Copy

NOKIA SIEMENS NETWORKS

GURGAON-122001

6-MONTH INDUSTRIAL TRAININGJanuary - June 2011

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR

THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

(Electronics & Communication Engineering)

SUBMITTED BY

Mohit Saini (7220406968)

SBS College of Engineering & Technology

Ferozepur-152004 (PB) INDIA

(Batch 2007-11)

http://www.sbscet.ac.in/ECE

http://www.sbscet.ac.in

http://www.sbscet.ac.in

CERTIFICATE

Replace this page with the Copy of Certificate received from the Industry duly signed

by the Supervisor/Authorized Signatory...

i

ABSTRACT

Write abstract of the training here... at least two pages

Place: SBSCET Firozpur

Date: April 6, 2011 Project Team

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any task would be incom-

plete without paying my gratitude to all the people who have made it possible, whose

constant guidance and encouragement crowned my efforts with success.

I am pleased to acknowledge my sincere thanks to my beloved DIRECTOR, PRINCIPAL

of our college, Dr. T.S.Sidhu, for providing the opportunity and infrastructure for

developing my engineering skills and knowledge. I owe a special gesture and thanks

to our Head Of the Department(ECE), ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MR. SATVIR

SINGH SIDHU, for his timely support and guidance. I convey my special thanks and

gratitude to my internal guide and T.P.O.ECE Department, Mr. Inderjeet Singh

Gill who has guided me through all the hurdles that I faced during the period of this

six months of my training for which I am highly obliged and thankful. I would also like

to give my thanks and whole hearted respect to my project in-charge Mr. Gaurav

Sikri(Lecturer), for all the help and guidance in my work.

I wish to express heartiest gratitude to Mr. Souvik Ghosh, 3G Manager(NSN), for

giving me the opportunity to work in a superior environment which not only increased

my awareness about the latest field but also taught me the importance of discipline

and dedication about our work and country. I pay sincere thanks to my project in-

charge Mr. Rajeev Gupta, Site Design Manager(NSN), for his active support and

continuous guidance without which the success and completion of this project would

have been doubtful. I also express my deep regards to Mr. Abhijit Roy, 3G-Site

Solution Engineer(NSN), for his support and help at every stage of this project.

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Nevertheless I also have to thank my co-trainees for being encouraging, supportive and

helpful throughout the project.

I would like to dedicate this work of mine to my Parents, God and all those who have

been a part of this.

Place: SBSCET Firozpur

Date: April 6, 2011 Mohit Saini

CONTENTS

Certificate i

Abstract ii

Acknowledgements iii

Contents v

List of Figures ix

List of Tables x

Abbreviations xi

Notations xii

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 GSM 2

2.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2.2 Technical Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.3 GSM-BASED NETWORKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.4 Network Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.4.1 Operation and Support System(OSS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.4.2 Switching System(SS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.4.3 Base Station System(BSS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.4.3.1 BSC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.4.3.2 BTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.5 AIR INTERFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.5.1 Channel Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.5.2 LOGICAL CHANNELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.5.2.1 Traffic Channels(TCH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.5.2.2 Control Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

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3 TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDS 13

3.1 Telecommunication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.2 Telecommunication Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3.2.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3.2.2 Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3.2.3 Formal And de facto Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3.2.4 Types Of Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3.2.4.1 Voluntary Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3.2.4.2 Mandatory Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.2.4.3 Definition Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.2.4.4 Performance Specification Standards Management Sys-

tem Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.2.5 Standards Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.2.5.1 Standardization Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

3.3 Some Standards Organizations and Institutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3.3.1 ITU-T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3.3.1.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

3.3.1.2 Primary Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.3.2 ETSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3.3.2.1 Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3.3.2.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

3.3.3 ANSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

3.3.3.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3.3.3.2 Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3.3.3.3 Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3.3.4 Telcordia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

3.3.4.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

3.3.4.2 Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

3.3.4.3 Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

3.4 Standards Discussed in detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

3.4.1 ETSI 300019-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

3.4.1.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

3.4.1.2 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

3.4.1.3 Environmental classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

3.4.1.4 Class 1.2: Weather protected, not temperature-controlled

storage locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

3.4.2 ETSI 300019-1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3.4.2.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3.4.2.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35


3.4.2.4 Class 2.3: Public transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

3.4.3 ETSI 300019-1-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

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3.4.3.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

3.4.3.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36


3.4.3.4 Class 3.2: Partly temperature-controlled locations . . . . 37

3.4.4 ETSI 300019-1-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

3.4.4.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

3.4.4.2 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38


3.4.4.4 Class 4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

3.4.5 ETSI 300019-2-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

3.4.5.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

3.4.5.2 Environmental test specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

3.4.6 GR 487 core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

3.4.6.1 General Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

3.4.6.2 Operating Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

3.4.6.3 Telecommunications Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

3.4.7 Bellcore GR 63 core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

3.4.7.1 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

3.4.8 MIL-STD 810E method 506.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

3.4.8.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

3.4.8.2 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

3.4.8.3 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

3.4.9 UL50 4X(ANSI/UL50) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

3.4.9.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

3.4.10 ASTM D610 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

3.4.10.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

3.4.10.2 Significance And Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

3.4.10.3 Interferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

3.4.10.4 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

3.4.10.5 Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

3.4.11 IEC 68-2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

3.4.11.1 Scope and object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

3.4.11.2 Terms and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

3.4.12 IEC 68-2-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

3.4.12.1 General Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

3.4.13 IEC 68-2-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

3.4.13.1 General Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

3.4.13.2 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

3.4.14 IEC 68-2-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

3.4.14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

3.4.15 IEC 68-2-30/test Db . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

3.4.15.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

3.4.15.2 Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

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3.4.15.3 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

3.4.15.4 Test Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

3.4.16 IEC 68-2-52/Test Kb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

3.4.16.1 Scope and Applicable field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

3.4.16.2 Summary of Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

3.4.16.3 Sample requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

3.4.17 IEC 68-2-56/Test Cb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

3.4.17.1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

3.4.17.2 Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

3.4.17.3 Test Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

3.4.18 IEC 60950-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

3.4.18.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

3.4.18.2 Additional requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

3.4.19 Ingress Protection Standard IEC 529 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

A Appendix Title Here 61

References 62

Index 63

LIST OF FIGURES

2.1 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.2 Switching System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.3 Base Station System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.4 Multiplexing of BCCH + CCCH + 4 SDCCH/4 on TS0 . . . . . . . . . . 12

3.1 Logo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3.2 Head Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

3.3 Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.4 Logo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3.5 Main Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3.6 Main Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3.7 Functional Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

3.8 Logo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

3.9 Main Building & Standard Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3.10 Logo & Bell-core Lab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

3.11 AT & T Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

3.12 Block diagram tests A: Cold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

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LIST OF TABLES

2.1 Frequency bands for the different networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3.1 Scale and Description of Rust Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

3.2 Ingress Protection Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

x

ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations Description

ACO Ant Colony Optimization

AI Artificial Intelligence

BBO Biogeographical Based Optimization

CCA Continuous Curved Approximation

CUDA Compute Unified Device Architecture

EA Evolutionary Algorithm

EC Evolutionary Computation

FL Fuzzy Logic

FLC Fuzzy Logic Controller

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NOTATIONS

Symbols Description

pg Best particle in overall swarm

pl Best particle in the local swarm

pi Best position of ith particle visited in past

ϕ1 Cognitive acceleration parameter

A Complement of T1 FS (A)

χ Constriction factor

Ae Embedded T1 FS of A

Ae Embedded T2 or IT2 FS of A

∨ Fuzzy t-conorm (union) operator

F Fuzzy t-norm (general) operator

∧ Fuzzy t-norm (minimum) operator∫Fuzzy union over continuous universe of discourse∑Fuzzy union over discrete universe of discourse

xii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1

CHAPTER 2

GSM

2.1 History

In 1982, the Nordic PTT sent a proposal to Confrence Europenne des Postes et Tlcom-

munications (CEPT) to specify a common European telecommunication service at 900

MHz. A Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) standardization group was

established to formulate the specifications for this pan-European mobile cellular radio

system. During 1982 through 1985, discussions centered around whether to build an

analog or a digital system. Then in 1985, GSM decided to develop a digital system.

In 1986, companies participated in a field test in Paris to determine whether a narrow-

band or broadband solution would be employed. By May 1987, the narrow-band Time

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) solution was chosen.Concurrently, operators in 13

countries (two operators in the United Kingdom) signed the Memorandum of Under-

standing (MoU) which committed them to fulfilling GSM specifications and delivering

a GSM system by July 1, 1991. This opened a large new market.

The next step in the GSM evolution was the specification of Personal Communication

Network (PCN) for the 1800 MHz frequency range, Digital Cellular System (DCS) 1800

(or GSM 1800), and Personal Communication Services (PCS) 1900 (or GSM 1900) for

the 1900 MHz frequency range.

2

CHAPTER 2. GSM 3

2.2 Technical Details

GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it by searching for

cells in the immediate vicinity. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM networkmacro,

micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to

the implementation environment.

Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the base station antenna is installed on a mast

or a building above average roof top level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is

under average roof top level; they are typically used in urban areas. Picocells are small

cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen metres; they are mainly used indoors.

Femtocells are cells designed for use in residential or small business environments and

connect to the service providers network via a broadband internet connection. Umbrella

cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage

between those cells.

