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Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Public Policy and Public Policy and Criminal JusticeCriminal Justice
Policy AnalysisPolicy Analysis
(Decision Making Part I)(Decision Making Part I)
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Policy Making Theories Policy Making Theories
PluralistPluralist Open processOpen process
Power elitePower elite Small group of people Small group of people
who are the most who are the most informed make best informed make best decisions.decisions.
Public choicePublic choice Market will make Market will make
choices.choices. Competition is goodCompetition is good
BureaucraticBureaucratic ExpertiseExpertise
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
ProblemsProblems
PluralistPluralist Assumes all groups Assumes all groups
are representedare represented
Power elitePower elite Upper Class BiasUpper Class Bias Right and Left wing Right and Left wing
distrust of distrust of governmentgovernment
Public choicePublic choice People always act in People always act in
their own self-interesttheir own self-interest May not protect the May not protect the
public interestpublic interest Equity issuesEquity issues
BureaucraticBureaucratic May be out of touch May be out of touch
with citizens.with citizens. Fear of abuse.Fear of abuse. Street level Street level
bureaucratbureaucrat
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Private GoodsPrivate Goods
PrivatePrivate Can Can NOTNOT be easily be easily
divideddivided ExclusiveExclusive
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Public GoodsPublic Goods
Public: value to Public: value to larger societylarger society Can not be dividedCan not be divided Non-exclusiveNon-exclusive
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Criminal JusticeCriminal Justice
A public or Private A public or Private good?good?
Photograph provided by Woodcrest Vehicle Center
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
ScarcityScarcity
Conflict between Conflict between unlimited human unlimited human wants and their wants and their limited resourceslimited resources
Consequence Consequence - - we must choose we must choose between wants and between wants and resource allocationresource allocation
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
General Analysis ProcessGeneral Analysis Process
Define/analyze the problemDefine/analyze the problem Determine goals Determine goals Construct alternativesConstruct alternatives Design evaluation criteriaDesign evaluation criteria Evaluate alternativesEvaluate alternatives Draw Conclusion and make Draw Conclusion and make
recommendationsrecommendations
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Define/analyze problemDefine/analyze problem
What is the problem?What is the problem? Where is the problem?Where is the problem? Who or what is affected?Who or what is affected? How did the problem develop?How did the problem develop? What are the primary causes?What are the primary causes? How might the problem be improved How might the problem be improved
by policy action?by policy action?
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
QuestionQuestion
Would Would Criminological TheoryCriminological Theory choice choice affect:affect: What is the problem?What is the problem? Where is the problem?Where is the problem? Who or what is affected?Who or what is affected? How did the problem develop?How did the problem develop? What are the primary causes?What are the primary causes? How might the problem be improved by How might the problem be improved by
policy action?policy action?
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Determine GoalsDetermine Goals
What are What are economic, political, economic, political, cultural and/or cultural and/or social goals?social goals?
How are the goals How are the goals specifically stated?specifically stated? Are they Are they
measurable?measurable?
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Construct OptionsConstruct Options
What policy options What policy options available?available? Looking for multiple Looking for multiple
solutionssolutions
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
QuestionQuestion
Would Would Criminological TheCriminological Theoryory choice affect choice affect options?options?
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Design evaluation criteriaDesign evaluation criteria
What criteria would best evaluate What criteria would best evaluate current problem and policy options?current problem and policy options?
What is the cost?What is the cost? What is the potential effectiveness?What is the potential effectiveness? How feasible is the solution:How feasible is the solution:
EconomicallyEconomically PoliticallyPolitically CulturallyCulturally
Are their Are their Equity IssuesEquity Issues??
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Evaluate alternativesEvaluate alternatives
Best Option?Best Option? Is there more research that could Is there more research that could
find a better policy? find a better policy? Sufficient data for analysis?Sufficient data for analysis?
Appropriate dataAppropriate data Measurement techniquesMeasurement techniques
What other data and/or information What other data and/or information is required to decide?is required to decide?
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Draw Conclusion and make Draw Conclusion and make recommendationsrecommendations
Under current Under current conditions, which is conditions, which is the most desirable the most desirable policy? policy?
Are there other Are there other factors?factors?
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Needs AnalysisNeeds Analysis
A management and/or research technique A management and/or research technique that can be used to determine the that can be used to determine the difference between the current state and difference between the current state and desired state.desired state. The difference between an analysis and an The difference between an analysis and an
evaluation is that an analysis is based on evaluation is that an analysis is based on science or mathematics.science or mathematics.
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Analysis StepsAnalysis Steps
Collect Data Collect Data Collate Data Collate Data Develop a Response Develop a Response Describe What is Being Analyzed Describe What is Being Analyzed Analyze or Review the Data Analyze or Review the Data Assess the ResultsAssess the Results
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Collect Data Collect Data
List the dataList the data Where can the data be obtained? Where can the data be obtained? What time period will be collected?What time period will be collected?
SurveysSurveys Focus GroupsFocus Groups StudiesStudies Available statistical informationAvailable statistical information
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Collate the DataCollate the Data
Collating is not analysis. It is putting Collating is not analysis. It is putting the information in some order so that the information in some order so that you can conduct an analysisyou can conduct an analysis
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
AnalysisAnalysis
Where?Where? When?When? What conditions or events precede?What conditions or events precede? What conditions or events What conditions or events
accompany?accompany? What harm?What harm? What has been done?What has been done? Stakeholders and assets?Stakeholders and assets?
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
ResponseResponse
BrainstormBrainstorm Feasibility-Feasibility-
TimeTime MoneyMoney resourcesresources
What preparations are need?What preparations are need? Who is responsible to implement?Who is responsible to implement? What should or should not be done?What should or should not be done?
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
AssessmentAssessment
Collect the data again and see if the Collect the data again and see if the analysis was correct.analysis was correct.
Did you achieve the intended Did you achieve the intended outcome?outcome?
Does the plan need to be changed?Does the plan need to be changed? How will you monitor the situation to How will you monitor the situation to
be sure the problem does not be sure the problem does not reoccur?reoccur?