made by reticular cells.

Function: Fibers form a soft internalstructure that supports othercell types including white blood cells,mast cells, and macrophages. InLymph nodes cells destroy bacteria.

Location: Lymphoid organs (lymphnodes, bone marrow, and spleen).

Photomicrograph: Dark-staining network of reticularconnective tissue fibers forming the internal skeletonof the spleen (350x).

Spleen

White bloodcell(lymphocyte)

Reticularfibers

RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE


• Location: lymph nodes and spleen

• Cells: fibroblasts, leukocytes

• Function: forms weak structure of lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow for the leukocytes to help destroy circulating pathogens

• Matrix: reticular fibers and gel

Figure 4.9

Photomicrograph: Neurons (350x)

Function: Transmit electricalsignals from sensory receptorsand to effectors (muscles andglands) which control their activity.

Location: Brain, spinalcord, and nerves.

Description: Neurons arebranching cells; cell processesthat may be quite long extend fromthe nucleus-containing cell body;also contributing to nervous tissueare nonirritable supporting cells(not illustrated).

Dendrites

Neuron processes Cell body

Axon

Nuclei ofsupportingcells

Cell bodyof a neuron

Neuronprocesses

NERVOUS TISSUE

NERVOUS TISSUE


• Location: spinal cord, brain, organs, skin

• Function: sensation, receive info and send out info

• Cells: neurons, glial cells


The Discovery of Alzheimer’s disease

• In 1901, Alois Alzheimer met a confused and anxious patient whose memory was failing. It was not until she died 5 years later that he examined her brain tissue, discovering that the neurons had unusual fibrils inside them, and there were unusual substances, or plaques, between the cells.

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://ralf-dahm.dateningenieure.com/typo3temp/pics/c95b303cbd.jpg&imgrefurl=http://ralf-dahm.dateningenieure.com/The-discovery-of-Alzheimer-s-D.74.0.html&usg=__dfwbxyqATF6WBMXFLLyr96E-YmE=&h=521&w=300&sz=49&hl=en&s

Figure 4.10a

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

Description: Long, cylindrical,multinucleate cells; obviousstriations.

Function: Voluntary movement;locomotion; manipulation of theenvironment; facial expression;voluntary control.

Location: In skeletal musclesattached to bones oroccasionally to skin.

Photomicrograph: Skeletal muscle (approx. 460x).Notice the obvious banding pattern and thefact that these large cells are multinucleate.

Nuclei

Striations

Part ofmuscle fiber (cell)

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE


• Location: connecting to bones, or in sphincters

• Function: voluntary contraction, to pull on bones and close sphincters (contract anus, squint eyes)

• Cells: skeletal muscle cells

• Nuclei: hundreds in a single cell

• Striations (stripes): yes

• Shape: cylindrical

Figure 4.10b

CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

Description: Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate atspecialized junctions (intercalated discs).

Function: As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control.Location: The walls of the heart.

Photomicrograph: Cardiac muscle (500X);notice the striations, branching of cells, andthe intercalated discs.

Intercalateddiscs

Striations

Nucleus

CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE


• Location: heart

• Function: mainly involuntary contraction, to pump blood

• Cells: cardiac muscle cells

• Nuclei: one centrally located nucleus in each cell

• Striations: yes

• Shape: branched cells shape (like a “Y”)

• Special junctions: intercalated discs


Chagas disease

• Trypanosomiasis is an often fatal disease is caused the protozoan T. cruzi, infecting heart cells.

• transmitted through the bite of a “kissing bug”.

Figure 4.10c

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE

Description: Spindle-shapedcells with central nuclei; nostriations; cells arranged closely to form sheets.

Function: Propels substancesor objects (foodstuffs, urine,a baby) along internal passage-ways; involuntary control.Location: Mostly in the wallsof hollow organs.

Photomicrograph: Sheet of smooth muscle (200x).

Smoothmusclecell

Nuclei

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE


• Location: around hollow organs (intestine,bladder)

• Function: involuntary contraction, to move food, fluid through tubes

• Cells: smooth muscle cells

• Special characteristics

• Nuclei: one centrally located nucleus per cell

• Striations: no

• Shape: cylindrical, squashed on both ends


Muscle cell characteristics

Location Function Voluntary? Cell shape?

One or many

nuclei?

Striated? Inter-calated

discs?

Smooth

Muscle

cells

Cardiac

Muscle

cells

Skeletal

Muscle

cells


Membranes

• A membrane is one or more thin layers of tissue, (like putting down two flat sheets on a bed.)

Types of membranesCutaneous membrane Mucous membraneSerous membraneSynovial membrane

Figure 4.11a

Cutaneousmembrane(skin)

CUTANEOUS MEMBRANES (the skin)structure: ET and CT layersFunction: protect body surface

Figure 4.11b

Mucosa ofnasal cavity

Mucosa oflung bronchi

Mucosa ofmouth

Esophaguslining

MUCOUS MEMBRANES Structure: ET and CT layersFunction: moist membrane that line body cavities open to the outside of the body and MAY secrete mucous (as in nose and trachea)or may NOT (mouth/lungs)

Figure 4.11c

Parietalpericardium

Visceralpericardium

SEROUS MEMBRANES Structure: ET and CT layers, secrete slippery serous fluidFunction: line body cavities closed to the exterior (lungs)

Parietalperitoneum

Visceralperitoneum

ParietalpleuraVisceralpleura


SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES

SYNOVIAL MEMBRANEA single layer of ETthat secretes synovial fluid into a joint between two bones

bone

Synovial fluid

Epithelial tissue secretingSynovial fluid

Documents

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Barbara Heard, Atlantic Cape Community College C H A P T E R © 2013 Pearson