The longest distance the GSM specification supports in practical use is 35 kilometres

(22 mi).

• Modulation Used In GSM

The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), a kind of

continuous-phase frequency shift keying. In GMSK, the signal to be modulated onto

the carrier is first smoothed with a Gaussian low-pass filter prior to being fed to a

frequency modulator, which greatly reduces the interference to neighboring channels

(adjacent-channel interference).

2.3 GSM-BASED NETWORKS

Different frequency bands are used for GSM 900/1800 and GSM 1900 (Figure 2-1). In

some countries, an operator applies for the available frequencies. In other countries (e.g.

United States), an operator purchases available frequency bands at auctions.

CHAPTER 2. GSM 4

Table 2.1: Frequency bands for the different networks

3.pdf

( Word to PDF Converter - Unregistered ) http://www.Word-to-PDF-Converter.net

2.4 Network Hardware

Every cellular system has hardware that is specific to it and each piece of hardware

has a specific function. The GSM based systems comply with the GSM standard while

varying from it for the purpose of overall system improvement. The system solutions

integrate existing Ericsson hardware and new technology to provide a ”total” solution

for the mobile telephony market. The major systems in the network are:

CHAPTER 2. GSM 5

• Operation and Support System

• Switching System

• Base Station System

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Figure 2.1: Architecture

2.4.1 Operation and Support System(OSS)

For GSM system administration, the OSS supports the network operator by providing:

CHAPTER 2. GSM 6

• Cellular network administration

• Network operation and maintenance

2.4.2 Switching System(SS)

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Figure 2.2: Switching System

• MOBILE services SWITCHING CENTER(MSC) The MSC is responsible

for set-up, routing, and supervision of calls to and from mobile subscribers. Other

functions are also implemented in the MSC, such as authentication.

CHAPTER 2. GSM 7

• VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER(VLR) In the Ericsson GSM based solu-

tion, the VLR is integrated with the MSC. This is referred to as the MSC/VLR.

The VLR contains non-permanent information about the mobileCsubscribers vis-

iting the MSC/VLR service area, e.g., which location area the MS is currently

in.

• Gateway MSC(GMSC) The Gateway MSC (GMSC) supports the function for

routing incoming calls to the MSC where the mobile subscriber is currently regis-

tered. It is normally integrated in the same nodes as MSC/VLR.

• HOME LOCATION REGISTER(HLR) In GSM, each operator has a database

containing information about all subscribers belonging to the specific Public Land

Mobile Network (PLMN). This database can be implemented in one or more HLRs.

Two examples of information stored in the database are the location (MSC/VLR

service area) of the subscribers and services requested.

• AUTHENTICATION CENTER(AUC) For security reasons, speech, data,

and signaling are ciphered, and the subscription is authenticated at access. The

AUC provides authentication and encryption parameters required for subscriber

verification and to ensure call confidentiality.

• EQUIPMENT IDENTITY REGISTER(EIR) In GSM there is a distinction

between subscription and mobile equipment. As mentioned above, the AUC checks

the subscription at access. The EIR checks the mobile equipment to prevent a

stolen or non-type-approved MS from being used.

• INTERWORKING LOCATION REGISTER(ILR) Around the world there

are market demands for roaming capabilities with GSM. The ILR is the node that

forwards roaming information between cellular networks using different operating

standards. This currently exists only in the GSM 1900 network.

• SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE-GATEWAY MSC(SMS-GMSC) A Short

Message Service Gateway MSC (SMS-GMSC) is capable of receiving a short mes-

sage from a Service Center (SC), interrogating an HLR for routing information

and message waiting data, and delivering the short message to the MSC of the

recipient MS. In Ericssons GSM system, the SMS-GMSC functionality is normally

integrated in the MSC/VLR node.

CHAPTER 2. GSM 8

• SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE-INTERWORKING MSC(SMS-IWSC)

A Short Message Service InterWorking MSC (SMSIWMSC) is capable of receiving

a mobile originated short message from the MSC or an ALERT message from the

HLR and submitting the message to the recipient SC. The SMS-IWMSC function-

ality is normally integrated in the MSC/VLR node.

• DATA TRANSMISSION INTERFACE DTI - consisting of both hardware

and software - provides an interface to various networks for data communication.

Through DTI, users can alternate between speech and data during the same call.

Its main functions include a modem and fax adapter pool and the ability to per-

form rate adaptation. It was earlier implemented as the GSM InterWorking Unit

(GIWU).

2.4.3 Base Station System(BSS)

The Base Station System (BSS) is comprised of two major components. They are:

• Base Station Controller (BSC)

• Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

2.4.3.1 BSC

The Base Station Controller (BSC) is the central point of the BSS. The BSC can manage

the entire radio network and performs the following functions:

• Handling of the mobile station connection and handover

• Radio network management

• Transcoding and rate adaptation

• Traffic concentration

• Transmission management of the BTSs

• Remote control of the BTSs

CHAPTER 2. GSM 9

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Figure 2.3: Base Station System

2.4.3.2 BTS

The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) includes all radio and transmission interface equip-

ment needed in one cell.Each BTS operates at one or several pairs of frequencies. One

frequency is used to transmit signals to the mobile station and one to receive signals

from the mobile station. For this reason at least one transmitter and one receiver is

needed.

CHAPTER 2. GSM 10

2.5 AIR INTERFACE

2.5.1 Channel Concept

The carrier separation in GSM is 200 kHz. That yields 124 carriers in the GSM 900

band. Since every carrier can be shared by eight MSs, the number of channels is 124

times eight = 992 channels. These are called physical channels. The corresponding

number of carriers for GSM 800 and GSM 1900 are 374 and 299, respectively.

2.5.2 LOGICAL CHANNELS

On every physical channel, a number of logical channels are mapped. Each logical

channel is used for specific purposes, e.g., paging, call set-up signaling or speech.

There are eleven logical channels in the GSM system. Two of them are used for traffic

and nine for control signaling.

2.5.2.1 Traffic Channels(TCH)

Two types of TCH are used:

• Full rate channel, Bm This channel can be used for full rate or enhanced full

rate speech (13 kbit/s after speech coder) or data up to 9.6 kbit/s.

• Half rate channel, Lm This channel can be used for half rate speech (6.5 kbit/s

after speech coder) or data up to 4.8 kbit/s.

2.5.2.2 Control Channels

Nine different types of control channels are used.

Broadcast Channels (BCH)

• Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH) Used for frequency correction of the MS,

downlink only.

CHAPTER 2. GSM 11

• Synchronization Channel (SCH) Carries information about TDMA frame number

and Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) of the BTS, downlink only.

• Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) Broadcasts cell specific information to the

MS, downlink only.

Common Control Channels (CCCH)

• Paging Channel (PCH) Used to page the MS, downlink only.

• Random Access Channel (RACH) Used by the MS to request allocation of a Stand

Alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH), either as a page response or an access

to MS call origination/registration, location updating, etc. uplink only.

• Access Grant Channel (AGCH) Used to allocate SDCCH to a MS, downlink only.

Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH)

• Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH) Used for signaling during the

call set-up or registration, up and downlink.

• Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) Control channel associated with a

TCH or a SDCCH, up and downlink. On this channel the measurement reports

are sent on the uplink, and timing advance and power orders on the downlink.

• Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH) Control channel associated with a

TCH, up- and downlink. FACCH works in bit-stealing mode, i.e. 20 ms of speech

is replaced by a control message. It is used during handover when the SACCH

signaling is not fast enough.

Several logical channels can share the same physical channel or Time Slot (TS). On TS0

(on one carrier per cell, the BCCH carrier) the broadcast channels and the common

control channels are multiplexed.

Eight SDCCHs can share the same physical channel, normally TS 1 on the same fre-

quency as the BCCHs and the CCCHs. A SACCH will be associated with every SDCCH

and they will share the same TS.

CHAPTER 2. GSM 12

The SDCCH can be mapped together with the BCCH and CCCH on TS 0. TS 1 can

then be used as a TCH. In this way we increase the capacity on the traffic channels, but

the capacity will decrease on the SDCCH. This mapping is useful in cells with only one

carrier.

18.pdf


Figure 2.4: Multiplexing of BCCH + CCCH + 4 SDCCH/4 on TS0

CHAPTER 3

TELECOMMUNICATION

STANDARDS

3.1 Telecommunication

3.1.1 Overview

Telecommunication is the transmission of information, over significant distances, for the

purpose of communication. In earlier times, telecommunications involved the use of

visual signals, such as beacons, smoke, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, and optical

heliographs, or audio messages via coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, or sent by loud

whistles, for example. In the modern age of electricity and electronics, telecommunica-

tions now also includes the use of electrical devices such as telegraphs, telephones, and

teletypes, the use of radio and microwave communications, as well as fiber optics and

their associated electronics, plus the use of the orbiting satellites and the Internet.

The first breakthrough into modern electrical telecommunications came with the push

to fully develop the telegraph starting in the 1830s. The use of these electrical means

of communications exploded into use on all of the continents of the world during the

19th century, and these also connected the continents via cables on the floors of the

13

CHAPTER 3. Telecommunication Standards 14

ocean. The use of the first three popular systems of electrical telecommunications, the

telegraph, telephone and teletype, all required the use of conducting metal wires.

