Copy of SCANTER 4102 Naval Air and Surface 2D Radar System With 12' Dual Beam Antenna (PSP - 674557-DP - 1 - A)

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CM: . .

Class: PSPDoc. no: 674557-DPRev: A CAGE code: R0567

Date: 2011-09-09Approved by: JEL Prepared by: ATA Checked by: JCP

SCANTER 4102 Naval Air and Surface 2D Radar System with12' HP/CP Antenna

Product Specification

© Terma A/S, Denmark, 2011. Proprietary and intellectual rights of Terma A/S, Denmark are involved in the subject-matter of this material and all manufacturing, reproduction, use, disclosure, and sales rights pertaining to such subject-matter are expressly reserved. This material is submitted for a specific purpose as agreed in writing, and the recipient by accepting this material agrees that this material will not be used, copied, or reproduced in whole or in part nor its contents (or any part thereof) revealed in any manner or to any third party, except own staff, to meet the purpose for which it was submitted and subject to the terms of the written agreement.

This document is released for use only if signed by relevant staff or stamped “EDM Release Controlled”.

SCANTER 4102 Naval Air and Surface 2D Radar System with 12' HP/CP AntennaDoc. no: 674557-DP, Rev: A Page 2 of 71

The use and/or disclosure, etc. of the contents of this document (or any part thereof) is subject to the restrictions referenced on the front page.

Record of Changes

ECR/ECO Description Rev Date

First issue A See 1st page



Contents

1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 51.1 Purpose ............................................................................................................. 51.2 SCANTER 4102 at a glance .............................................................................. 5

2 SCANTER 4102 applications ........................................................................... 92.1 Monitoring lower airspace at short and medium ranges ..................................... 92.2 Helicopter control ............................................................................................. 102.3 Surface surveillance......................................................................................... 102.4 Search and rescue........................................................................................... 102.5 Self-protection.................................................................................................. 102.6 Navigational assistance ................................................................................... 102.7 ECCM .............................................................................................................. 11

3 Application examples .................................................................................... 12

4 System configuration .................................................................................... 134.1 Antenna system ............................................................................................... 144.2 Stabilizing Antenna Platform ............................................................................ 184.3 Transceiver ...................................................................................................... 204.4 Utility rack ........................................................................................................ 23

5 Functional description .................................................................................. 255.1 Transmitter and TWT amplifier......................................................................... 265.2 Receiver .......................................................................................................... 275.3 Signal Processing ............................................................................................ 275.4 ECCM capability .............................................................................................. 365.5 Controlling and using the radar ........................................................................ 365.6 Ancillary functions ............................................................................................ 38

6 Video Distribution and Tracking ................................................................... 416.1 Tracker performance........................................................................................ 416.2 Primary VDT functions ..................................................................................... 426.3 Functional description ...................................................................................... 43

7 Peripheral units.............................................................................................. 467.1 The SCANTER Radar Service Tool ................................................................. 467.2 Dehydrator ....................................................................................................... 47

8 Options ........................................................................................................... 488.1 Air cooling ....................................................................................................... 488.2 Vertical Reference Unit .................................................................................... 488.3 IFF ................................................................................................................... 488.4 SCANTER Workstation .................................................................................... 50

9 Radar sensor performance ........................................................................... 519.1 Standard SCANTER 4102 installation and standard conditions used for

performance evaluation ................................................................................... 519.2 SCANTER 4102 Performance Expectations for Air Targets ............................. 519.3 SCANTER 4102 Performance Expectations for Surface Targets ..................... 52

10 System interface specifications.................................................................... 5310.1 Power supply ................................................................................................... 53



10.2 Cooling ............................................................................................................ 5310.3 Digital data interfaces ...................................................................................... 54

11 Safety.............................................................................................................. 5611.1 Protection of personnel – Cabinets .................................................................. 5611.2 Protection of personnel – Rotation and transmission ....................................... 5611.3 Protection of equipment ................................................................................... 57

12 Environmental Specifications ....................................................................... 5812.1 Environmental Conditions ................................................................................ 58

13 Availability, Reliability and Maintainability .................................................. 60

14 Terma support................................................................................................ 6114.1 Terma support ................................................................................................. 61

15 Verification ..................................................................................................... 6315.1 Definitions........................................................................................................ 6315.2 Requirements tracing....................................................................................... 6315.3 Testing............................................................................................................. 63

16 Quality assurance certification ..................................................................... 66

17 Documents, definitions and abbreviations .................................................. 6717.1 Definitions........................................................................................................ 68

18 Abbreviations................................................................................................. 69



1 Introduction

1.1 Purpose

This product specification defines the characteristics and describes the performance of the SCANTER 4102 Naval Air and Surface 2D Radar System designed, manufactured and delivered by:

Terma A/SHovmarken 48520 LystrupDENMARK

The document may serve as reference in quotations and contracts.

Terma A/S aims to improve the product family continuously and consequently reserves the right to revise product specifications and characteristics without notice.

Note that illustrations are for visualization only. Please refer to detailed drawings (available on demand) for specific details.

