Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 The neural plate forms from surface ectoderm. Head Tail Surface ectoderm Neural plate Pg 475

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

1 The neural plate forms from surface ectoderm.

Head

Tail

Surfaceectoderm

Neuralplate

Pg 475


2 The neural plate invaginates, forming the neuralgroove, flanked by neural folds.

Neural folds

Neuralgroove

Pg 475


3 Neural fold cells migrate to form the neural crest,which will form much of the PNS and many other structures.

Neural crest

Pg 475


Surfaceectoderm

Head

Tail

Neuraltube

4 The neural groove becomes the neural tube, whichwill form CNS structures.

Pg 475


(e) Adultneuralcanalregions

(d) Adult brainstructures

(a)Neuraltube

(c) Secondary brainvesicles

(b) Primary brainvesicles

Anterior(rostral)

Posterior(caudal) Spinal cord

Cerebellum

Brain stem: medullaoblongata

Brain stem: pons

Brain stem: midbrain

Diencephalon(thalamus, hypothalamus,epithalamus), retina

Cerebrum: cerebralhemispheres (cortex,white matter, basal nuclei)

Myelencephalon

Metencephalon

Mesencephalon

Diencephalon

Telencephalon

Rhombencephalon(hindbrain)

Mesencephalon(midbrain)

Prosencephalon(forebrain)

Central canal

Fourthventricle

Cerebralaqueduct

Third ventricle

Lateralventricles

Pg 429

Primitive brainReflexes

MammalianEmotion

Neocortex


Metencephalon

Anterior (rostral) Posterior (caudal)

MesencephalonDiencephalon Midbrain

Cervical

Spinal cord

Flexures

TelencephalonMyelencephalon

(a) Week 5

Pg 430


MidbrainCerebellumPonsMedulla oblongata

Spinal cord

Cerebral hemisphere

Outline of diencephalon

(b) Week 13

Pg 430


CerebellumPonsMedullaoblongata Spinal cord

Cerebralhemisphere

(c) Week 26Pg 430


Cerebellum

Diencephalon

Cerebralhemisphere

(d) Birth

Brain stem• Midbrain• Pons• Medulla

oblongata

Pg 4303 Lbs. Gelatinous mass


Parietallobe

Frontal lobe

Right cerebralhemisphereOccipitallobe

Left cerebralhemisphere

Cerebral veinsand arteriescovered byarachnoidmater

Longitudinalfissure

Posterior(c)

Anterior

Pg 432Cerebrum


.

Corona radiata

Projectionfibers

Longitudinal fissure

Gray matter/Cortex

White matter

Associationfibers

Lateralventricle

Fornix

Thirdventricle

Thalamus

Pons

Medulla oblongataDecussationof pyramids

Commissuralfibers (corpus callosum)

Internalcapsule

Superior

Basal nuclei• Caudate• Putamen

• Globuspallidus

(a)

Pg 438

2 mmTrue dendrites and cell bodiesConvoluted


Postcentralgyrus

Centralsulcus

Precentralgyrus

Frontallobe

(a)

Parietal lobeParieto-occipital sulcus(on medial surfaceof hemisphere)Lateral sulcus

Transverse cerebral fissure

Occipital lobeTemporal lobe

CerebellumPons

Medulla oblongataSpinal cord

Cortex (gray matter)

Fissure(a deepsulcus)

Gyrus

Sulcus-Shallow grooveWhite matter

Pg 432


Gustatory cortex(in insula)

Primary motor cortexPremotor cortexFrontal eye field

Working memoryfor spatial tasksExecutive area fortask managementWorking memory forobject-recall tasks

Broca’s area(outlined by dashes)

Solving complex,multitask problems

(a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere

Motor areas

Prefrontal cortex

Sensory areas and relatedassociation areas

Central sulcus

Primary somatosensorycortexSomatosensoryassociation cortex

Somaticsensation

Taste

Wernicke’s area(outlined by dashes)

Primary visualcortexVisualassociation area

Vision

Auditoryassociation areaPrimaryauditory cortex

Hearing

Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortexSensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex

Pg 434

1

234

5

6

7

8

Angular Gyrus

10

11

12

13

Gnostic Area-sensory to prefrontal cortex


.