Telecommunications play an important role in the world economy and the worldwide

telecommunication industry’s revenue was estimated to be 3.85 trillion dollars in 2008.

The service revenue of the global telecommunications industry was estimated to be $1.7

trillion in 2008, and is expected to touch $2.7 trillion by 2013.

3.2 Telecommunication Standards

3.2.1 Definition

Telecommunications standards (wire and wireless) are the underlying laws that govern

the emerging Global Information Highway and the existing telephone system. Telecom-

munications networks in every country in the world utilize formal telecommunications

standards to physically interwork. Without public agreements and the telecommunica-

tions standards that codify such agreements, wide-area voice and data communications

would not be possible. A telecommunication standard can be aliased with a protocol.

A communications protocol is a formal description of digital message formats and the

rules for exchanging those messages in or between computing systems and in telecom-

munications. Protocols may include signalling, authentication and error detection and

correction capabilities. A protocol describes the syntax, semantics and synchronization

of communication and may be implemented in hardware or software, or both.

3.2.2 Need

Little more than a decade ago, a discussion of telecommunication standards would have

been out of place in a journal issue devoted to publishing standards. Now, however,

such standards are crucial, since authors, libraries, and publishers all communicate elec-

tronically. There are standards that apply to the use of modems, public data networks,

local area networks, and computer-to-computer communication etc.

Worldwide standards provide manufacturers with a solid basis on which to compete in

the global marketplace, unhindered by technical barriers. Also, because global standards


can translate into formidable economies of scale and lower development and hardware

costs, they mean lower prices to end-users. Global standards protect users from incom-

patibility problems between rival systems.

The need for protocol standards can be shown by looking at what happened to the

bi-sync protocol (BSC) invented by IBM.BSC is an early link-level protocol used to

connect two separate nodes. It was originally not intended to be used in a multi node

network, but doing so revealed several deficiencies of the protocol. In the absence of

standardization, manufacturers and organizations felt free to enhance the protocol, cre-

ating incompatible versions on their networks. In some cases, this was deliberately done

to discourage users from using equipment from other manufacturers. There are more

than 50 variants of the original bi-sync protocol. One can assume, that a standard would

have prevented at least some of this from happening.

3.2.3 Formal And de facto Standards

It is often difficult to tell whether a standards committee is a formal one. In the US,for

instance, formal standards committees are accredited by American National Standards

Institute (ANSI). The accreditation process is complex but offers some specific values

to potential users and implementers of standards:

• Standards work is coordinated to avoid two different standards committees creating

different standards for the same functions.

• Standards committees must maintain their standards so long as there is a minimal

level of use.

• The standards process is designed to prevent domination by any group and to

allow all reasonable technical input to be heard.

• Intellectual Property Rights (IPR, i.e., patent or pending patents) are identified

(but not resolved) during the standards creating process.

Today there are some non-accredited standards groups (e.g., ATM Forum and Frame Re-

lay Forum) that develop their work and then introduce it into formal standards groups.

This can be a good balance. And very rarely, as in the case of the Internet Engineering


Task Force (IETF), informal standards work is so desirable that it becomes acknowl-

edged as formal by force of use. However, the IETF now has ties to formal standards

organizations. But the rest of the non-accredited standards groups are often attempting

to drape a manufacturer’s proprietary approach in finer garb. The proprietary approach

may be desirable (e.g., Microsoft MAPI), but it cannot meet the four values of formal

standards work outlined above.

At CSR, the term telecommunications standard body refers to formal authorized telecom-

munications standardization bodies.

In some cases, protocols gain market dominance without going through a standardization

process. Such protocols are referred to as de facto standards. De facto standards are

common on emerging markets, niche markets, or markets that are monopolized (or

oligopolized). They can hold a market in a very negative grip, especially when used to

scare away competition. From a historical perspective, standardization should be seen

as a measure to counteract the ill-effects of de facto standards. Positive exceptions exist;

a ’de facto standard’ operating system like GNU/Linux does not have this negative grip

on its market, because the sources are published and maintained in an open way, thus

inviting competition. Standardization is therefore not the only solution for open systems

interconnection.

3.2.4 Types Of Standards

There are mainly four types of standards:

3.2.4.1 Voluntary Standards

These are standards the use of which is theoretically voluntary, but in practice is widely

adopted for the sake of ease of manufacture, interchangeability, and safety. Virtually

all industrial standards are voluntary standards. In the past, such standards have been

used in an exclusionary way, to favor one group or organization over its rival.


3.2.4.2 Mandatory Standards

Those standards which are, in effect, laws. Failure to follow such standards would result

in legal penalties and liability. They are generally adopted out of concern for safety, and

promulgated by the Federal government or one of its agencies or departments. Codes

are groups of standards on the same topic, generally created for government agencies,

and thus mandatory standards.

3.2.4.3 Definition Standards

Standards that provide standard measurement, symbology or terminology are definition

standards. These create a foundation on which many other standards can be created.

The metric system is an example of a definition standard.

3.2.4.4 Performance Specification Standards Management System Stan-

dards

Performance standards specify the performance levels of a particular process. Man-

agement System Standards means that the same standards can be applied: - to any

organization, large or small, whatever its product -including whether its product is ac-

tually a service, -in any sector of activity, and -whether it is a business enterprise, a

public administration, or a government department.

3.2.5 Standards Organizations

Some of the standards organizations of relevance for communications protocols are the

International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Telecommuni-

cations Union (ITU), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and

the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).The ITU is an umbrella organization of

telecommunications engineers designing the public switched telephone network (PSTN),

as well as many radio communication systems.


3.2.5.1 Standardization Process

The general standardization procedure:

• Need for setting a telecommunications standard or policy is raised by any member

of the industry or the public.

• If Search Results OFTA, Office of the Telecommunications Authority, considers

it necessary to establish the proposed telecommunications standard or policy, a

request will be made to the Common Connection Standards Working Group (CCS

WG) or the New Standards and Policy Working Group (NSP WG) for further

study.

• The CCS WG or NSP WG will conduct study and prepare proposal for consider-

ation by the Telecommunications Standards Advisory Committee (TSAC). In the

process of study, the CCS WG or NSP WG may invite inputs from any parties

with interest in the concerned standard or policy.

• The TSAC will examine the working group’s proposal and make recommendation

to the TA.

• The TA will consider the adoption of the standard or policy based on the recom-

mendation by the TSAC and mandate the effective date or any other implemen-

tation requirements, if necessary.

• OFTA will notify the World Trade Organization (WTO) of adoption of the stan-

dard or policy, if necessary.

• The adopted standard or policy will be converted to the HKTA series as follows:-

– HKTA 1xxx Series for Wireless Equipment and Services

– HKTA 2xxx Series for Wired Equipment and Services

– HKTA 32xx Series for Standardization Guides

• OFTA will notify the members of the TSAC, CCS WG and NSP WG officially of

the adoption of the standard or policy.


3.3 Some Standards Organizations and Institutes

Some of the important and widely known standardizing bodies are:

3.3.1 ITU-T

ITU-T,Telecommunication Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunica-

tion Union(ITU) it coordinates standards for telecommunications. It is based in Geneva,

Switzerland.ITU-T has a permanent secretariat, the Telecommunication Standardization

Bureau (TSB), based at the ITU HQ in Geneva, Switzerland. The standardization work

1.pdf


Figure 3.1: Logo

of ITU dates back to 1865, with the birth of the International Telegraph Union. It

became a United Nations specialized agency in 1947, and the International Telegraph

and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT), (from the French name Comit Con-

sultatif International Tlphonique et Tlgraphique) was created in 1956. It was renamed

ITU-T in 1993. ITU has been an intergovernmental public-private partnership organi-


2.pdf


Figure 3.2: Head Building

zation since its inception and now has a membership of 191 countries (Member States)

and over 700 public and private sector companies as well as international and regional

telecommunication entities, known as Sector Members and Associates, which undertake

most of the work of the Sector. ITU has three sectors, namely:

• Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)

• Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R)

• Telecommunication Development Sector (ITU-D)

3.3.1.1 History

Although the ITU itself dates back to 1865, the formal standardization processes are

more recent. Two consultative committees were created by the ITU’s 1925 Paris con-

ference to deal with the complexities of the international telephone services (known as


13.pdf


Figure 3.3: Structure

CCIF, as the French acronym) and long-distance telegraphy (CCIT). In view of the

basic similarity of many of the technical problems faced by the CCIF and CCIT, a de-

cision was taken in 1956 to merge them to become the single International Telegraph

and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT, in the French acronym). In 1992, the

Plenipotentiary Conference (the top policy-making conference of ITU) saw a reform of

ITU, giving the Union greater flexibility to adapt to an increasingly complex, interac-

tive and competitive environment. It was at this time that CCITT was renamed the

Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T).

3.3.1.2 Primary Function

The ITU-T mission is to ensure the efficient and timely production of standards covering

all fields of telecommunications on a worldwide basis, as well as defining tariff and

accounting principles for international telecommunication services. The international

standards that are produced by the ITU-T are referred to as Recommendations (with


the word ordinarily capitalized to distinguish its meaning from the ordinary sense of

the word recommendation), as they become mandatory only when adopted as part of a

national law.

