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Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 1
OPP 2007February 28 – March 1, 2007
San Mateo Marriott
San Mateo, California
An ODTUG SP* Oracle PL/SQL Programming Conference
*SP – Seriously Practical Conference
For more information visit www.odtug.com or call 910-452-7444
ODTUG KaleidoscopeJune 18 – 21, 2007
Pre-conference Hands-on Training - June 16 – 17
Hilton Daytona Beach Oceanfront Resort
Daytona, Florida
WOW-Wide Open World, Wide Open Web!
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 2
Everything you need to know about collections,
but were afraid to ask
Steven FeuersteinPL/SQL Evangelist
Quest [email protected]
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 3
Ten Years Writing Ten Books on the Oracle PL/SQL Language
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 4
How to benefit most from this seminar
Watch, listen, ask questions. Download the training materials and supporting scripts:
– http://oracleplsqlprogramming.com/resources.html– "Demo zip": all the scripts I run in my class available at
http://oracleplsqlprogramming.com/downloads/demo.zip
Use these materials as an accelerator as you venture into new territory and need to apply new techniques.
Play games! Keep your brain fresh and active by mixing hard work with challenging games– MasterMind and Set (www.setgame.com)
filename_from_demo_zip.sql
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 5
PL/SQL Collections
Collections are single-dimensioned lists of information, similar to 3GL arrays.
They are an invaluable data structure.– All PL/SQL developers should be very comfortable
with collections and use them often. Collections take some getting used to.
– They are not the most straightforward implementation of array-like structures.
– Advanced features like string indexes and multi-level collections can be a challenge.
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 6
What we will cover on collections
Review of basic functionality Indexing collections by strings Working with collections of collections MULTISET operators for nested tables Then later in the section on SQL:
– Bulk processing with FORALL and BULK COLLECT
– Table functions and pipelined functions
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 7
What is a collection?
A collection is an "ordered group of elements, all of the same type." (PL/SQL User Guide and Reference)– That's a very general definition; lists, sets, arrays and similar
data structures are all types of collections.– Each element of a collection may be addressed by a unique
subscript, usually an integer but in some cases also a string.– Collections are single-dimensional, but you can create
collections of collections to emulate multi-dimensional structures.
abc def sf q rrr swq...1 2 3 4 22 23
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 8
Why use collections?
Generally, to manipulate in-program-memory lists of information. – Much faster than working through SQL.
Serve up complex datasets of information to non-PL/SQL host environments using table functions.
Dramatically improve multi-row querying, inserting, updating and deleting the contents of tables. Combined with BULK COLLECT and FORALL....
Emulate bi-directional cursors, which are not yet supported within PL/SQL.
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 9
Three Types of Collections
Associative arrays (aka index-by tables) – Can be used only in PL/SQL blocks.– Similar to hash tables in other languages, allows you to
access elements via arbitrary subscript values.
Nested tables and Varrays – Can be used in PL/SQL blocks, but also can be the
datatype of a column in a relational table. – Part of the object model in PL/SQL.– Required for some features, such as table functions– With Varrays, you specify a maximum number of elements
in the collection, at time of definition.
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 10
About Associative Arrays
Unbounded, practically speaking. – Valid row numbers range from -2,147,483,647 to
2,147,483,647.
– This range allows you to employ the row number as an intelligent key, such as the primary key or unique index value, because AAs also are:
Sparse– Data does not have to be stored in consecutive rows, as is
required in traditional 3GL arrays and VARRAYs.
Index values can be integers or strings (Oracle9i R2 and above).
assoc_array_example.sql
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 11
About Nested Tables
No pre-defined limit on a nested table.– Valid row numbers range from 1 to
2,147,483,647.
Part of object model, requiring initialization.
Is always dense initially, but can become sparse after deletes.
Can be defined as a schema level type and used as a relational table column type.
nested_table_example.sql
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 12
About Varrays
Has a maximum size, associated with its type. – Can adjust the size at runtime in Oracle10g R2.
Part of object model, requiring initialization.
Is always dense; you can only remove elements from the end of a varray.
Can be defined as a schema level type and used as a relational table column type.
varray_example.sql
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 13
How to choose your collection type
Use associative arrays when you need to...– Work within PL/SQL code only– Sparsely fill and manipulate the collection– Take advantage of negative index values
Use nested tables when you need to...– Access the collection inside SQL (table functions, columns in
tables)– Want to perform set operations
Use varrays when you need to...– If you need to specify a maximum size to your collection– Access the collection inside SQL (table functions, columns in
tables).