Genitals

Toes

Intra-abdominalSwallowing

Tongue

Jaw

Primary motorcortex(precentral gyrus)

Primary somato-sensory cortex(postcentral gyrus)

Motor

Motor map inprecentral gyrus

Sensory

Sensory map inpostcentral gyrus

Posterior

Anterior

Discrete Motor Control

-Voluntary-Skeletal Muscle-Spacial

-Facilitory Impulses-Contralateral-Damage

435








Motor areas

Prefrontal cortex


Central sulcus


Somaticsensation

Taste



Vision


Hearing


Pg 434

1

234

L5

6

7

8

Angular Gyrus

10

11

12

13


Motor aphasia








Motor areas

Prefrontal cortex


Central sulcus


Somaticsensation

Taste



Vision


Hearing


Pg 434

1

234

5

6

7

8

Angular Gyrus

10

11

12

13


-Hear what you see-See what you hear

Puts words in order

Fluent Aphasia (Word Salad)AgraphiaAlexia

Primary Motor Cortex


Frontal eye field

Prefrontalcortex

Processes emotionsrelated to personaland social interactions

(b) Parasagittal view, right hemisphere

Olfactory bulbOrbitofrontalcortex

Olfactory tractFornix

Temporal lobe

Corpuscallosum

Premotor cortexPrimarymotor cortex

Cingulategyrus Central sulcus

Primary somatosensorycortex

Parietal lobe

Parieto-occipitalsulcus

Somatosensoryassociation cortex

Occipitallobe

Visualassociationarea

Calcarine sulcusParahippocampalgyrus

UncusPrimaryolfactory cortex

Primaryvisual cortex

Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex

Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex

Pg 434








Motor areas

Prefrontal cortex


Central sulcus


Somaticsensation

Taste



Vision


Hearing


Pg 434

1

234

5

6

7

8

Angular Gyrus

10

11

12

13



Genitals

Toes

Intra-abdominalSwallowing

Tongue

Jaw

Primary motorcortex(precentral gyrus)

Primary somato-sensory cortex(postcentral gyrus)

Motor

Motor map inprecentral gyrus

Sensory

Sensory map inpostcentral gyrus

Posterior

Anterior

Pg 435

-contralateral-Locates-Determines kind and strength of sensation-Projects-Damage








Motor areas

Prefrontal cortex


Central sulcus


Somaticsensation

Taste



Vision


Hearing


Pg 434

1

234

5

6

7

8

Angular Gyrus

10

11

12

13


damage


Corona radiata

Projectionfibers

Longitudinal fissure

Gray matter

White matter

Associationfibers

Lateralventricle

Fornix

Thirdventricle

Thalamus

Pons

Medulla oblongataDecussationof pyramids

Commissuralfibers (corpus callosum)

Internalcapsule

Superior

Basal nuclei (Ganglia)• Caudate• Putamen

• Globuspallidus

(a) Pg 438

-Medulla-White Matter-Myelinated axons-Oligodendrocytes


Fibers ofcorona radiata

Corpusstriatum

Projection fibersrun deep to lentiform nucleus

Caudatenucleus Thalamus

Tail ofcaudatenucleus

Lentiformnucleus• Putamen• Globus pallidus (deep to putamen)

Pg 442

-Control of large, skilled movements-Smooth, orderly movement-Too little dopamine= Parkinson’s Disease

Substantia NigraInh.


Anterior horn

Interventricularforamen

Inferiorhorn

Lateralaperture

(b) Left lateral view

Lateral ventricle

Septum pellucidum

Third ventricle

Cerebral aqueduct

(a) Anterior view

Fourth ventricleCentral canal

Inferior horn

Posteriorhorn

MedianapertureLateralaperture

Pg 431

4 Ventricles and spinal canal

Support


Corpus callosum

Choroid plexusThalamus(encloses third ventricle)

Pineal gland(part of epithalamus)

Posterior commissure

CorporaquadrigeminaCerebralaqueductArbor vitae (ofcerebellum)Fourth ventricleChoroid plexusCerebellum

Septum pellucidum

Interthalamicadhesion(intermediatemass of thalamus)

Interven-tricularforamen

Anteriorcommissure

Hypothalamus

Optic chiasma

Pituitary gland

Cerebral hemisphere

Mammillary bodyPonsMedulla oblongata

Spinal cord

Mid-brain

Fornix

Pg 440Diencephalon (mammalian brain)

Relay center


Figure 12.15c Three views of the brain stem (green) and the

diencephalon (purple).View (c)

Diencephalon

Brainstem

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Midbrain

Pons

Medullaoblongata

Pineal gland

Diencephalon

Anterior wall offourth ventricle

(c) Dorsal view

Thalamus

Dorsal root offirst cervical nerve

Midbrain• Superior

colliculus• Inferior

colliculus• Trochlear nerve (IV)• Superior cerebellar peduncle

Corporaquadrigeminaof tectum

Medulla oblongata• Inferior cerebellar peduncle• Facial nerve (VII)• Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)• Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)• Vagus nerve (X)• Accessory nerve (XI)

Pons• Middle cerebellar peduncle

Dorsal median sulcus

Choroid plexus(fourth ventricle)

Pg 445


structures of the diencephalon.

