Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Unit 6 Urology and Gynecology

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Unit 6

Urology and Gynecology


Urology

• Study of urinary tract– Forms urine from excess water and waste materials

– Eliminates urine from body

• ur/o = combining form


Urinary System


Urological Terms

• ur/o/logist = physician specialist who treats male and female urinary systems and male reproductive system

• ur/in/alysis = testing of urine

• ur/o/pathy = any disease of urinary tract


Urination Conditions

Condition Descriptionpoly/uria too much urination

noct/uria excessive urination at night

an/uria lack of urination

olig/uria abnormally low amounts of urination

nocturn/al en/ur/esis bed wetting

dys/uria difficult or painful urination


Urination Conditions

Condition Descriptionbacter/i/uria bacteria in urine

hemat/uria blood in urine

albumin/uria protein in urine

glycos/uria sugar in urine

keton/uria ketones in urine


Kidneys

• ren/o = combining form

• renal = adjectival form

• Examples:– ren/o/pathy = any kidney disease

– ren/o/gram = x-ray record of kidney


Terms with ren/o

• reno/intestinal = pertaining to kidney and intestine

• reno/gastric = pertaining to kidney and stomach


Nephrons

• Functional unit of kidney– Filter blood to remove waste and excess water

• nephr/o = combining form– Also refers to kidney


Kidney Conditions

• nephr/itis = inflammation of kidney

• nephr/o/ptosis = prolapse or displacement of kidney– Can occur from hard blow

– Kidney belts protect


Kidney Conditions

• nephro/o/malac/ia = kidney softening

• nephr/o/megaly = kidney enlargement

• nephr/o/lith = stone in kidney


Kidney Procedures

• nephr/o/plasty = surgical repair of kidney

• nephr/o/lysis = destruction of kidney tissue

• nephr/o/rrhaphy = suturing of kidney

• nephr/o/pexy = fixation of prolapsed kidney– -pexy = putting prolapsed organ back in place


Renal Pelvis

• Area at center of kidney where urine collects and is funneled into ureter

• pyel/o = combining form


Renal Pelvis Conditions

• pyel/o/itis = inflammation of renal pelvis

• pyel/o/nephr/itis = inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney


Renal Pelvis Procedures

• pyel/o/gram = x-ray of renal pelvis– Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

• pyel/o/plasty = surgical repair of renal pelvis


Ureters

• Tubes through which urine runs from kidney to bladder

• ureter/o = combining form

• Example:– ureter/o/pathy = any disease of ureter


Ureteral Conditions

• ureter/o/lith = stone in ureter

• ureter/o/cele = herniation of ureter

• ureter/o/py/osis = condition involving pus in ureter

• ureter/o/pyel/itis = inflammation of ureter and renal pelvis


Ureteral Procedures

• ureter/o/rrhaphy = suturing of ureter

• ureter/o/cyst/o/stomy = making new opening between ureter and bladder

• ureter/o/pyel/o/plasty = surgical repair of ureter and bladder


Urethra

• urethr/o = combining form

• Examples:– urethr/o/spasm = spasm of urethra

– urethr/o/tomy = incision in urethra

– urethr/o/rrhaphy = suturing of urethra


Urethral Terms

• urethr/o/rect/al = pertaining to urethra and rectum

• urethr/o/vaginal = pertaining to urethra and vagina

• urethr/o/cyst/itis = inflammation of urethra and vagina


Animation

Click Here to Play Urine Formation Animation


Male Reproductive System


Animation

Click Here to Play Male Reproductive Animation


Spermatozoa

• Male germ cells

• Origin– Greek

– sperma = seed

• spermat/o and sperm/o (i) = combining forms


Spermatozoa

• Examples:– spermat/o/genesis = formation of sperm

– spermat/oid = resembling sperm

• Terms for immature sperm:– spermat/o/blast

– sperm/o/blast


Spermatozoa

• spermat/o/pathy = disease of sperm

• spermat/o/cele = herniated saclike structure containing sperm

• spermat/o/cyst = sac containing sperm


Spermatozoa

• Terms for destruction of sperm:– spermat/o/lysis

– spermo/lysis

• sperm/i/cide = agent used to kill sperm– -cide = kill or destroy


Animation

Click Here to Play Sperm Formation Animation


Testes

• testes = testicals

• testis = singular form

• testicular = adjectival form

• Three combining forms:– orchid/o

– orchi/o

– orch/o


Structures of the Testes


Testicular Conditions

• Terms for testicular pain:– orchid/algia

– orchid/o/dynia

• Examples:– orchid/o/cele = herniation of testicle

– crypt/orchid/ism = undescended testicle• Occurs when testicle fails to drop from abdominal cavity around