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 14
Wide Variety of Collection Methods
Obtain information about the collection– COUNT returns number of rows currently defined in collection.– EXISTS returns TRUE if the specified row is defined.– FIRST/LAST return lowest/highest numbers of defined rows.– NEXT/PRIOR return the closest defined row after/before the
specified row.– LIMIT tells you the max. number of elements allowed in a
VARRAY. Modify the contents of the collection
– DELETE deletes one or more rows from the index-by table.– EXTEND adds rows to a nested table or VARRAY.– TRIM removes rows from a VARRAY.
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 15
Useful reminders for PL/SQL collections
Memory for collections comes out of the PGA or Process Global Area– One per session, so a program using collections can
consume a large amount of memory. Use the NOCOPY hint to reduce overhead of passing
collections in and out of program units. Encapsulate or hide details of collection management. Don't always fill collections sequentially. Think about
how you need to manipulate the contents. Try to read a row that doesn't exist, and Oracle raises
NO_DATA_FOUND.mysess.pkg
sess2.sqlnocopy*.*
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 16
FunctionPGA
Data Caching with PL/SQL Tables
First access
Subsequent accesses
PGAFunction
Database
Not in cache;Request datafrom database
Pass Datato Cache
Application
Application Requests Data
Data retrieved from cache Data returned
to application
Application
Application Requests Data
Data returned to application
Data retrieved from cache
DatabaseData found in
cache. Databaseis not needed.
emplu.pkgemplu.tst
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 17
New indexing capabilities for associative arrays
Prior to Oracle9iR2, you could only index by BINARY_INTEGER.
You can now define the index on your associative array to be:– Any sub-type derived from BINARY_INTEGER– VARCHAR2(n), where n is between 1 and 32767– %TYPE against a database column that is consistent with
the above rules– A SUBTYPE against any of the above.
This means that you can now index on string values! (and concatenated indexes and...)
Oracle9i Release 2
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 18
Examples of New TYPE Variants
All of the following are now valid TYPE declarations in Oracle9i Release 2– You cannot use %TYPE against an INTEGER column,
because INTEGER is not a subtype of BINARY_INTEGER.
DECLARE TYPE array_t1 IS TABLE OF NUMBER INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER; TYPE array_t2 IS TABLE OF NUMBER INDEX BY PLS_INTEGER; TYPE array_t3 IS TABLE OF NUMBER INDEX BY POSITIVE; TYPE array_t4 IS TABLE OF NUMBER INDEX BY NATURAL; TYPE array_t5 IS TABLE OF NUMBER INDEX BY VARCHAR2(64); TYPE array_t6 IS TABLE OF NUMBER INDEX BY VARCHAR2(32767); TYPE array_t7 IS TABLE OF NUMBER INDEX BY employee.last_name%TYPE; TYPE array_t8 IS TABLE OF NUMBER INDEX BY types_pkg.subtype_t;
Oracle9i Release 2
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 19
Working with string-indexed collections
Specifying a row via a string takes some getting used to, but if offers some very powerful advantages.
DECLARE TYPE population_type IS TABLE OF NUMBER INDEX BY VARCHAR2(64);
country_population population_type; continent_population population_type;
howmany NUMBER;BEGIN country_population ('Greenland') := 100000; country_population ('Iceland') := 750000;
howmany := country_population ('Greenland');
continent_population ('Australia') := 30000000;END;
assoc_array*.sqlassoc_array_perf.tst
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 20
Rapid access to data via strings
One of the most powerful applications of this features is to construct very fast pathways to static data from within PL/SQL programs. – If you are repeatedly querying the same data from the
database, why not cache it in your PGA inside collections?
Emulate the various indexing mechanisms (primary key, unique indexes) with collections.
Demonstration package:assoc_array5.sql
Comparison of performance of different approaches:
vocab*.*
Generate a caching package:genaa.sqlgenaa.tst
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 21
The String Tracker package (V1)
Another example: I need to keep track of the names of variables that I have already used in my test code generation.– Can't declare the same variable twice.CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY string_tracker
IS TYPE used_aat IS TABLE OF BOOLEAN INDEX BY maxvarchar2_t; g_names_used used_aat;
FUNCTION string_in_use ( value_in IN maxvarchar2_t ) RETURN BOOLEAN IS BEGIN RETURN g_names_used.EXISTS ( value_in ); END string_in_use;
PROCEDURE mark_as_used (value_in IN maxvarchar2_t) IS BEGIN g_names_used ( value_in ) := TRUE; END mark_as_used;END string_tracker;
string_tracker1.*
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 22
Multi-level Collections
Prior to Oracle9i, you could have collections of records or objects, but only if all fields were scalars.– A collection containing another collection was not
allowed. Now you can create collections that contain
other collections and complex types.– Applies to all three types of collections.