Dorsal nuclei

Medial

Anteriornucleargroup

Reticularnucleus

Ventralanterior

Ventrallateral

Ventralpostero-lateral

Lateralgeniculatebody

Medialgeniculatebody

Pulvinar

Lateraldorsal

Lateralposterior

(a) The main thalamic nuclei. (The reticular nuclei that “cap” thethalamus laterally are depicted as curving translucent structures.)

Ventral nuclei

Pg 442

-Clusters of cell bodies-Relays all sensory (except smell) and most motor-Gets a crude determination

hearing

vision

General senses


Corpus callosum





Septum pellucidum



Anteriorcommissure

Hypothalamus

Optic chiasma

Pituitary gland

Cerebral hemisphere


Spinal cord

Mid-brain

Fornix


Relay center

SAD


Corpus callosum





Septum pellucidum



Anteriorcommissure

Hypothalamus

Optic chiasma

Pituitary gland

Cerebral hemisphere


Spinal cord

Mid-brain

Fornix


Relay center


structures of the diencephalon.

Preopticnucleus

SupraopticnucleusSupra-chiasmatic nucleus

Anteriorhypothalamicnucleus

Dorsomedialnucleus

Paraventricularnucleus

FornixAnteriorcommissure

PosteriorhypothalamicnucleusLateralhypothalamicareaVentromedialnucleus

OpticchiasmaInfundibulum(stalk of thepituitary gland)

Pituitarygland

Mammillarybody

(b) The main hypothalamic nuclei.

Arcuatenucleus

Homeostasis-blood sugar (hunger)-Water (thirst)-Hormones-ANS-Body temp

-Sends axons to spinal cord and pit gland

Rage, Aggression, Sexual responses

Pg 442


1

2

3

When appropriatelystimulated, hypothalamic neurons secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones into the primary capillary plexus.

Hypothalamic hormones travel through the portal veins to the anterior pituitary where they stimulate or inhibit release of hormones from the anterior pituitary.

Anterior pituitaryhormones are secreted into the secondary capillary plexus.

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamic neuroncell bodies

Hypophysealportal system

Superiorhypophyseal artery

(b) Relationship between the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus

Anterior lobeof pituitaryTSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, GH, PRL

• Primary capillary plexus• Hypophyseal portal veins• Secondary capillary plexus

Pg 601

infundibulum

glandular


1

2

3

4

Hypothalamicneuronssynthesize oxytocin and ADH.

Oxytocin and ADH aretransported along the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract to the posterior pituitary.

Oxytocin and ADH arestored in axon terminals in the posterior pituitary.

Oxytocin and ADH are released into the blood when hypothalamic neurons fire.

Paraventricularnucleus Supraopticnucleus Optic chiasma

Hypothalamus

Inferiorhypophyseal artery

OxytocinADH

Infundibulum (connecting stalk)Hypothalamic-hypophysealtract

Axon terminalsPosteriorlobe ofpituitary

(a) Relationship between the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus

Pg 600

Neurosecretory cells


Corpus callosum





Septum pellucidum



Anteriorcommissure

Hypothalamus

Optic chiasma

Pituitary gland

Cerebral hemisphere


Spinal cord

Mid-brain

Fornix

Pg 440Brain Stem

Cerebral peduncles-projection fibers


Figure 12.15c Three views of the brain stem (green) and the

diencephalon (purple).View (c)

Diencephalon

Brainstem

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Midbrain

Pons

Medullaoblongata

Pineal gland

Diencephalon

Anterior wall offourth ventricle

(c) Dorsal view

Thalamus

Dorsal root offirst cervical nerve

Midbrain• Superior

colliculus• Inferior

colliculus• Trochlear nerve (IV)• Superior cerebellar peduncle

Corporaquadrigeminaof tectum

Medulla oblongata• Inferior cerebellar peduncle• Facial nerve (VII)• Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)• Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)• Vagus nerve (X)• Accessory nerve (XI)

Pons• Middle cerebellar peduncle

Dorsal median sulcus

Choroid plexus(fourth ventricle)

Pg 444

Vision

Hearing


Corpus callosum





Septum pellucidum



Anteriorcommissure

Hypothalamus

Optic chiasma

Pituitary gland

Cerebral hemisphere


Spinal cord

Mid-brain

Fornix

Pg 440Brain Stem

Hindbrain

Projection, back-up resp.