time of birth


Testicular Conditions

• Testicular cancer – Very serious condition

– Occurs most frequently between ages 18 and 35

– Testicular self-exam (TSE) recommended


Testicular Procedures

• orchid/o/tomy = incision in testicles

• orchid/o/plasty = surgical repair of testicles

• orchi/o/pexy = surgery to correct cryptorchidism


Prostate Gland

• Secretes fluid that is added to sperm to create semen

• prostat/o = combining form

• protat/ic = adjectival form


Enlarged Prostate

• Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)– Enlargement of prostate

– Causes:• Increase in number of cells

• Aging


Prostatic Conditions and Procedures

• prostat/itis = inflammation of prostate gland

• prostat/o/rrhea = abnormal flow or discharge in prostate gland

• protat/algia = prostate pain

• prostat/ectomy = removal of prostate gland


Vas Deferens

• Ducts or vessels that convey sperm from testicles to urethra

• vas/o = combining form– Can be used to mean other types of vessels


Vas Deferens Procedures

• vas/o/tomy = incision in vas deferens

• vas/o/rrhaphy = suturing of vas deferens

• vas/o/stomy = creation of new opening in vas deferens

• vas/ectomy = removal of segment of vas deferens– Procedure used for sterilization


Semen

• Fluid that contains sperm– Also known as seminal fluid

• semin/o = combining form

• Example:– semin/al vesicles = secrete fluid that combines with

prostatic fluid and sperm


Seminoma

• Malignant neoplasm– Generated by spermatoblast cells in a testis

– Occurs most often in young men


Penis

• pen/o = combining form

• pen/ile = adjectival form

• Example:– pen/itis = inflammation of penis


Impotence

• Inability to have erection– Causes:

• Trauma

• Prostatectomy

• Diabetes

• Penile implant– Device filled with fluid to produce erection


Glans Penis

• Structure at distal portion (far end) of penis

• balan/o = combining form

• Examples:– balan/itis = inflammation of glans penis

– balan/o/rrhea = discharge of glans penis

– balan/o/plasty = surgical repair of glans penis


Scrotum

• Saclike structure than contains testes

• scrot/o = combining form

• scrot/al = adjectival form

• Example:– pen/o/scrot/al = pertaining to penis and scrotum


Female Reproductive System


Animation

Click Here to Play Female Reproductive System Animation


Gynecology

• gynec/o/logy = study of functions and diseases of women– Especially female reproductive system

• gynec/o/logic = pertaining to gynecology

• gynec/o/logist = physician who specializes in female disorders


Gynecology

• gyn/o/pathy = any disease peculiar to women

• gynec/oid = resembling women

• gyn/e/phobia = abnormal fear of women


Ovum

• Mature female reproductive cell– Egg

• ova = plural form

• o/o = combining form


Ovum

• Example:– o/o/blast = embryonic egg cell

• Cell that will become ovum

– o/o/genesis = formation and development of ovum• Completed when ovum fertilized by spermatozoon


Ovary

• Organ responsible for maturing and discharging ovum

• ovarian = adjectival form

• ovulation = process of maturing and discharging ovum– Occurs approximately every 28 days


