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Copyright, 1996 © Dale Carnegie & Associates, Inc.
History of Acupuncture and Moxibustion
Ron Sokolsky, MSOM
Old Stone Age (10,000 years ago)
Use stone knives and scrapers to incise an abscess, drain pus and let blood out for therapeutic purposes.
With the accumulation of experiences the indications of the treatment by bian stone were gradually increased.
New Stone Age(10,000-4,000 years ago)
Make bian stone as a special tool with more medical usage.
In China, a 4.5 cun long bian stone was discovered in the New Stone Age ruins in Duolun County of Inner Mangolia.
Oval, Pyramid, three-edged and cone-shaped ends bian stones were discovered.
Shang Dynasty(3,000 years ago)
The hieroglyphs of acupuncture and moxibustion appeared in the inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells.
Bronze medical needles appearedYin-Yang and Five Elements
philosophies were formed.The basic theory of Traditional
Chinese Medicine was germinated.
Basic Acupuncture and OM Philosophy
Yin and Yang
The Five Elements
The Vital Substances—Qi, Blood, Body Fluids
Warring States Period (475 B.C-221 B.C) to Western Han
Dynasty (206 B.C-A.D. 24)
The establishing and strengthening stage of the feudal system in China
Bian stone needles were replaced by metal medical needles
Nine kinds of metallic needles with different shapes were used at that time
Warring States Period (475 B.C-221 B.C) to Western Han
Dynasty (206 B.C-A.D. 24)
Bian Que (Qin Yuren)Treated patients by needling, moxibustion, herbal decoction, massage and hot compression.
Chunyu YiGood at acupuncture-moxibustion and herbal treatment
Two Classic Books in Third Century
Huangdi’s Internal ClassicMiraculous PivotPlain Question
Huangdi’s Canno of Eighty-One Difficulty problems and Essentials of Points (Nan Jing)
Eastern Han Dynasty (A.D. 25-200) to the Three
Kingdoms Period (A.D. 220-265)
Hua Tuo
The pioneer to apply herbal anesthesia for surgical operations”Canon of Moxibustion and acupuncture preserved in pillow”
Eastern Han Dynasty (A.D. 25-200) to the Three
Kingdoms Period (A.D. 220-265)
Zhang Zhongjing
Six Stage (Meridians) Differentiation”Treatise on Febbrile and Miscellaneous Diseases”
Eastern Han Dynasty (A.D. 25-200) to the Three
Kingdoms Period (A.D. 220-265)
Huangfu Mi
”Systematic Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion”Is the earliest exclusive and systemized book on acupuncture and moxibustion
Jin Dynasty and the Northern and Southern Dynasties
(A.D. 265-581)
Ge Hong: “Prescriptions for Emergencies”
More monographs on acupuncture and moxibustion:Acupuncture Chart from Lateral and Posterior Views Diagrams of Meridians and Points
Sui Dynasty(581-618) to Tang Dynasty (618-907)
Sun Simiao: “Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold for Emergencies” and “A Supplement to the Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold”Designed and made”Chart of Three View”—the earliest multicolored charts of meridians and points
Tang Dynasty (618-907)
Yang Shang-Shan: Complied “Acupuncture Points in Internal Classic”
Cui Zhi-di: “Moxibustion Method for Consumptive Diseases”
Tang Dynasty (618-907)
The Imperial Medical Bureau divided medical education into four departments of medical specialties (include Acupuncture as one of them) and one pharmacology department
Five Dynasties (907-960) to Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368)
The extensive application of printing technique greatly promoted the accumulation of medical literature and speeded up the dissemination and development of Chinese Medicine and pharmacology
Song Dynasty (960-1279)
Wang Weiyi: “Illustrated Manual on the Points for Acupuncture and Moxibustion on a New Bronze Figure” (A.D. 1027)
Wang Zhizhong: “Canon on the Origin of Acupuncture and Moxibustion”
Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368)
Huo Shou: “Exposition of the Fourteen Meridians”
Yang Jie & Zhang Ji: observed autopsies and advocated anatomical knowledge on the selected acupuncture points
Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368)
He Ruoyu & Dou Hanqin: suggested select acupuncture points according to Zi Wu Liu Zhu (Chinese two-hour time on the basis of Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches)
Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
Extensive collection and revision of the literature of acupuncture and moxibustion
Studies on the manipulating methods of acupuncture
Development of warm moxibustion with moxa stick from burning moxa cone
Form “Extra Points” category
Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
Yang Jizhou: “Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion”
Zhang Jiebin: “An Illustrated Supplement to Systematic Compilation of the Internal Classic”
Li Shizhen: “Research on the Eight Extra-Meridians”
Qing Dynasty to Opium War (1644-1840)
The medical doctors regarded herbal medication as superior to acupuncture, therefore acupuncture and moxibustion gradually turned to a failure
Opium War (1840) to 1947
In 1899, Liu Zhongheng: “Illustration of the Bronze Figure with Chinese and Western Medicine”.
In 1934, Tang Shicheng et al: “The Technique and Principles of Electro-acupuncture and “The Study of Electro-acupuncture”
The People’s Republic of China (1948 to now)
Acupuncture and Moxibustion were unprecedentedly popularized and promoted.
Apply modern scientific knowledge to the research work on the Traditional Chinese Medicine
Acupuncture in USA
Acupuncture was introduced to USA after President Nixon visited China in 1973
FDA removed Acupuncture Needles from “experimental instrument” to “medical instrument” in 1998
Licensed Acupuncturists (L.Ac) can practice independently in most states
Conditions for Acupuncture Therapy (W.H.O.,
1979)
Abdominal pain
Constipation
Diarrhea
Hyperacidity
Indigestion
Digestive System
Conditions for Acupuncture Therapy
(cont’d)
Anxiety
Depression
Insomnia
Nervousness
Neurosis
Emotional Problems
Conditions for Acupuncture Therapy
(cont’d)
Cataracts
Gingivitis
Poor vision
Tinnitis
Toothache
•Eye-Ear-Nose-Throat
Conditions for Acupuncture Therapy (cont’d)
Infertility
Menopausal symptoms
Premenstrual syndrome
Gynecological
Conditions for Acupuncture Therapy
(cont’d)
Arthritis
Back pain
Muscle cramping
Muscle pain/weakness
Neck pain
Sciatica
•Musculoskeletal System
Conditions for Acupuncture Therapy
(cont’d)
Headaches
Migraines
Neurogenic bladder dysfunction
Parkinson’s disease
Postoperative pain
Stroke
•Neurological Problems
Conditions for Acupuncture Therapy
(cont’d)
Asthma
Bronchitis
Common cold
Sinusitis
Smoking cessation
Tonsillitis
•Respiratory System