Since the ITU-T is part of the ITU, which is a United Nations specialized agency, its

standards carry more formal international weight than those of most other standards

development organizations that publish technical specifications of a similar form.

3.3.2 ETSI

The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) is an independent, non-

profit organization, whose mission is to produce telecommunications standards for today

and for the Future. Based in Sophia-Antipolis (France), the European Telecommuni-

3.pdf


Figure 3.4: Logo

cations Standards Institute is officially responsible for standardization of Information

and Communication Technologies (ICT) within Europe. These technologies include


telecommunications, broadcasting and related areas such as intelligent transportation

and medical electronics. ETSI unites 696 members from 62 countries inside and outside

9.pdf


Figure 3.5: Main Building

Europe, including manufacturers, network operators, administrations, service providers,

research bodies and users - in fact, all the key players in the ICT arena.

3.3.2.1 Function

ETSI plays a major role in developing a wide range of standards and other technical

documentation as Europe’s contribution to world-wide ICT standardization. This ac-

tivity is supplemented by inter-operability testing services and other specialism. ETSI’s

prime objective is to support global harmonization by providing a forum in which all

the key players can contribute actively. ETSI is officially recognized by the European

Commission and the EFTA secretariat. ETSI’s Members determine the Institute’s work

programme, allocate resources and approve its deliverables. As a result, ETSI’s activities

are closely aligned with market needs and there is wide acceptance of its products.


4.pdf


Figure 3.6: Main Building

ETSI’s standards are built on consensus.

ETSI produce globally applicable standards for Information & Communications Tech-

nologies including fixed, mobile, radio, broadcast, internet, aeronautical and other areas.

ETSI is recognized as an official European Standards Organization by the European

Union, enabling valuable access to European markets.

High quality and low time-to-market are our constant aims and we continually strive to

collaborate with research bodies. We are active in vital complementary areas such as

inter-operability and we offer event services related to standardization including forum

hosting.

Their international reputation is built on openness, discussion, consensus and direct

input from our members.


12.pdf


Figure 3.7: Functional Organization

3.3.2.2 Scope

ETSI inspired the creation of, and is a partner in 3GPP. 3G Mobile System based on

evolved GSM core networks and the radio access technologies that they support. With

LTE the work now takes on a new focus, as a way to provide a 3G greater than 4G

System for the major cellular standards to converge upon.

4G is on its way. The LTE-Advanced specifications start in Release 10 (Completion in

2011).LTE-Advanced to deliver:

• 100 percent compatibility with LTE R8 and R9

• Up to 100MHz Bandwidth

• Specifications to meet additionalIMTspectrumbandidentifiedinITU WRC07

• Advanced MIMO technologies


– Data rates of 100Mbps with high mobility and 1Gbps with low mobility

– Up-link Data rates up to 500Mbps

– Better Spectrum efficiency

3.3.3 ANSI

The American National Standards Institute or ANSI is a private non-profit organization

that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services,

processes, systems, and personnel in the United States. The organization also coor-

dinates U.S. standards with international standards so that American products can

be used worldwide. For example, standards ensure that people who own cameras can

find the film they need for that camera anywhere around the globe. ANSI accredits

5.pdf


Figure 3.8: Logo

standards that are developed by representatives of standards developing organizations,

government agencies, consumer groups, companies, and others. These standards ensure


that the characteristics and performance of products are consistent, that people use the

same definitions and terms, and that products are tested the same way. ANSI also

accredits organizations that carry out product or personnel certification in accordance

with requirements defined in international standards. The organization’s headquarters

6.pdf


Figure 3.9: Main Building & Standard Work

are in Washington, DC. ANSI’s operations office is located in New York City. The ANSI

annual operating budget is funded by the sale of publications, membership dues and fees,

accreditation services, fee-based programs, and international standards programs.

3.3.3.1 History

ANSI was originally formed in 1918, when five engineering societies and three govern-

ment agencies founded the American Engineering Standards Committee (AESC). In

1928, the AESC became the American Standards Association (ASA). In 1966, the ASA

was reorganized and became the United States of America Standards Institute (USASI).

The present name was adopted in 1969.


Prior to 1918, these five engineering societies:

• American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE, now IEEE)

• American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

• American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

• American Institute of Mining Engineers (AIME, now American Institute of Mining,

Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers)

• American Society for Testing and Materials (now ASTM International)

had been members of the United Engineering Society (UES). At the behest of the AIEE,

they invited the U.S. government Departments of War, Navy and Commerce to join in

founding a national standards organization.

In 1931, the organization (renamed ASA in 1928) became affiliated with the U.S. Na-

tional Committee of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), which had

been formed in 1904 to develop electrical and electronics standards.

3.3.3.2 Members

ANSI’s membership comprises government agencies, organizations, corporations, aca-

demic and international bodies, and individuals. In total, the Institute represents the

interests of more than 125,000 companies and 3.5 million professionals.

3.3.3.3 Process

Though ANSI itself does not develop standards, the Institute oversees the development

and use of standards by accrediting the procedures of standards developing organiza-

tions. ANSI accreditation signifies that the procedures used by standards developing

organizations meet the Institute’s requirements for openness, balance, consensus, and

due process.

ANSI also designates specific standards as American National Standards, or ANS, when

the Institute determines that the standards were developed in an environment that is


equitable, accessible and responsive to the requirements of various stakeholders. Volun-

tary consensus standards quicken the market acceptance of products while making clear

how to improve the safety of those products for the protection of consumers. There are

approximately 9,500 American National Standards that carry the ANSI designation.

The American National Standards process involves:

• consensus by a group that is open to representatives from all interested parties

• broad-based public review and comment on draft standards

• consideration of and response to comments

• incorporation of submitted changes that meet the same consensus requirements

into a draft standard

• availability of an appeal by any participant alleging that these principles were not

respected during the standards-development process

3.3.4 Telcordia

Telcordia Technologies, formerly Bell Communications Research, Inc. or Bellcore, is

a telecommunications research and development (R&D) company based in the United

States created as part of the 1982 Modification of Final Judgment that broke up Amer-

ican Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T).

3.3.4.1 History

The company was created on January 1, 1984 as part of the 1982 Modification of Fi-

nal Judgment that broke up the Bell System. Bellcore was a consortium established

by the Regional Bell Operating Companies upon their separation from AT&T. Since

AT&T retained Bell Laboratories, the operating companies wanted to have their own

R&D facility. Bellcore, the tenth company to register a .com domain, provided joint

R&D, standards setting, and centralized government point-of-contact functions for its

co-owners, the seven Regional Holding Companies that were themselves divested from

AT&T as holding companies for the 22 local Bell Operating Companies.


7.pdf


Figure 3.10: Logo & Bell-core Lab

Although Bellcore’s R&D and standard setting were of considerable importance to the

telecommunications industry in general, the asset value of the company was largely cen-

tered in ownership of the approx. 6,000 pieces of network software, many of enormous

size, that functionally ran the US telephone system. Additionally, Bellcore held owner-

ship of the Bell name and logo on behalf of the seven owner companies together with

Cincinnati Bell and Southern New England Telephone.

In 1992 issues related to the management of the software systems led to the formation of a

Study Group of senior business and legal representatives of the seven Owner Companies,

commonly referred to as the OC’s, together with the executive leadership of Bellcore.

In 1996, the company was provisionally acquired by Science Applications International

Corporation (SAIC). The sale was closed one year later, following a regulatory approval

process that covered all the states individually. Since the divested company no longer had

any ownership connection with the Bell regional companies, the name was changed to

Telcordia. The headquarters was eventually moved to Piscataway.Stake in the company


8.pdf


Figure 3.11: AT & T Building

was subsequently sold in November 2004 to Providence Equity Partners and Warburg

Pincus, who currently both hold equal stakes in the company.

3.3.4.2 Activities

Telcordia is a chief architect of the telecommunications system in the U.S., and has

pioneered many of the telecommunications services used today, including Caller ID,

Call Waiting, Mobile number portability and Toll-free telephone number (800) service.

Telcordia’s expertise lies in managing large, complex projects across the operations and

communications spectrum.

Telcordia offers products and services in the area of network planning and engineering,

service assurance, delivery, fulfillment and data management and operations support.

Telcordia’s software products are designed to solve communications problems, support

complex operations missions and system interoperability issues. Telcordia also writes


proposed generic requirements (GRs) for telecommunications industry hardware and

offers consulting and testing to these GRs.

Telcordia has its headquarters in Piscataway, New Jersey, USA and has a Software

Development Lab in Chennai,India. Telcordia is pioneer in the field of prepaid Charg-

ing system commonly called as Intelligent network. Most of the development work in

Intelligent network now comes from the labs in India and the US.

Telcordia Technologies wants telecommunications service carriers to call on them for

support. The company provides a range of networking and operations software, as well

as consulting, implementation, and training services to phone companies worldwide.

Its products are used to enable such functions as network design, customer care and

billing, service activation, number portability, and workforce management. Telcordia’s

flagship application is known as the Next Generation OSS, which is a suite of network

management tools covering a variety of functions for network operators. The company’s

customers have included Cincinnati Bell, Telecom Italia, Telenor, and Tata Teleservices.

3.3.4.3 Innovation

Telcordia research has yielded more than 1,800 patents across ADSL, ATM/SONET, Ad-

vanced Intelligent Network (AIN), optical networking/Wavelength-division multiplexing

(WDM), wireless (3G/4G, cellular, mobility), security and more.