Ovary

• oophor/o = combining form

• Origin– Greek

– oon = egg

– phoros = to bear


Ovary

• Examples:– oophor/itis = inflammation of ovary

– oophor/oma = ovarian tumor

– oophor/ectomy = removal of ovary

– oophor/o/pexy = fixation of displaced ovary


Fallopian Tubes

• salping/o = combining form

• Origin– Greek

– salpinx = trumpet• Shape of the tubes


Fallopian Tubes

• Examples:– salping/itis = inflammation of fallopian tubes

– salping/o-/oophor/itis = inflammation of a fallopian tube and an ovary

– salping/o-/oophor/o/cele = hernia that encloses fallopian tubes and ovary

– salping/o/scope = instrument used to examine fallopian tubes


Fallopian Tubes

• Examples:– salping/o/stomy = new surgical opening in fallopian tubes

– salping/ectomy = removal of fallopian tubes• Tubal ligation

– Sterilization procedure in which tubes are severed and sealed shut


Vagina

• colp/o = combining form

• Examples:– colp/itis = inflammation of vagina

– colp/o/pathy = any vaginal disease

– colp/o/dynia = vaginal pain

– colp/o/spasm = vaginal spasm


Vaginal Procedures

• colp/ectomy = removal of part of vagina– Also known as vaginectomy

• colp/o/plasty = surgical repair of vagina– Also known as vaginoplasty

• colp/o/pexy = fixation of vagina


Uterus

• uterine = adjectival form

• hyster/o = combining form– Usually means uterus as an organ

• Examples:– hyster/o/pathy = any uterine disease

– hyster/o/ptosis = prolapse of uterus

– hyster/o/pexy = fixation of prolapsed uterus


Uterine Procedures

• hyster/o/scopy = procedure of examining inside of uterus

• hyster/o/scope = instrument with light source used to see into uterus

• hyster/o/gram = x-ray of uterus


Uterine Procedures

• hyster/o/salping/o/gram = special x-ray of uterus and fallopian tubes– Uses contrast medium

– Determines openness of fallopian tubes

• hyster/o/salping/o-/oophor/ectomy = removal of uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries– Also known as total hysterectomy


Uterine Tissues

• metr/o = combining form– Uterine tissues and musculature

• Rather than uterus as an organ– hyster/o

• Terms for any uterine disease:– metr/o/pathy

– hyster/o/pathy


Terms with metr/o

• metr/itis = inflammation of uterine musculature

• metr/o/plegia = paralysis of uterine tissues

• metr/o/cele = herniation of uterine tissues– Also known as hyster/o/cele

• metr/o/rrhea = abnormal discharge from uterine tissues


Endometrium

• Inner lining of uterus

• endo/metr/itis = inflammation of uterus

• endo/metr/iosis = condition in which tissue that looks and acts like endometrial tissue is found in places other than lining of uterus


Cervix

• Neck of uterus

• cervic/o = combining form– Also combining form for neck (cervical) area of spine

• cervic/al = adjectival form

• Example:– cervic/itis = inflammation of cervix


Conization

• con/ization = surgical procedure on cervix– Cone-shaped cut made to remove tissue

– May be done with electr/o/cautery or cold knife blade


Hemorrhage

• Bursting forth of blood

• -rrhagia = suffix meaning hemorrhage

• Examples:– men/o/rrhagia = excessive bleeding during menstruation


Hemorrhage

• Examples:– Hemorrhage of the:

• urethr/o/rrhagia = urethra

• cyst/o/rrhagia = bladder

• ureter/o/rrhagia = ureter


Blood Vessels

• vas/o = blood vessel– Also can refer to other types of vessels

• Origin– Latin

– vas = vessel

• vas/al = pertaining to vessel

• vas/o/spasm = spasm of vessel


Blood Vessels Terms

• vas/o/dilatat/ion and vas/o/dilation = increasing diameter of vessel– E.g., nitroglycerine

• People with angina pectoris (chest pain) take it to allow more blood to flow to heart

• vas/o/constrict/ion = decreasing diameter of vessel


Blood Vessels Terms

• vas/o/motor = adjective referring to nerves that control tone of blood walls

• vaso/o/tripsy = crushing of vessel with forceps to stop hemorrhage


Dilation

• Increase in diameter

• Word forms:– dilate

– dilation

– dilated

– dilator

– dilating

– dilatation


Dilation

• Constriction– Decrease in diameter of vessel

• Lumen– Opening of vessel


Suturing

• Suture– Verb for stitching up wound

• Suture– Noun for stitch or row of stitches

• -rrhaphy = combining form for suturing or wound closure


Suturing

• Examples:– dermat/o/rrhaphy = skin

– ureter/o/rrhaphy = ureter

– nephr/o/rrhaphy = kidney

– nephr/o/rrhaphy = nerve

– cyst/o/rrhaphy = bladder

– colp/o/rrhaphy = vagina

– urethr/o/rrhaphy = urethra


Prefix: poly-

• poly = many/much

• Examples:– poly/uria = excessive urine

– poly/neur/itis = disease of many nerves

– poly/neur/algia = pain in many nerves

– poly/arthr/itis = inflammation of many joints


Prefix: poly-

• Examples:– poly/ot/ia = having more than two ears

– poly/cyst/ic = having many cysts

– poly/phagia = eating too much

– poly/phobia = having many phobias• Excessive fear of things

Documents

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Unit 6 Urology and Gynecology