The syntax is non-intuitive and resulting code can be quite complex.
Oracle9i
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 23
String Tracker Version 2
The problem with String Tracker V1 is that it only supports a single list of strings.– What if I need to track multiple lists
simultaneously or nested?
Let's extend the first version to support multiple lists by using a string-indexed, multi-level collection.– A list of lists....
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 24
The String Tracker package (V2)
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY string_trackerIS TYPE used_aat IS TABLE OF BOOLEAN INDEX BY maxvarchar2_t; TYPE list_of_lists_aat IS TABLE OF used_aat INDEX BY maxvarchar2_t; g_list_of_lists list_of_lists_aat;
PROCEDURE mark_as_used ( list_in IN maxvarchar2_t , value_in IN maxvarchar2_t , case_sensitive_in IN BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE ) IS l_name maxvarchar2_t := CASE case_sensitive_in WHEN TRUE THEN value_in ELSE UPPER ( value_in ) END; BEGIN g_list_of_lists ( list_in ) ( l_name) := TRUE; END mark_as_used;END string_tracker;
string_tracker2.*
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 25
Other multi-level collection examples
Multi-level collections with intermediate records and objects.
Emulation of multi-dimensional arrays– No native support, but can creates nested
collections to get much the same effect.– Use the UTL_NLA package (10gR2) for complex
matrix manipulation. Four-level nested collection used to track
arguments for a program unit.– Automatically analyze ambiguous overloading.
multidim*.*
ambig_overloading.sqlOTN: OverloadCheck
multilevel_collections.sql
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 26
Encapsulate these complex structures!
When working with multi-level collections, you can easily and rapidly arrive at completely unreadable and un-maintainable code.
What' s a developer to do?– Hide complexity -- and all data structures -- behind
small modules.– Work with and through functions to retrieve
contents and procedures to set contents.
cc_smartargs.pkb:cc_smartargs.next_overloading
cc_smartargs.add_new_parameter
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 27
Nested Tables unveil their MULTISET-edness
Oracle10g introduces high-level set operations on nested tables (only).– Nested tables are “multisets,” meaning that
theoretically there is no order to their elements. This makes set operations of critical importance for manipulating nested tables. .
You can now…– Check for equality and inequality– Perform UNION, INTERSECT and MINUS operations– Check for and remove duplicates
Oracle10g
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 28
Check for equality and inequality
Just use the basic operators….
Oracle10g
DECLARE TYPE clientele IS TABLE OF VARCHAR2 (64); group1 clientele := clientele ('Customer 1', 'Customer 2'); group2 clientele := clientele ('Customer 1', 'Customer 3'); group3 clientele := clientele ('Customer 3', 'Customer 1');BEGIN IF group1 = group2 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line ('Group 1 = Group 2'); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line ('Group 1 != Group 2'); END IF;
IF group2 != group3 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line ('Group 2 != Group 3'); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line ('Group 2 = Group 3'); END IF;END;
10g_compare.sql10g_compare2.sql
10g_compare_old.sql
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 29
UNION, INTERSECT, MINUS
Straightforward, with the MULTISET keyword.
Oracle10g
BEGIN our_favorites := my_favorites MULTISET UNION dad_favorites; show_favorites ('MINE then DAD', our_favorites); our_favorites := dad_favorites MULTISET UNION my_favorites; show_favorites ('DAD then MINE', our_favorites); our_favorites := my_favorites MULTISET UNION DISTINCT dad_favorites; show_favorites ('MINE then DAD with DISTINCT', our_favorites); our_favorites := my_favorites MULTISET INTERSECT dad_favorites; show_favorites ('IN COMMON', our_favorites); our_favorites := dad_favorites MULTISET EXCEPT my_favorites; show_favorites ('ONLY DAD''S', our_favorites); END;
10g_setops.sql10g_string_nt.sql10g_favorites.sql
10g*union*.sql
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 30
Turbo-charged SQL with BULK COLLECT and FORALL
Improve the performance of multi-row SQL operations by an order of magnitude or more with bulk/array processing in PL/SQL!
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE upd_for_dept ( dept_in IN employee.department_id%TYPE ,newsal_in IN employee.salary%TYPE)IS CURSOR emp_cur IS SELECT employee_id,salary,hire_date FROM employee WHERE department_id = dept_in;BEGIN FOR rec IN emp_cur LOOP UPDATE employee SET salary = newsal_in WHERE employee_id = rec.employee_id; END LOOP;END upd_for_dept;
“Conventional binds” (and lots of them!)