3.4 Standards Discussed in detail

3.4.1 ETSI 300019-1-1

3.4.1.1 Scope

The present document defines classes of environmental conditions and their severities

to which telecommunication equipment may be exposed during storage. The severities

specified are those which will have a low probability of being exceeded; generally less

than 1%.


3.4.1.2 Definition

For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:-

• Absolute humidity: mass of water vapour in grammes which is associated with one

cubic metre of dry air in an air/water vapour mixture

• Non-weatherprotected location: location at which equipment is not protected from

direct weather influences

• Relative humidity: ratio of the partial pressure of the water vapour in moist air

at a given temperature, to the partial pressure of the water vapour in saturated

air at the same temperature

• Storage: certain site where the equipment is placed for long periods but is not

intended for use during these periods

• Weatherprotected location: location at which the equipment is protected from

weather influences

3.4.1.3 Environmental classes

• Class 1.1: Weather protected, partly temperature-controlled storage locations

• Class 1.2: Weather protected, not temperature-controlled storage locations

• Class 1.3: Non-weather protected storage locations; class 1.3E: non-weather pro-

tected storage locations-extended

3.4.1.4 Class 1.2: Weather protected, not temperature-controlled storage

locations

Class 1.2 is a combination of classes 1K4/1Z2/1Z3/1Z5/1B2/1C2(1C1)/1S3/1M2 in IEC

60721-3-1(2). This class applies to weather protected storage having neither temperature

nor humidity control. The location may have openings directly to the open air, i.e. it

may be only partly weather protected. The climatogram is shown in the figure. This

class applies to storage locations:


• where equipment may be exposed to solar radiation and temporarily to heat ra-

diation. They may also be exposed to movements of the surrounding air due to

draughts, e.g. through doors, windows or other openings.They may be subjected

to condensed water, dripping water and to icing. They may also be subjected to

limited wind-driven precipitation including snow;

• where mould growth, or attacks by animals, except termites, may occur;

• with normal levels of contaminants experienced in urban areas with industrial

activities scattered over the whole area, and/or with heavy traffic;

• in areas with sources of sand or dust, including urban areas;

• with vibration of low significance and insignificant shock.

The conditions of this class may occur in:

• unattended buildings;

• some entrances of buildings;

• some garages and shacks.

3.4.2 ETSI 300019-1-2

3.4.2.1 Scope

The purpose of this sub-part of this standard is to define the classes of environmental

conditions and their severities to which equipment may be exposed when being trans-

ported. Only severe conditions, which may be harmful to the equipment, are included.

The severities specified are those which will have a low probability of being exceeded;

generally less than 1%.This sub-part applies to equipment being transported from one

place to another after being made ready for dispatch from the manufacturer’s works.

The most commonly used methods of transportation have been taken into account, i.e.

ground, water and air transport. Loading and unloading as well as temporary storage,

have been included. Where the equipment is packaged the environmental conditions

apply to the packaging protecting the equipment.


3.4.2.2 Definitions

• Weatherprotected: The equipment, packaged or unpackaged, is contained within

an enclosure which affords some protection from the environment, ranging from a

temperature controlled container to a waterproof cover placed over the equipment.

Ventilation ranges from controlled air flow to the raising of part of a waterproof

cover to allow for natural air flow.

• Non-weatherprotected: The equipment, packaged or unpackaged, is not protected

in any way from the environment.


• Class 2.1: Very careful transportation

• Class 2.2: Careful transportation

• Class 2.3: Public transportation

3.4.2.4 Class 2.3: Public transportation

Class 2.3 is a combination of classes 2K4/2B2/2C2/2S2/2M2(2M3) in IEC Publication

721-3-2(2).

This class applies to transportation, where no special precautions have been taken.

The conditions covered include transportation in unventilated enclosures and in non-

weatherprotected conditions with restrictions on the general open-air climates, excluding

cold climates. Transportation by air covers equipment carried in heated, pressurised

holds.

Class 2.3 covers the conditions of classes 2.1 and 2.2. In addition class 2.3 has a lower

cold-temperature limit. Continuous or repeated solar radiation, precipitation and splash-

ing of water may occur. Class 2.3 also includes all types of transport in areas without

well-developed road systems. Rough handling is included.


3.4.3 ETSI 300019-1-3

3.4.3.1 Scope

The purpose of this sub-part is to define the classes of environmental conditions and

their severities to which equipment may be exposed at specified locations. The severities

specified are those which will have a low probability of being exceeded; generally less

than 1%.

3.4.3.2 Definitions

• Stationary use: The equipment is mounted firmly on the structure, or on mounting

devices, or it is permanently placed at a certain site. It is not intended for portable

use - but short periods of handling during erection work, down time, maintenance

and repair at the location are included.

• Weatherprotected location: A location at which the product is protected from

weather.

– Totally weatherprotected location (enclosed location): direct weather influ-

ences are totally excluded,

– partly weatherprotected location (sheltered location): direct weather influ-

ences are not completely excluded.

• Climate-controlling system: A system that controls or influences climate, acting

at least on one climatic parameter in one direction.

• Heating system: A system that controls or influences climate by increasing the air

temperature only. This can decrease the relative humidity.

• Cooling system: A system that controls or influences climate by decreasing the air

temperature only. This can decrease the absolute humidity.

• Forced ventilation system: A system that controls or influences climate by intro-

ducing outdoor air into the room or expelling air out of the room.

• Air conditioning system: A system that fully and automatically controls the cli-

matic parameters air temperature and humidity by heating, cooling, humidifying

and dehumidifying.


• Relative humidity: The ratio of the partial pressure of the water vapour in moist air

at a given temperature t, to the partial pressure of the water vapour in saturated

air at the same temperature t.

• Absolute humidity: The mass of water vapour in grammes which is associated

with one cubic metre of dry air in an air/water vapour mixture.


• Class 3.1: Temperature-controlled locations

• Class 3.2: Partly temperature-controlled locations

• Class 3.3: Not temperature-controlled locations

• Class 3.4: Sites with heat-trap

• Class 3.5: Sheltered locations

3.4.3.4 Class 3.2: Partly temperature-controlled locations

Class 3.2 is a combination of classes 3K5/3Z2/3Z4/3B2/3C2(3C1)/3S3/3M2 in IEC

standard 721-3-3 [3]. This class applies to an enclosed location having neither tempera-

ture nor humidity control. The climatogram is shown in the figure.

Heating may be used to raise low temperatures especially where there is a significant

difference between the conditions of this class and the open-air climate. Building con-

struction is designed to avoid extremely high temperatures.

This class applies to locations:

• where installed equipment may be exposed to solar radiation and heat radiation.

They may also be exposed to movements of the surrounding air due to draughts

in buildings, e.g. through open windows. They may be subjected to condensed

water and to water from sources other than rain and icing. They are not subjected

to precipitation;

• where mould growth or attacks by animals, except termites, may occur;


• with normal levels of contaminants experienced in urban areas with industrial

activities scattered over the whole area and/or with heavy traffic;

• in close proximity to sources of sand or dust;

• with vibration of low significance, e.g. for products fastened to light supporting

structures subjected to negligible vibrations.

The conditions of this class may be found in:

• entrances and staircases of buildings;

• garages;

• cellars;

• certain workshops;

• buildings in factories and industrial process plants;

• unattended equipment stations;

• certain telecommunication buildings;

• ordinary storage rooms for frost resistant products and farm buildings, etc.

3.4.4 ETSI 300019-1-4

3.4.4.1 Scope

The purpose of the present document is to define a class of environmental conditions

and their severities to which equipment may be exposed. Only severe conditions, which

may be harmful to the equipment, are included. The severities specified are those which

will have a low probability of being exceeded; generally less than 1%.

3.4.4.2 Definition

• absolute humidity: mass of water vapour in grammes which is associated with one

cubic metre of dry air in an air/water vapour mixture


• non-weatherprotected location: location at which the equipment is not protected

from direct weather influences

• relative humidity: ratio of the partial pressure of the water vapour in moist air at

a given temperature, to the partial pressure of the water vapour in saturated air

at the same temperature

• stationary use: The equipment is mounted firmly on the structure, or on mounting

devices, or it is permanently placed at a certain site. It is not intended for portable

use - but short periods of handling during erection works, down time, maintenance

and repair at the location are included.


• Class 4.1: Non-weatherprotected locations

• Class 4.1E: Non-weatherprotected locations - extended

• Class 4.2L: Non-weatherprotected locations - extremely cold

• Class 4.2H: Non-weatherprotected locations - extremely warm dry

3.4.4.4 Class 4.1

Classes 4.1 apply to general climatic conditions - applies to climatic conditions in most

of Europe, along with class 4.1E.

Class 4.1 is a combination of classes 4K2/4Z5/4Z7/4B1/4C2(4C3)/4S2/4M5 in IEC

60721-3-4 [1] and the environmental conditions are given in clause 5. It ranges from

mild warm dry to cold temperate.

3.4.5 ETSI 300019-2-4

3.4.5.1 Scope

The present document specifies test methods and severities for verification of the required

resistibility of equipment according to the relevant environmental class. The tests defined


in Part 2-4 of this multi-part standard apply to stationary use of equipment at non-

weatherprotected locations covering the environmental conditions stated in EN 300 019-

1-4(1).

