Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Bellwork Introduction to the Human Body Open your binder to the notes section, name 5 body systems 1.Skeletal

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

BellworkIntroduction to the Human Body

Open your binder to the notes section, name 5 body systems

1.Skeletal System

2.?

3.?

4.?

5.?


Introduction to the Human BodyLevels of Structural Organization

• Chemical: atoms and molecules

• Cellular: cells and their organelles

• Tissue: groups of similar cells

• Organ: contains two or more types of tissues

• Organ system: organs that work closely together

• Organism: all organ systems


Cardiovascularsystem

OrganelleMoleculeAtoms

Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.

Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules.

Tissue levelTissues consist of similartypes of cells.

Organ levelOrgans are made up of different typesof tissues.

Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely.

Organismal levelThe human organism is made upof many organ systems.

Smooth muscle cell

Smooth muscle tissue

Connective tissue

Blood vessel (organ)

HeartBloodvessels

Epithelialtissue


12

3

4

56

Figure 1.1


MoleculeAtoms

Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.1

Figure 1.1, step 1





Smooth muscle cell

12

Figure 1.1, step 2






Smooth muscle cell


12

3

Figure 1.1, step 3







Smooth muscle cell


Connective tissue


Epithelialtissue


12

3

4

Figure 1.1, step 4









Smooth muscle cell


Connective tissue


HeartBloodvessels

Epithelialtissue


12

3

4

5

Figure 1.1, step 5









Organismal levelThe human organism is made upof many organ systems.

Smooth muscle cell


Connective tissue


HeartBloodvessels

Epithelialtissue


12

3

4

56

Figure 1.1, step 6


Overview of Organ Systems

• Major organs make up 11 major organ systems

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3a

NailsSkin

Hair

(a) Integumentary System Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3b

Bones

Joint

(b) Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3c

Skeletalmuscles

(c) Muscular System Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Main- tains posture, and produces heat.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3d

Brain

NervesSpinalcord

(d) Nervous System As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3e

Pineal gland

PituitaryglandThyroid

glandThymus

AdrenalglandPancreas

Testis

Ovary

(e) Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3f

(f) Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.

Heart

Bloodvessels

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3g

Lymphaticvessels

Red bonemarrow

Thoracicduct

Thymus

Spleen

Lymphnodes

(g) Lymphatic System/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3h

Nasalcavity

Bronchus

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Lung

(h) Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3i

Liver

Oral cavity

Esophagus

Largeintestine

StomachSmallintestine

RectumAnus

(i) Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3j

Kidney

Ureter

UrinarybladderUrethra

(j) Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3k-l

Prostategland

Ductusdeferens

Penis

Testis

Scrotum

Ovary

Uterinetube

Mammaryglands (inbreasts)

Uterus

Vagina

Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sexhormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the femalereproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remainingfemale structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus.Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

(k) Male Reproductive System (l) Female Reproductive System


Organ Systems Interrelationships

• Organ systems work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2

Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)

Respiratory systemTakes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide

Food O2 CO2

Cardiovascular systemVia the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs

Interstitial fluid

Nutrients

Urinary systemEliminates nitrogenouswastes andexcess ions

Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid

Integumentary system Protects the body as a whole from the external environment

Blood

Heart

Feces Urine

CO2

O2


5 major functions:

•It provides shape and support.

•Enables you to move.

•Protects your internal organs.

•Produces red blood cells.

•Stores materials until later use.

The Skeletal SystemFunctions of the Skeleton

Next


• Allows the body to move in a wide range of positions and movements

Joint

Back


• The strong tissue that connects bone to bone.

Ligament

Back


Tendon

• Tissue that connects bone to muscle.


• A condition in which bones become very weak and break more easily as holes form in the bone.

Osteoporosis

Back


The Cranium

Back

#1

Also known as the Skull, the Cranium helps protect the brain.


The Mandible #2

• Also known as the lower jaw.

Back


The Clavicle #3

Back

Also known as the Collar Bone, the clavicle makes up most of the shoulder.


The Sternum #4

• Also known as the Breast Bone.

Back


• The upper half of your arm.

The Humerus #5

Back


• Protects most of the bodies internal organs.

The Ribs #6

Back


• Also known as the spine, this set of 26 bones allows you to bend down, and sit up strait.

The Vertebral Column #7

Back


• Connects the lower half of your body to the upper half.

The Pelvic Girdle #8

Back


• One of the two bones that make up your lower arm.

The Radius #9

Back


• One of the two bones that make up your lower arm.

The Ulna #10

Back


• Connect the Metacarpals and Phalanges to the arm.

The Carpals #11

Back


• Also known as the knuckles, the metacarpals connect your fingers to the rest one your hand.

The Metacarpals #12

Back


• The Phalanges allow your fingers and toes to move.

The Phalanges # 13 and 20

Back


• The femur is the largest bone in the body, and makes up the upper half of the leg.

The Femur #14

Back


• The patella, also known as your knee, is a circular bone that connects your tibia to your femur.

The Patella #15

Back


• One of the two bones in your lower leg.

The Tibia #16

Back


• One of the two bones in your lower leg.

The Fibula #17

Back


• Also known as the ankle, the Tarsals connect your foot to your leg.

The Tarsals #18

Back


• Make up your toes.

The Metatarsals #19

Back


• A set of 26 small bones that run down the center of your back.

The vertebra

Back


Documents

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Bellwork Introduction to the Human Body Open your binder to the notes section, name 5 body systems 1.Skeletal