Coordinates skeletal muscle activity

Vestibular apparatus

Speed & Direction of movement-Dysmetria-Intention tremor-Rebound phenomenon-Robot movement

Primary Motor Cortex


(a)

Medullaoblongata

Flocculonodular lobe

Fourth ventricle Posterior

lobe

Arbor vitae

Cerebellarcortex

Anterior lobe

Choroid plexus

Pons

Pg 448

Controls reflex activity for survival-Cardiac center, vasomotor, MRC (breathing), vomiting, salivation, swallowing-Cross over of neurons


Clicker Question: Identify which of the following statements about the brain are true.1. The superior colliculi are involved in hearing reflexes.2. The major relay station for sensory and motor input is the hypothalamus.3. Fibers that connect areas of the cortex within the same hemisphere are known as association fibers.4. The Broca’s area would help you to understand what is being communicated to you.5. A major function of the basal ganglia (nuclei) is to decrease muscle tone and inhibit unwanted muscular activity.

A. 1,3,5 B. 2,3,5, C. 3,5 D. 2,3,4


Visualimpulses

Reticular formation

Ascending generalsensory tracts(touch, pain, temperature)

Descendingmotor projectionsto spinal cord

Auditoryimpulses

Radiationsto cerebralcortex

Pg 452

RAS: Reticular Activating System

99% Filtered

1% Alert Signals

-Inhibited by sleep center (hypo)-Damage


Corpus callosum

Septum pellucidum

Olfactory bulb

Diencephalic structuresof the limbic system

•Anterior thalamic nuclei (flanking 3rd ventricle)•Hypothalamus•Mammillary body

Fiber tractsconnecting limbic system structures

•Fornix•Anterior commissure

Cerebral struc-tures of the limbic system

•Cingulate gyrus•Septal nuclei•Amygdala•Hippocampus•Dentate gyrus•Parahippocampal gyrus

Pg 449

The Limbic System-Primitive Emotions & Instincts-Memory Formation and Recall

Hippocampus-short-term-NE & serotonin-Damage (anterograde amnesia)-Recall

Amygdala-Strong emotion-Long term-Response


Outside stimuli

General and special sensory receptors

Data transferinfluenced by:

Excitement /VividRehearsal /RepeatedAssociation ofold and new data /Relevant

Long-termmemory(LTM)

Data permanentlylost

Afferent inputs

Retrieval

Forget

Forget

Data selectedfor transfer

Automaticmemory

Data unretrievable

Temporary storage(buffer) in cerebral cortex

Short-termmemory (STM)

Pg 456Cortex

Hippocampus

Nucleus Basalis(Basal Forebrain)

Amygdala-strong emotions

Alzheimer’s Disease

Aluminum?

Neurofibrillary Tangles

Beta-amyloid plaques

Test?


Skin of scalpPeriosteum

Falx cerebri(in longitudinalfissure only)

Blood vesselArachnoid villusPia materArachnoid mater

Duramater Meningeal

Periosteal

Bone of skull

Superiorsagittal sinus

Subduralspace

Subarachnoidspace

Pg 459

Serous fl.

CSFDural sinuses-contain blood &CSF-Transverse F.Longitudinal F.Cerebellum

Continue down to cover spinal cord

Meninges



Arachnoid villus

Subarachnoid spaceArachnoid materMeningeal dura materPeriosteal dura mater

Right lateral ventricle(deep to cut)Choroid plexusof fourth ventricle

Central canalof spinal cord

Choroidplexus


Third ventricle

Cerebral aqueductLateral apertureFourth ventricleMedian aperture

(a) CSF circulation

CSF is produced by thechoroid plexus of eachventricle.

1

CSF flows through theventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures. Some CSF flows through the central canal of the spinal cord.

2

CSF flows through thesubarachnoid space. 3

CSF is absorbed into the dural venoussinuses via the arachnoid villi. 4

1

2

3

4

Pg 461


Ependymalcells

Capillary

Connectivetissue ofpia mater

Wastes andunnecessarysolutes absorbed

Sectionof choroidplexus

(b) CSF formation by choroid plexuses

Cavity ofventricle

CSF forms as a filtratecontaining glucose, oxygen, vitamins, and ions(Na+, Cl–, Mg2+, etc.)

150 ml/6-8 hours -Protection-Buoyancy-Stability-Nutrition

Pg 461



Arachnoid villus

Subarachnoid spaceArachnoid materMeningeal dura materPeriosteal dura mater

Right lateral ventricle(deep to cut)Choroid plexusof fourth ventricle

Central canalof spinal cord

Choroidplexus


Third ventricle

Cerebral aqueductLateral apertureFourth ventricleMedian aperture

(a) CSF circulation

CSF is produced by thechoroid plexus of eachventricle.

1

CSF flows through theventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures. Some CSF flows through the central canal of the spinal cord.

2

CSF flows through thesubarachnoid space. 3

CSF is absorbed into the dural venoussinuses via the arachnoid villi. 4

1

2

3

4

Pg 461

Hydrocephaly, Meningitis


Figure 12.27 Hydrocephalus in a newborn.

Pg 462

Documents

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 The neural plate forms from surface ectoderm. Head Tail Surface ectoderm Neural plate Pg 475