3.4.5.2 Environmental test specifications

The equipment under test is assumed to be in its operational state throughout the test

conditions described in the present document unless otherwise stated. The required

performance before, during and after the test need to be specified in the product spec-

ification. Input and load conditions of the equipment shall be chosen to obtain full

utilization of the equipment under test. The heat dissipation shall be maximized, ex-

cept for the steady state, low temperature test, where it shall be minimized.

3.4.6 GR 487 core

This Generic Requirements document (GR) is published by Telcordia Technologies to

inform the industry of the Telcordia view of proposed generic requirements on Electronic

Equipment Cabinets. The generic requirements contained herein are subject to review

and change, and superseding generic requirements regarding this subject may differ

from those in this document. Telcordia reserves the right to revise this document for

any reason (consistent with applicable provisions of the Telecommunications Act of 1996

and applicable FCC rules).

The Telcordia view represents the expressed needs and interests of the funding companies

of the Telcordia Technical Forum members for this GR and may meet the needs of other

telecommunications service providers. The stated requirements are intended to provide

a suitable environment for telephone company electronic and broadband equipment that

is housed in above ground cabinets, typically pad or pole mounted, in an outside plant

environment. The equipment housed in these cabinets is accessible to the craftsperson

through surface mounted doors. This document does not cover large cabinets that can be

entered by the craftsperson. Although some or all of the requirements in this document

may be applicable to a variety of other closures or housings, alternate GR documents

may exist for particular applications and shall be considered to provide the relevant

criteria for such specific applications. Thus, partially buried pedestal type terminals,


Optical Network Units, or cabinets containing Building Entrance Terminals that serve as

a point between the public telephone network and the customer premises are specifically

covered by other documents. In general, GR-487-CORE and these documents take

precedence over other documents that may indicate requirements for cabinets deployed

in the outside plant environment. Similarly, GR-63-CORE[1], Network Equipment-

Building System (NEBS) Requirements: Physical Protection, defines requirements for

equipment used within the Central Office environment.

3.4.6.1 General Description

A cabinet, as defined in this document, is an above ground enclosure constructed of ei-

ther metallic or nonmetallic materials, or a combination thereof, sized to house telecom-

munications equipment, including broadband, ranging from active electronic and optical

systems to passive mechanical cross-connect and splicing fields, as well as backup power.

These cabinets provide mechanical and environmental protection for the equipment con-

tained within, allow access for craftspersons work activities and discourage access by

unauthorized persons.Cabinet cooling is provided by various means including, but not

limited to, external natural convection, radiation, internal convection or forced air cir-

culation, fanforced heat exchangers, or various combinations of such cooling methods.

Cabinets may be pad mounted, pole mounted, wall or stub pole mounted, or may be

designed for some other mode of installation.

Considering the complexity of many present day loop electronic carrier systems and

broadband systems, these cabinets may be separated into discrete compartments to

accommodate different craftspersons work activities and different equipment. Various

sections, possibly isolated, may be required for certain applications including a compart-

ment or section for: Electronic equipment Commercial power entrance Back-up battery

power Generator set Cable splicing Cross-connect field

3.4.6.2 Operating Environment

Electronic equipment cabinets are designed to withstand climatic conditions existing

throughout the United States including rain, snow, sleet, high winds, ice, salt spray

and sand storms. Ambient temperatures ranging from -40øC (-40øF) to 46øC (115øF),


with varying degrees of solar loading, and humidity levels ranging from below 10% up

to 100%, can be encountered. These temperatures are examples and do not necessarily

encompass all possible climatic or deployment conditions. Some locations or applications

may experience higher temperatures or lead to more severe thermal conditions; some

geographic locations may be prone to earthquakes or particularly severe lightning storms.

In some cases, requirements for specific areas are provided as conditional requirements.

3.4.6.3 Telecommunications Equipment

Cabinet applications range from housings for active equipment such as Digital Loop

Carrier, Digital Subscriber Loop (DSL), broadband, or electro-optic interfaces, to power

and repeater cabinets, to cabinet enclosures containing passive hardware such as cross-

connect fields between feeder and distribution cables designated as Feeder Distribution

Interfaces (FDIs).

This generic requirements document should be used in conjunction with a telecommu-

nications equipment and broadband systems specification. The systems specification

should detail the identification and location of all housed components and the require-

ments for those components as they relate to the cabinet in which they are to be housed.

Although there are many requirements in Electronic Equipment Cabinets, we have dis-

cussed two as follows:

• Wind Driven Rain:

Some customers require that the cabinet prevent water intrusion after exposure to a

simulated wind driven rain test. This test shall be conducted on the same cabinet

used for the Thermal Shock test (R3-191) and shall be conducted immediately

following that test. There shall be no evidence indicating that water may come in

contact with the cabinet electronics. The maximum total accumulation of water in

the cabinet shall not exceed 1 cm3 (1 gram of water) per 0.028 m3 (1 ft3) of cabinet

volume. Note: This requirement does not apply to the battery compartment.

For the battery compartment, R3-138 applies.Test Procedure - This test shall be

performed in accordance with MIL-STD-810E[35], Method 506.3, Procedure 1,

using the following test parameters:

– All fans shall be in operation and any dampers shall be open


– Rainfall Rate - 15 cm/hr (5.8 in/hr)

– Wind Velocity - 31 m/sec (70 mph)

– Cabinet volume shall be based on overall outside dimensions.

The simulated wind shall be directed horizontally to blow through the water spray

and drive it against the surfaces of the cabinet. The cabinet shall be rotated so

that each surface is exposed for 30 minutes. The doors shall then be opened, one

at a time, and the interior shall be examined.

• Firearms Resistance:

Cabinets shall be capable of withstanding a 12-gauge shotgun blast without pene-

tration of the cabinet wall by any pellets. Test Procedure - The cabinet, or a test

panel of the same material and thickness as the cabinet’s surface, shall be sub-

jected to a blast from a 2-3/4 inch, maximum-load, 12-gauge shotgun shell fired

from a 28-inch modified choke barrel. A 1-ounce or 1-1/8 ounce (as available)

load, No. 6 steel shot load shall be fired at a distance of 15m (50 ft) perpendicular

to the cabinet’s vertical surface or test panel, where 2-3/4 inch = length of shot

shell maximum-load = universal measure of gunpowder load within shot shell 28-

inch = length of modified choke shotgun barrel 1-ounce (or 1-1/8 ounce) = weight

of steel shot load within shot shell No. 6 = size of steel shot (2.79 mm or 0.110

inch diameter). CR3-201 [163]Some customers require additional bullet resistance.

The customer will specify the level of resistance and performance desired. Typical

customer requirements may be:

– Resistance to a 22-caliber long rifle bullet, hollow point or standard lead

round nose, fired at a distance of 15 m (50 ft)

– Resistance to a 30-06 caliber, 180 grain sharp-nosed soft point bullet fired at

a distance of 46 m (50 yards).

3.4.7 Bellcore GR 63 core

GR-63-CORE is a subset of a family of documents for physical and environmental criteria

for COs and other environmentally controlled telecommunications network buildings and

for the equipment used in these facilities. Since many users of NEBS documents typically

need the full set of documents, Telcordia bundles these inter- related documents into


one cohesive Family of Requirements (FR) set, FR-2063, Network Equipment-Building

System (NEBS) Family of Requirements.

3.4.7.1 Description

GR-63-CORE, a specification developed by Telcordia, is relatively simple to use. It

covers all aspects of physical qual-ification testing for equipment to be installed in an

office building or other weather-protected, temperature-controlled location. Included

in the specification are temperature extremes of -40 to 70C for nonoperational storage

tests. It also includes an eight-day operating-temperature humidity test profile that

runs from -5 to 55C. Packaging qualification is achieved by the successful completion

of transportation, vibration, and handling tests. Other tests include heat dissipation,

illumination or readability, altitude, acoustics, contamination, operational sine vibration,

and disasters such as fire and earthquake.

GR-63-CORE has two basic test categories: the product must be classified as either

a shelf-level product or a frame-level product. A shelf-level product is defined as a

chassis or unit designed to be mounted into either a cabinet or an uneven-flange rack.

A frame-level product includes a full frame or rack. GR-63-CORE encompasses all of

the information needed to perform qualification testing, from test methodologies to test

severity levels.

3.4.8 MIL-STD 810E method 506.3

3.4.8.1 Scope

This standard provides Guidelines for conducting environmental engineering tasks to

tailor environmental tests to end-item equipment applications, and Test methods for

determining the effects of natural and induced environments equipment used in military

applications.

3.4.8.2 Application

The test methods of this standard are intended to be applied in support of the following

objectives:


• To disclose deficiencies and defects and verify corrective actions.

• To access equipment suitabi1ity for the environmental conditions anticipated through-

out its life cycle.

• To verify contractual compliance.

3.4.8.3 Limitations

This standard purposely does not address the following:

• Electromagnetic interference (EMI) .

• Lighting and magnetic effects

• Nuclear weapons and their effects

• Piece parts such as bolts,wires,transistors and integrated circuits.

• Tests of basic materials

• Certain aspects of the safety testing of munition.

