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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide R-1
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide R-2
Chapter R: Reference: Basic Algebraic Concepts
R.1 Review of Exponents and Polynomials
R.2 Review of Factoring
R.3 Review of Rational Expressions
R.4 Review of Negative and Rational Exponents
R.5 Review of Radicals
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide R-3
R.2 Review of Factoring
• Factoring is the process of finding polynomials, called factors, whose product equals a given polynomial.
• A polynomial that cannot be written as a product of polynomials with integer coefficients is a prime or irreducible polynomial.
• A polynomial is factored completely when it is written as a product of prime polynomials with integer coefficients.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide R-4
R.2 Factoring Out the Greatest Common Factor
Example Factor out the greatest common factor.
(a) (b)
Solution
(a)
(b)
5 29y y 26 8 12x t xt t
5 2 2 3 2 2 39 (9 ) (1) (9 1)y y y y y y y
2 26 8 12 2 (3 4 6)x t xt t t x x
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide R-5
R.2 Factoring by Grouping
Example Factor each polynomial by grouping.
(a) (b)
Solution
(a)
2 27 3 21mp m p 3 24 2 2 1x x x
2 2 2 2
2 2
2
7 3 21 ( 7 ) (3 21)
( 7) 3( 7)
( 7)( 3)
mp m p mp m p
m p p
p m
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide R-6
R.2 Factoring by Grouping
Solution
(b) 3 2 2
2
4 2 2 1 2 (2 1) 1(2 1)
(2 1)(2 1)
x x x x x x
x x
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide R-7
R.2 Factoring Trinomials
Example Factor each trinomial.
(a)
(b)
24 11 6y y
26 7 5p p
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide R-8
R.2 Factoring Trinomials
Solution (a) We must find integers a, b, c, d such that
By FOIL, we see that ac = 4 and bd = 6. Thus a and c are 1 and 4 or 2 and 2.
Since the middle term is negative, consider only negative values for b and d. The possibilities are –1 and –6 or –2 and –3.
24 11 6 ( )( )y y ay b cy d
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide R-9
R.2 Factoring Trinomials
Solution (a) Try these combinations of factors
The last trial gives the correct factorization.
2
2
2
(2 1)(2 6) 4 14 6
(2 2)(2 3) 4 10 6
( 2)(4 3) 4 11 6
y y y y
y y y y
y y y y
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide R-10
R.2 Factoring Trinomials
Solution (b) Try the various combinations of factors
The last trial gives the correct factorization.
2
2
2
(2 5)(3 1) 6 13 5
(2 5)(3 1) 6 13 5
(3 5)(2 1) 6 7 5
p p p p
p p p p
p p p p
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide R-11
R.2 Factoring Special Products
Perfect Square Trinomials
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 ( )
2 ( )
x xy y x y
x xy y x y
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide R-12
R.2 Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials
Example Factor each polynomial.
(a) (b)
Solution
(a)
(b)
2 216 40 25p pq q
2 2 4 2 2 2 2
2 2
169 104 16 (13 ) 2(13 )(4 ) (4 )
(13 4 )
x xy y x x y y
x y
2 2 2 2
2
16 40 25 (4 ) 2(4 )(5 ) (5 )
(4 5 )
p pq q p p q q
p q
2 2 4169 104 16x xy y
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide R-13
R.2 Factoring Special Products
Difference of Squares
2 2 ( )( )x y x y x y
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide R-14
R.2 Factoring Differences of Squares
Example Factor each polynomial.
(a) (b)
Solution
(a)
(b)
24 9m 2 46 9x x y
2 2 24 9 (2 ) 3 (2 3)(2 3)m m m m
2 4 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
6 9 ( 3) ( )
[( 3) ][( 3) ]
( 3 )( 3 )
x x y x y
x y x y
x y x y
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide R-15
R.2 Factoring Special Products
Difference and Sums of Cubes
Difference of cubes
Sum of cubes
3 3 2 2( )( )x y x y x xy y
3 3 2 2( )( )x y x y x xy y
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide R-16
R.2 Factoring Sums and Differences of Cubes
Example Factor each polynomial.
(a) (b)
Solution
(a)
3 27x 3 364m n
3 3 3
2 2
2
27 3
( 3)( 3 3 )
( 3)( 3 9)
x x
x x x
x x x
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide R-17
R.2 Factoring Sums and Differences of Cubes
Solution
(b)3 3 3 3
2 2
2 2
64 (4 )
( 4 )[ (4 ) (4 ) ]
( 4 )( 4 16 )
m n m n
m n m m n n
m n m mn n
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide R-18
R.2 Factoring by Substitution
Example Factor the polynomial
Solution Replacing 2a – 1 with m and factoring gives
Now, replace m with 2a – 1 in the factored form and simplify.
210(2 1) 19(2 1) 15 .a a
210 19 15 (5 3)(2 5)m m m m
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide R-19
R.2 Factoring by Substitution
Solution
210(2 1) 19(2 1) 15
[5(2 1) 3][2(2 1) 5]
(10 5 3)(4 2 5)
(10 2)(4 7)
2(5 1)(4 7) .
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a