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 31
Oracle server
PL/SQL Runtime Engine SQL Engine
PL/SQL blockProcedural statement executor
SQL statement executor
FOR rec IN emp_cur LOOP UPDATE employee SET salary = ... WHERE employee_id = rec.employee_id;END LOOP;
Performance penalty Performance penalty for many “context for many “context switches”switches”
Conventional Bind
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 32
Enter the “Bulk Bind”: FORALL
Oracle server
PL/SQL Runtime Engine SQL Engine
PL/SQL blockProcedural statement executor
SQL statement executor
FORALL indx IN list_of_emps.FIRST.. list_of_emps.LAST UPDATE employee SET salary = ... WHERE employee_id = list_of_emps(indx);
Much less overhead for Much less overhead for context switchingcontext switching
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 33
Use the FORALL Bulk Bind Statement
Instead of executing repetitive, individual DML statements, you can write your code like this:
Things to be aware of:– You MUST know how to use collections to use this feature!– Only a single DML statement is allowed per FORALL.– New cursor attributes: SQL%BULK_ROWCOUNT returns number of
rows affected by each row in array. SQL%BULK_EXCEPTIONS...– Prior to Oracle10g, the binding array must be sequentially filled.– Use SAVE EXCEPTIONS to continue past errors.
PROCEDURE upd_for_dept (...) ISBEGIN FORALL indx IN list_of_emps.FIRST .. list_of_emps.LAST UPDATE employee SET salary = newsal_in WHERE employee_id = list_of_emps (indx);END;
bulktiming.sqlbulk_rowcount.sql
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 34
Use BULK COLLECT INTO for Queries
DECLARE TYPE employees_aat IS TABLE OF employees%ROWTYPE INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER;
l_employees employees_aat;BEGIN SELECT * BULK COLLECT INTO l_employees FROM employees; FOR indx IN 1 .. l_employees.COUNT LOOP process_employee (l_employees(indx)); END LOOP;END;
bulkcoll.sql
Declare a collection of
records to hold the queried data.
Use BULK COLLECT to
retrieve all rows.
Iterate through the collection
contents with a loop.
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 35
Limit the number of rows returned by BULK COLLECT
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE bulk_with_limit (deptno_in IN dept.deptno%TYPE)IS CURSOR emps_in_dept_cur IS SELECT * FROM emp WHERE deptno = deptno_in;
TYPE emp_tt IS TABLE OF emps_in_dept_cur%ROWTYPE; emps emp_tt;BEGIN OPEN emps_in_dept_cur; LOOP FETCH emps_in_dept_cur BULK COLLECT INTO emps LIMIT 100;
EXIT WHEN emps.COUNT = 0;
process_emps (emps); END LOOP;END bulk_with_limit;
Use the LIMIT clause with the INTO to manage the amount
of memory used with the BULK COLLECT operation.
WARNING!
BULK COLLECT will not raise NO_DATA_FOUND if no rows
are found.
Best to check contents of collection to confirm that something was retrieved.
bulklimit.sql
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 36
Tips and Fine Points
Use bulk binds in these circumstances:– Recurring SQL statement in PL/SQL loop. Oracle
recommended threshold: five rows! Bulk bind rules:
– Can be used with any kind of collection; Collection subscripts cannot be expressions; The collections must be densely filled (pre-10gR2).
Bulk collects: – Can be used with implicit and explicit cursors– Collection is always filled sequentially, starting at
row 1.emplu.pkg
cfl_to_bulk*.*
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 37
The Wonder Of Table Functions
A table function is a function that you can call in the FROM clause of a query, and have it be treated as if it were a relational table.
Table functions allow you to perform arbitrarily complex transformations of data and then make that data available through a query.– Not everything can be done in SQL.
Combined with REF CURSORs, you can now more easily transfer data from within PL/SQL to host environments.– Java, for example, works very smoothly with cursor
variables
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 38
Building a table function
A table function must return a nested table or varray based on a schema-defined type, or type defined in a PL/SQL package.
The function header and the way it is called must be SQL-compatible: all parameters use SQL types; no named notation.– In some cases (streaming and pipelined
functions), the IN parameter must be a cursor variable -- a query result set.
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 39
Simple table function example
Return a list of names as a nested table, and then call that function in the FROM clause.