3.4.9 UL50 4X(ANSI/UL50)

UL stands for Underwriters Laboratories Inc.UL Standards for Safety are developed and

maintained in the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). SGML being an

international standard (ISO 8879-1986) – is a descriptive markup language that describes

a documents structure and purpose, rather than its physical appearance on a page. Due

to formatting differences resulting from the use of ULs new electronic publishing system,

please note that additional pages (on which no requirements have been changed) may

be included in revision pages due to relocation of existing text and reformatting of the

Standard.

3.4.9.1 Scope

These requirements cover electrical equipment enclosures for use in accordance with

the National Electrical Code, NFPA 70.Specific applications covered by this standard


include cabinets and cutout boxes and junction and pull boxes. Each type of enclosure

covered by this standard is described in general and functional terms where practicable,

and omits reference to structural details and specific applications except where they are

essential to the identification of the enclosure type. A product that contains features,

characteristics, components, materials, or systems new or different from those covered

by the requirements in this standard, and that involves a risk of fire or of electric shock

or injury to persons shall be evaluated using appropriate additional component and

end-product requirements to maintain the level of safety as originally anticipated by

the intent of this standard. A product whose features, characteristics, components,

materials, or systems conflict with specific requirements or provisions of this standard

does not comply with this standard. Revision of requirements shall be proposed and

adopted in conformance with the methods employed for development, revision, and

implementation of this standard.

3.4.10 ASTM D610

3.4.10.1 Scope

This practice covers the evaluation of the degree of rusting on painted steel surfaces.

The visual examples which depict the percentage of rusting given in the written spec-

ifications form part of the standard. In the event of a dispute, the written definition

prevails. These visual examples were developed in cooperation with SSPC: The Society

for Protective Coatings to further standardization of methods. The photographs can

be used to estimate the percentage of other coating defects on various substrates. This

standard does not include evaluation of rust propagation around an initially prepared

scribe, score, or holiday.

This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated

with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate

safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations

prior to use


3.4.10.2 Significance And Use

The amount of rusting beneath or through a paint film is a significant factor in deter-

mining whether a coating system should be repaired or replaced. This practice provides

a standardized means for quantifying the amount and distribution of visible surface rust.

The degree of rusting is evaluated using a zero to ten scale based on the percentage of

visible surface rust.

The distribution of the rust is classified as spot rust, general rust, pinpoint rust or hybrid

rust.

3.4.10.3 Interferences

• Some finishes are stained by rust. This staining must not be confused with the

actual rusting involved.

• Accumulated dirt or other material may make accurate determination of the degree

of rusting difficult.

• Sets headers and footers,

• Certain types of deposited dirt that contain iron or iron compounds may cause

surface discoloration that should not be mistaken for corrosion.

• Failure may vary over a given area. Discretion must therefore be used when select-

ing a single rust grade or rust distribution that is to be representative of a large

area or structure, or in subdividing a structure for evaluation.

• The color of the finish coating should be taken into account in evaluating surfaces

as failures will be more apparent on a finish that shows color contrast with rust,

such as used in these reference standards, than on a similar color, such as an iron

oxide finish.

3.4.10.4 Procedure

• Select an area to be evaluated.


• Determine the type of rust distribution using definitions in Table 1 and visual

examples in the figures.

• Estimate percentage of surface area rusted using the visual examples in the figures,

by electronic scanning techniques or other method agreed upon by contracting

parties.

• Use percentage of surface area rusted to identify rust grade (see Table 1). As-

sign rust rating using rust grade of 0-10 followed by the type of rust distribution

identified by S for spot, G for general, P for pinpoint or H for Hybrid.

• The visual examples are not required for use of the rust-grade scale since the scale

is based upon the percent of the area rusted and any method of assessing area rust

may be used to determine the rust grade.

3.4.10.5 Report

• Identify sample or area evaluated.

• Report rust grade using rating of 0-10.

• Report rust distribution using S for Spot, G for General,P for Pinpoint and H for

Hybrid.

Rust Distribution Types: S: Spot RustingSpot rusting occurs when the bulk of the rust-

ing is concentrated in a few localized areas of the painted surface. The visual examples

depicting this type of rusting are labeled 9-S through 1-S (See Figures). G: General

RustingGeneral rusting occurs when various size rust spots are randomly distributed

across the surface. The visual examples depicting this type of rusting are labeled 9-G

through 1-G. (See Figures). P: Pinpoint RustingPinpoint rusting occurs when the rust

is distributed across the surface as very small individual specks of rust. The visual

examples depicting this type of rusting are labeled 9-P through 1-P. (See Figures). H:

Hybrid RustingAn actual rusting surface may be a hybrid of the types of rust distribu-

tion depicted in the visual examples. In this case, report the total percent of rust to

classify the surface. 9-H through 1-H.


Table 3.1: Scale and Description of Rust Ratings

1.pdf


S. NO. Rust Grade Percent of SurfaceRusted

Visual ExamplesSpot(s) General

(G)Pinpoint (P)

1 10 Less than or equalto 0.01 percent

None

2 9 Greater than 0.01percent and up to

0.03 percent

9-S 9-G 9-P


0.1 percent

8–S 8-G 8-P


0.3 percent

7-S 7-G 7-P


1.0 percent

6-S 6-G 6-P


3.0 percent

5-S 5-G 5-P


10.0 percent

4-S 4-G 4-P


16.0 percent

3-S 3-G 3-P


33.0 percent

2-S 2-G 2-P


50.0 percent

1-S 1-G 1-P

11 0 Greater than 50percent

None


3.4.11 IEC 68-2-1

3.4.11.1 Scope and object

IEC 60068-2-1 deals with cold tests applicable to both non heat-dissipating and heat

dissipating specimens. For non heat-dissipating specimens, Tests Ab and Ad do not

deviate essentially from earlier issues. Test Ae has been added primarily for testing

equipment that requires being operational throughout the test, including the condition-

ing periods. The object of the cold test is limited to the determination of the ability

of components, equipment or other articles to be used, transported or stored at low

temperature. Cold tests cover by this standard do not enable the ability of specimens

to withstand or operate during the temperature variations to be assessed. In this case,

it would be necessary to use IEC 60068-2-14. The cold tests are subdivided as follows:

• Cold tests for non heat-dissipating specimens

– with gradual change of temperature, Ab;

• Cold test for heat-dissipating specimens

– with gradual change of temperature, Ad,

– with gradual change of temperature, specimen powered throughout, Ae.

3.4.11.2 Terms and definitions

• low air velocity in the working space: velocity of conditioning airflow within a

working space which is sufficient to maintain conditions but low enough so that

the temperature at any point on the test specimen is not reduced by more than

5 K by the influence of the circulation of the air (if possible, not more than 0,5

m/s).

• Fixes the margins,high air velocity in the working space: velocity of conditioning

airflow within a working space, which in order to maintain conditions, also reduces

the temperature at any point on the test specimen by more than 5 K by the

influence of the circulation of the air.


14.pdf


Figure 3.12: Block diagram tests A: Cold


3.4.12 IEC 68-2-2

3.4.12.1 General Introduction

This publication deals with dry heat tests applicable both to heat-dissipating and non

heat-dissipating specimens. For non heat-dissipating specimens, Tests Ba and Bb do

not deviate essentially from earlier issues.

The object of the dry heat test is limited to the determination of the ability of com-

ponents, equipment or other articles to be used or stored at high temperature. These

dry heat tests do not enable the ability of specimens to withstand or operate during

temperature variations to be assessed. In this case, it would be necessary to use Test N:

Change of temperature.

• Dry heat tests for non heat-dissipating specimens

– with sudden change of temperature, Ba;

– with gradual change of temperature, Bb.

• Dry heat tests for heat-dissipating specimens

– with sudden change of temperature, Bc;

– with gradual change of temperature, Bd.

The procedures given in this publication are normally intended for specimens which

achieve temperature stability during the performance of the test procedure. The dura-

tion of the test commences at the time when temperature stability of the specimen has

been reached. For the exceptional cases when the specimen does not reach temperature

stability during the performance of the test procedure, the duration of the test com-

mences at the time when the test chamber reaches the test temperature. The relevant

specification shall define:

• the rate of change of temperature in the test chamber;

• the time at which the specimens are introduced into the test chamber;

• the time at which the exposure commences;

• the time at which the specimens are energized.


3.4.13 IEC 68-2-5

3.4.13.1 General Introduction

Solar radiation is often the major cause of brittleness and colour changes in materials

and structures.

The amount of ultraviolet radiation (300 - 400 nm) reaching the surface of the earth has

an effect on e.g. the dyes used in different materials. The heat effect of solar radiation

causes, not only an increased overall temperature of the product, but also differences of

temperature inside the product. This often causes more stress in the structure than a

constant temperature would.

3.4.13.2 Description

The IEC Standard 68-2-5 allows us to vary testing conditions. The method most often

used by Solar Simulator Finland Ltd is to irradiate (1120 W/m) the samples for ten

days. The temperature profile is chosen on the basis of the quality being tested. The

maximum temperature of 40 C is suitable for testing dye durability. The functional

durability of a product is tested in a maximum temperature of 55 C. The heat stress

in the inner parts of the sample is then greater. The temperature profile and radiation

period can be seen in the graph above.

