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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
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Chapter 15 The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Sui Dynasty (589-618 CE)
Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of Han dynasty
Yang Jian consolidates control of all of China, initiates Sui Dynasty
Massive building projects (Military labor, Conscripted labor)
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The Grand Canal
Intended to promote trade between north and south China
Linked network of earlier canals2000k (1240 miles)Roads on either bank
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The Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE)
Wide discontent over conscripted labor in Sui dynasty
Military failures in Korea prompt rebellion
Emperor assassinated in 618 - Tang Dynasty initiated
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Tang Taizong (r. 627-649 CE)
2nd Tang emperor
Strong rulerBuilt capital at
Chang’anLaw and orderTaxes, prices lowMore effective
implementation of earlier Sui policies
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Major achievements of Tang Dynasty
Transportation and communicationsExtensive postal, courier services
Equal-field System20% of land hereditary ownership80% redistributed according to formula
Family size, land fertility
Worked well until 8th centuryCorruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries
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Bureaucracy of MeritImperial civil service
examinations
Some bribery, nepotism
But most advance through merit Built loyalty to the dynasty System remains strong until
early 20th century
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Tang Military Expansion and Foreign Relations
Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet
One of the largest expansions of China in its history
Established tributary relationships Gifts
China as “Middle Kingdom” The kowtow ritual
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The Sui and Tang dynasties, 589-907 C.E.
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Tang Decline
Governmental neglect: Emperor obsessed with music, favorite concubine
775 rebellion under An Lushan, former military commander
Captures Chang’an, but rebellion crushed by 763
Nomadic Uighur mercenaries invited to suppress rebellion, sacked Chang’an and Luoyang
Tang decline continues, rebellions in 9th century, last emperor abdicates 907
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Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts
Military not emphasized
Direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r. 960-976 CE) Former military leader Made emperor by troops Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants, expanded
meritocracy
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The Song dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.
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Song Weaknesses
Size of bureaucracyTwo peasant rebellions in
12th c.Internal inertia prevents
reform of bureaucracy
Civil service leadership of militaryLacked military trainingUnable to contain nomadic
attacksJurchen conquer, force
Song dynasty to Hangzhou, southern China (Southern Song)
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Agricultural Economies of the Tang and Song Dynasties
Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, 2 crops per year
Technology: iron plows, use of draft animals
Soil fertilization, improved irrigation Water wheels, canals
Terrace farming
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Population GrowthResult of increased
agricultural production
Effective food distribution systemTransportation networks
built under Tang and Song dynasties
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UrbanizationChang’an world’s most populous
city: 2 million residents Southern Song capital Hangzhou:
over 1 million Several cities over 100,000
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Patriarchal Social StructuresIncreased emphasis on
ancestor worshipElaborate grave ritualsExtended family
gatherings in honor of deceased ancestors
Footbinding gains popularityIncreased control by male
family members
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Footbinding19
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Technology and IndustryPorcelain (“Chinaware”)
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MetallurgyIncrease of iron production due to use of coke, not
coal, in furnacesAgricultural tools, weaponry
Gunpowder invented
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PrintingMoveable type by mid-11th centuryYet complex Chinese ideographs make wood block technique
easier
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Naval technology
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Emergence of a Market Economy
“Flying cash:” letters of credit developed to deal with copper coin shortagesPromissory notes, checks also used
Development of independently produced paper moneyNot as stable, riots when not honored
Government claims monopoly on money production in 11th century
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China and the Hemispheric EconomyIncreasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese cities
Chinese silk opens up trade routes, but increases local demands for imported luxury goods
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Cultural Change in Tang and Song ChinaDeclining confidence in Confucianism after collapse of Han
Increasing popularity of Buddhism
Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam also appear
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DunhuangMahayana Buddhism especially
popular in western China (Gansu province), 600-1000 CE
Buddhist temples, libraries
Economic success as converts donate land holdings
Increase popularity through donations of agricultural produce to the poor
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Conflicts with Chinese Culture
Buddhism:Text-based (Buddhist
teachings)
Emphasis on Metaphysics
Ascetic idealCelibacyisolation
Confucianism:Text-based (Confucian
teachings)Daoism not text-based
Emphasis on ethics, politics
Family-centeredProcreationFilial piety
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Chan (Zen) Buddhism
Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese climateDharma translated as daoNirvana translated as wuwei
Accommodated family lifestyle“one son in monastery for ten generations of salvation”
Limited empahsis on textual study, meditation instead
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Persecution of Buddhists
Daoist/Confucian persecution supported in late Tang dynasty
840s begins systematic closure of Buddhist temples, expulsions Zoroastrians, Christians,
Manicheans as well
Economic motive: seizure of large monastic landholdings
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Neo-Confucianism
Song dynasty refrains from persecuting Buddhists, but favors Confucians
Neo-Confucians influenced by Buddhist thought
Zhu Xi (1130-1200 CE) important synthesizer
Popular to 20th century
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China and Korea
Silla Dynasty: Tang armies withdraw, Korea recognizes Tang as emperor
Technically a vassal statue, but highly independent
Chinese influence on Korean culture pervasive
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China and VietnamVietnamese adaptation to Chinese culture, technology
But ongoing resentment at political domination
Assert independence when Tang dynasty falls in 10th century
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China and Early Japan
Chinese armies never invade Japan
Yet Chinese culture pervasive
Imitation of Tang administrationEstablishment of new capital at Nara, hence “Nara
Japan” (710-794 CE)
Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings
Yet retention of Shinto religion
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Heian Japan (794-1185 CE)Japanese emperor moves court to Heian (Kyoto)
Yet emperor figurehead, real power in hands of Fujiwara clan Pattern in Japanese history: weak emperor, power behind the throne Helps explain longevity of the institution
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Japanese Literature
Influence of Chinese kanji charactersClassic curriculum dominated by Chinese
Development of hiragana, katakana syllabic alphabet
Court life: The Tale of GenjiWritten by woman with weak command of Chinese,
becomes classic of early Japanese literature
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Institution of the Shogun
Civil war between Taira and Minamoto clans in 12th century
Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 CE
Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to continue in Kyoto
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Medieval JapanKamakura (1185-1333 CE) and Muromachi (1336-1573 CE) periods
Decentralized power in hands of warlordsMilitary authority in hands of samura
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Summary
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