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Density= density is how dense a fluid is
Density can be measured through mass divided by volumeYou can tell many things about a fluid depending on how dense it is
For example if you know the density you can easily see which fluids can
float atop one another a good example of this is our density towersThe more dense a fluid is the more packed together the particles are and
the less dense the less particles are packed into one spaceNote that particles can also be different sizesPressure=pressure is a measure of force acting perpendicular to a unit
area.
If the force is increased the pressure is increased as wellFor pressure the force is measured in newtons 1 newton is 100 grams and
the area is often measured in square meters=n/m2 or also known as a
pascal or a kilo pascal 1 kilo pascal is im not too sure:pPressure and particle theory=the particle theory states that particles are
constantly moving and move very fast with a great deal of energy and
move slower if they have less energy. When particles move there is always
a chance that they will bump into eachother like bumper cars. When the
collision occurs the particles move apart and there is only an empty space
left inbetween them.Why do fluids such as juice in a cup or air in a tire seem to be still when all
the particles are moving? Moving particles exert a force in the direction of
their motion. Fluid particles are moving in all directions at all times, thus
most of the forces cancel each other out, but some are not cancelled.
These forces are exerted onto the walls of the container therefore causing
pressure. But what happens if there is a hole in the cup or container? In
which direction does the fluid flow? Regardless of where the crack or hole
is the result is always the same, it flows out. This indicates that the
pressure of a fluid is exerted equally in all directions.The particles in the inner wall of the container apply pressure on the fluid
to stay inside the container, the particles of the fluid press against the
container with an equal force.
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Compressibility=the particles in a fluid push against each other until
something more ridgid such as the walls of their container exertes a force
in the opposite direction. But what happens when pressure is placed on a
liquid in an enclosed area? For example a water bottle filled with water,can the particles move closer together?According to particle theory, the amount of empty space in between
particles depend on 2 factors.1=the physical state of the substance whether the substance is a solid
liquid or gas2=the amount of energy the particles have.In general the amount of space in between liquid particles is very small
while those of gases are much larger. Therefore this gives gases the
unique ability to be compressed in to a smaller area for the particles have
more space in between them to be compressed.Solids and liquids on the other hand are almost known as incompressible
and so when force is applied on the solids and liquids the applied force is
transmitted from one particle to the next kind of like dominos.Archidemes principal= the buoyant force acting on an object equals the
weight (force of gravity) of the fluid displaced by the object. An example ofthis is if you displace 1l of fluid from a container the object that displaced
the fluid will have the same volume as water but will not have the same
mass, so if the object is heavier than the water that is displaced the object
will sink and if it is lighter it will float, if its the same this is know as neutral
buoyancy where the object does not float nor sink. An example of neutral
buoyancy is submarines and how the want to stay the same level in the
water at all times not sinking nor floating to the surface.Every time you placer an object in a fluid the fluid will be displaced
depending on the overall volume of the object you have placed in the fluid
and the mass of the substance displaced and the object that has displaced
the fluid.
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Also if you look at the measuring buoyancy activity in the booklet before
you can also see in the images that in this case the more dense an object
is the more buoyant force it has. Buoyant force for liquids can be measured
by the weight of the object out of the fluid subtracted by the weight of the
object in the fluid and with that you get the buoyant force of the liquid.Gases have the ability to be compressed to almost 1/10th of their of their
original volume.Hydraulics and pneumatics= hydraulics work on liquids usually water while
pneumatics mainly work on gases. Hydraulics work when two or more
pistons are attached and filled with either a liquid or a gas so that when
you push the master piston containing the liquid all of the force would be
sent to the second piston therefore exerting the force onto the second
piston allowing it to push, pull, drag etc, hydraulics are more powerful than
pneumatics because when we talked about gases earlier we know that
gases have the ability to be compressed so when we push the master
piston of a pneumatics machine not all of the force is transferred to the
second piston because the gases for the second piston are compressed
therefore the energy going to the secong piston is reduced. Hydraulics on
the other hand run on liquids and liquids are almost incompressible so all
of the force is transferred to the second piston right away and none of the
energy being transferred is wasted.
For these systems the pipe in which the liquid is transferred can also fork
into different and numerous paths therefore the master piston can control
more than one slave piston but for each of the slave pistons the force that
they exert will be reduced because it would be shared with another slave
piston.One key way to increase the force exerted from the second piston is to
increase the surface area( I think) of the slave piston therefore if the
master piston has a height of 9 inches and the slave piston has a height of
3 inches and the master has a base surface area or 3cm2 and the slave
has a base of 9cm2 the slave has a base which is 3 times bigger than that
of the slave therefore the force which is applided to the master will be
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amplified by 3 times when coming out of the slave piston. Also since the
base is 3 times larger you woul have to push the master piston 3 inches
with 100 pounds of force to get the slave piston with a wider base surface
area 1 inch high with 100x3=300 pounds of force.Another way to make it stronger is to drain a hydraulics system of all air
bubbles so no force is lost with compressed gases.