The radiation entering the surface of the earth is about 1000 W/m at its strongest

(surface perpendicular to the rays).

The greatest radiation power is reached only when the weather is clear and the sun is

its highest position. The total annual amount of energy from the sun to a horizontal

surface depends on the location and weather conditions.

During our test, the overall energy radiated to the sample is about 90 kWh/m2. Through-

out the entire irradiation period, the intensity is about 15% higher than the highest daily

value. The effective stress is thus much higher. The testing conditions are equal to about

four to six months of solar radiation in natural conditions.


3.4.14 IEC 68-2-14

3.4.14.1 Introduction

A change of temperature test is intended to determine the effect on the specimen of a

change of temperature or a succession of changes of temperature. It is not intended to

show effects which are due only to the high or low temperature. For these effects, the

dry heat test or the cold test should be used. The effect of such tests is determined by:

• values of high and low conditioning temperature between which the change is to

be effected;

• the conditioning times for which the test specimen is kept at these temperatures;

• the rate of change between these temperatures;

• the number of cycles of conditioning;

• the amount of heat transfer into or from the specimen.

3.4.15 IEC 68-2-30/test Db

3.4.15.1 Scope

This part of IEC 60068 determines the suitability of components, equipment or other

articles for use, transportation and storage under conditions of high humidity combined

with cyclic temperature changes and, in general, producing condensation on the surface

of the specimen.If the test is being used to verify the performance of a specimen whilst

it is being transported or stored in packaging then the packaging will normally be fitted

when the test conditions are being applied.

For small, low mass specimens, it may be difficult to produce condensation on the surface

of the specimen using this procedure; users should consider the use of an alternative

procedure such as that given to IEC 60068-2-38.

3.4.15.2 Conditions

Ambient to 40C, 90-100% RH, 2 24-hour cycles, specimen operating


3.4.15.3 Purpose

This test demonstrates that the specimen can be operated in a location with high humid-

ity combined with moderate changes in temperature that could produce condensation.

This test also demonstrates (by extension of the temperature to 40C) that the speci-

men can be stored in conditions of high humidity combined with moderate changes in

temperature that could produce condensation.

3.4.15.4 Test Equipment

Thermotron SM-16 climatic chamber, with 4800 controller and 2 input channels for

temperature and humidity monitoring. PC and video splitter used to supply video to

specimens.

3.4.16 IEC 68-2-52/Test Kb

3.4.16.1 Scope and Applicable field

BS EN 60068-2-52 and IEC 68-2-52 are alternative names for the same method which

is intended to measure how well components or equipment can withstand a salt-laden

atmosphere. The method is designed to reproduce the corrosive effect of salt on metals

where the mechanism is primarily electrochemical. It is also designed to reproduce the

degradation of non-metallic materials by salt. In this case degradation is due to complex

chemical reactions between salt and the materials involved.

We use this method mainly for testing electrical components and switchgear. If you need

to test paints, coatings etc, you may wish to consider the prohesion test as a possible

alternative.

3.4.16.2 Summary of Method

The method involves the use of two different test chambers one where the samples are

exposed to salt spray and the other where they are stored under hot humid conditions.

The salt spray uses a 5% aqueous solution of sodium chloride. The cabinet may be


operated at any temperature between 15 and 35 C. The controlled temperature and

humidity chamber is set to 40 C and 93% Relative Humidity

The test method enables samples to be tested to six different levels of severity. These are

intended to replicate different service conditions . ”Severity 1” for example corresponds

to a marine environment in close proximity to the sea and would be appropriate for a

sonar buoy or a ship’s radar antenna. Severities 3 to 6 are intended for situations where

there are frequent changes between salt-laden and dry atmospheres and are intended

to replicate the use of vehicles on roads treated with salt during the winter months.

Severities 3 to 6 include periods of storage outside the test chambers at 23 C and

between 45 and 55% Relative Humidity.

Each level of severity is defined in terms of the time which the sample spends in each

of the cabinets. In practice this involves alternating the sample between the salt spray

and the controlled temperature / humidity cabinets with the option of storage periods

at 23 C and between 45 and 55% Relative Humidity.

This method, i.e. Salt mist, cyclic(Sodium Chloride Solution), can be used to test the

relative resistance to corrosion of components or equipment, when exposed to a changing

climate of a salt mist (spray), followed by a high humidity, at an elevated temperature.

Test specimens are placed in an enclosed chamber (a separate salt mist chamber and

controlled humidity chamber are generally used), and exposed to a changing climate

that comprises of the following 2 part repeating cycle. 2.0 hours exposure to a contin-

uous indirect spray of neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.2) salt water solution, which falls-out on to

the specimens at a rate of 1.0 to 2.0ml/80cm/hour, in a chamber temperature of +15

to+35C. This is followed by either 7 days or 20 to 22 hours (depending on the test

severity) exposure to a high humidity climate of 93%RH, in a chamber temperature of

+40C. The number of cycle repeats is variable depending on the test severity.

3.4.16.3 Sample requirements

The size of any object we can test is limited by the capacity of the salt spray chamber.

In practice this means that the test object must be capable of fitting inside a cube with

500 mm sides.


3.4.17 IEC 68-2-56/Test Cb

3.4.17.1 Purpose

This test demonstrates that the specimen can be operated in a location with high hu-

midity,the specimen can be transported in conditions of high humidity,and the specimen

can be stored in conditions of high humidity.

3.4.17.2 Conditions

30C, 93% RH, 96 hours, no condensation, specimen operating.

3.4.17.3 Test Equipment

Thermotron SM-16 climatic chamber, with 4800 controller and 2 input channels for

temperature and humidity monitoring. PC and video splitter used to supply video to

specimens.

3.4.18 IEC 60950-1

3.4.18.1 Scope

This standard is applicable to mains-powered or battery-powered information technology

equipment, including electrical business equipment and associated equipment, with a

RATED VOLTAGE not exceeding 600 V.

This standard is also applicable to components and subassemblies intended for incorpo-

ration in information technology equipment. It is not expected that such components

and subassemblies comply with every aspect of the standard, provided that the complete

information technology equipment, incorporating such components and subassemblies,

does comply. Information technology equipmentas follows are also applicable:

• designed for use as telecommunication terminal equipment and TELECOMMUNI-

CATION NETWORK infrastructure equipment, regardless of the source of power;


• designed and intended to be connected directly to, or used as infrastructure equip-

ment in a CABLE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM, regardless of the source of power;

• designed to use the AC MAINS SUPPLY as a communication transmission medium

This standard specifies requirements intended to reduce risks of fire, electric shock or

injury for the OPERATOR and layman who may come into contact with the equipment

and, where specifically stated, for a SERVICE PERSON.

This standard is intended to reduce such risks with respect to installed equipment,

whether it consists of a system of interconnected units or independent units, subject to

installing, operating and maintaining the equipment in the manner prescribed by the

manufacturer.

3.4.18.2 Additional requirements

• equipment intended for operation in special environments (for example, extremes of

temperature; excessive dust, moisture or vibration; flammable gases; and corrosive

or explosive atmospheres);

• electromedical applications with physical connections to the patient;

• equipment intended to be used in vehicles, on board ships or aircraft, in tropical

countries, or at altitudes greater than 2 000 m;

• equipment intended for use where ingress of water is possible; for guidance on such

requirements and on relevant testing

• List of Figures,

• List of Tables,

• Equations, Figures and Tables Numbers

• Updates Equations, Figure, Table and Bibliographic referencing

• Bibliography

• Index at the end . . . many more

This standard does not apply to:


• power supply systems which are not an integral part of the equipment, such as

motor-generator sets, battery backup systems and transformers;

• building installation wiring;

• devices requiring no electric power.

3.4.19 Ingress Protection Standard IEC 529

The protection of enclosures against ingress of dirt or against the ingress of water is de-

fined in IEC529 (BSEN60529:1991). Conversely, an enclosure which protects equipment

against ingress of particles will also protect a person from potential hazards within that

enclosure, and this degree of protection is also defined as a standard.

The degrees of protection are most commonly expressed as IP followed by two numbers,

e.g. IP65, where the numbers define the degree of protection. The first digit shows

the extent to which the equipment is protected against particles, or to which persons

are protected from enclosed hazards. The second digit indicates the extent of protection

against water. The wording in the table is not exactly as used in the standards document,

but the dimensions are accurate.


Table 3.2: Ingress Protection Rating

2.pdf


APPENDIX A

Appendix Title Here

Write your Appendix content here.

61

REFERENCES

Brindle, A.: 1981, Ph.D. thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada

Mendel, J.: 2001, Uncertain rule-based fuzzy logic systems: introduction and new direc-

tions, Prentice Hall

Mendel, J. M.: 2003, in IEEE Connect., Newsletters IEEE Neural Networks Society,

Vol. 1, pp 10–13

Saini, J. S., Gopal, M., and Mittal, A. P.: 2004, IETE Journal of Reseach 50(3), 179

Singh, S. and Saini, J.: 2006, in Power India Conference, 2006 IEEE, p. 7, IEEE

Yao, X.: 2002, Proceedings of the IEEE 87(9), 1423

62

INDEX

eBooks, 6

figures, 13

freeware, 7

Grammatical Mistakes, 10

Personalize, 8

remember, 6

tables, 14

Thesis, 16

63

Documents

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