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION lotsa_names ( base_name_in IN VARCHAR2, count_in IN INTEGER) RETURN names_ntIS retval names_nt := names_nt ();BEGIN retval.EXTEND (count_in);
FOR indx IN 1 .. count_in LOOP retval (indx) := base_name_in || ' ' || indx; END LOOP;
RETURN retval;END lotsa_names; tabfunc_scalar.sql
SELECT column_value FROM TABLE ( lotsa_names ('Steven' , 100)) names;
COLUMN_VALUE ------------Steven 1 ... Steven 100
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 40
Streaming data with table functions
You can use table functions to "stream" data through several stages within a single SQL statement.– Example: transform one row in the stocktable to two rows in
the tickertable.
CREATE TABLE stocktable ( ticker VARCHAR2(20), trade_date DATE, open_price NUMBER, close_price NUMBER)/CREATE TABLE tickertable ( ticker VARCHAR2(20), pricedate DATE, pricetype VARCHAR2(1), price NUMBER)/
tabfunc_streaming.sql
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 41
Streaming data with table functions - 2
In this example, transform each row of the stocktable into two rows in the tickertable.
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE refcur_pkgIS TYPE refcur_t IS REF CURSOR RETURN stocktable%ROWTYPE;END refcur_pkg;/
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION stockpivot (dataset refcur_pkg.refcur_t) RETURN tickertypeset ...
BEGIN INSERT INTO tickertable SELECT * FROM TABLE (stockpivot (CURSOR (SELECT * FROM stocktable)));END;/
tabfunc_streaming.sql
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 42
Use pipelined functions to enhance performance.
Pipelined functions allow you to return data iteratively, asynchronous to termination of the function.– As data is produced within the function, it is passed
back to the calling process/query.
Pipelined functions can be defined to support parallel execution.– Iterative data processing allows multiple processes to
work on that data simultaneously.
CREATE FUNCTION StockPivot (p refcur_pkg.refcur_t) RETURN TickerTypeSet PIPELINED
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 43
Applications for pipelined functions
Execution functions in parallel.– In Oracle9i Database Release 2 and above, use the
PARALLEL_ENABLE clause to allow your pipelined function to participate fully in a parallelized query.
– Critical in data warehouse applications. Improve speed of delivery of data to web
pages.– Use a pipelined function to "serve up" data to the
webpage and allow users to being viewing and browsing, even before the function has finished retrieving all of the data.
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 44
Piping rows out from a pipelined function
CREATE FUNCTION stockpivot (p refcur_pkg.refcur_t) RETURN tickertypeset PIPELINED IS out_rec tickertype := tickertype (NULL, NULL, NULL); in_rec p%ROWTYPE;BEGIN LOOP FETCH p INTO in_rec; EXIT WHEN p%NOTFOUND; out_rec.ticker := in_rec.ticker; out_rec.pricetype := 'O'; out_rec.price := in_rec.openprice;
PIPE ROW (out_rec); END LOOP; CLOSE p;
RETURN;END;
tabfunc_setup.sqltabfunc_pipelined.sql
Add PIPELINED keyword to header
Pipe a row of data back to calling block
or query
RETURN...nothing at all!
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 45
Enabling Parallel Execution
The table function's parameter list must consist only of a single strongly-typed REF CURSOR.
Include the PARALLEL_ENABLE hint in the program header.– Choose a partition option that specifies how the function's
execution should be partitioned. – "ANY" means that the results are independent of the order
in which the function receives the input rows (through the REF CURSOR).
{[ORDER | CLUSTER] BY column_list} PARALLEL_ENABLE ({PARTITION p BY [ANY | (HASH | RANGE) column_list]} )
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 46
Table functions – Summary
Table functions offer significant new flexibility for PL/SQL developers.
Consider using them when you...– Need to pass back complex result sets of data
through the SQL layer (a query);– Want to call a user defined function inside a
query and execute it as part of a parallel query.
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 47
Collections – don't start coding without them.
It is impossible to write modern PL/SQL code, taking full advantage of new features, unless you use collections.– From array processing to table functions, collections are
required.
Today I offer this challenge: learn collections thoroughly and apply them throughout your backend code.– Your code will get faster and in many cases much simpler
than it might have been (though not always!).
Copyright 2000-2006 Steven Feuerstein - Page 48
OPP 2007February 28 – March 1, 2007
San Mateo Marriott
San Mateo, California
An ODTUG SP* Oracle PL/SQL Programming Conference
*SP – Seriously Practical Conference
For more information visit www.odtug.com or call 910-452-7444
ODTUG KaleidoscopeJune 18 – 21, 2007
Pre-conference Hands-on Training - June 16 – 17
Hilton Daytona Beach Oceanfront Resort
Daytona, Florida
WOW-Wide Open World, Wide Open Web!