Detailed interface specifications, including mechanical, electrical and data interfaces will be further detailed during project-specific design phases. Interfaces described in this document should be understood as being both summary and for indicative purposes only.

1.2 SCANTER 4102 at a glance

The SCANTER 4102 radar sensor is an X-band, 2D, fully coherent pulse compression radar providing Air channel video as well as Surface channel video simultaneously to ensure a high level of situational awareness on naval platforms in support of various operational needs simultaneously e.g. air surveillance, helicopter control, surface surveillance and Search and Rescue.

The SCANTER 4102 enables the user to detect and track both air and surface targets and to present these in a Local Area Surveillance Mission Picture on the Combat Management System



Terma’s solidly proven Frequency Diversity and Time Diversity, and best-in-class advanced video processing gives a truly high-end radar system performing in all weather conditions. A system overview is shown below:

Figure 1-1: System configuration

The SCANTER 4102 provides high spatial resolution due to the application of pulse compression and an antenna beam width of 0.6º (12’ antenna). A follow-on advantage is that clutter cells become small leading to enhanced separation of targets and clutter and improved clutter suppression.

The SCANTER 4102 provides also simultaneously land echo cancellation and moving clutter suppression utilizing Doppler-based processing.



Various operational scenarios/instrumented range settings can be selected by the operator through predefined profiles. Adaptation to environmental conditions e.g. sea state and rain is automatic based on intelligent noise and clutter reduction and advanced CFAR techniques.

Communication interface to the Transceiver is established via a standard IP network (LAN or WAN), which provides network radar video, plots, tracks, control etc. Conventional digital video is also available.



Table 1-1: SCANTER 4102 Radar Sensor Overview

SCANTER 4102 main features

12' Low side-lobe linear array antenna with switchable polarization (HP/CP)

Other linear array antennas from Terma'as portfolio

Two-channel simultaneous processing, Air and Surface

Frequency band of operation: X-Band (8850-9000MHz)

Multiple frequencies

Software-controlled waveform generation

TWT-based transmitter

Peak Side Lobe Ratio > 60 dB (Time/range sidelobes) Multi-

Profile operation optimised for Customer application

Interfacing with standard protocols (RS232, RS422, Ethernet)

Simple interface implementation (ASCII, NMEA)

Radar video distribution via IP network

Digital radar video

Integrated Tracking System

Air cooled transceiver and utility racks

Horizontally stabilized platform for antenna

Vertical Reference Unit

Integrated IFF antenna elements

SCANTER Workstation

●○●●●●●●●●●●●●○●○○○

SCANTER 4102 application areas

Monitoring lower airspace at short and medium range

Helicopter control including launch and landing

Surface surveillance

Detection and tracking of small surface targets in adverse conditions

●●●●

Indicative1

SCANTER 4102 performance figures

Target separation capability: Range: down to 40 m; Azimuth: down to 1º

Target Echo Dynamics: + 19dBm to -130 dBm incl. Pulse compression gain

Small aircraft (RCS = 1 m2), 1000 ft ASL: Detection range 12 NM

Jet fighter aircraft (RCS = 3 m2), 5000 ft ASL: Detection range 30 NM

General aviation (RCS = 10 m2), 10000 ft ASL: Detection range 32 NM

Helicopter (RCS = 20 m2), 1500 ft ASL: Detection range 30 NM

RIB (RCS = 5 m2), 1.5 m ASL: Detection range 8 NM

Fishing vessel (RCS = 20 m2), 2 m ASL: Detection range: 10 NM

Coaster/OPV (RCS = 2000 m2) 15 m ASL: Detection range: 19 NM

●●●●●●●●●

1) See section 9Standard features are indicated with ●, add-ons/options with ○



2 SCANTER 4102 applicationsThe SCANTER 4102 Naval Air and Surface 2D Radar System has been designed and developed for ship-borne surveillance applications encompassing air targets as well as surface targets.

The SCANTER 4102 is a versatile and flexible radar providing the needed detection performance for:

• Surveillance of lower airspace at short and medium range

• Detection low flying aircraft

• Control of helicopter launch and landing

• General surface surveillance

• Small surface target detection

• Self-protection

Figure 2-1: Key application usages

2.1 Surveillance of lower airspace at short and medium ranges

The SCANTER 4102 monitors the short to medium range, lower airspace around the vessel. The SCANTER 4102 can detect and track general aviation aircraft and jet aircraft up to 30 -40 nmi and up to 6000-10000 feet altitude. Larger aircraft like airliners can be tracked to higher altitudes and longer distances.



2.2 Helicopter control

The SCANTER 4102 coherent radar techniques in combination with the small target detection capabilities enable the vessel to control a helicopter in short range operations. Minimum detection distance is less than 150 m. Capabilities include landing control on own ship or at remote locations. The SCANTER 4102 performance is superior to non-coherent techniques, also when helicopters are hovering.

2.3 Surface surveillance

The SCANTER 4102 is well suited for surface patrolling by detecting and tracking small targets from close range and up until the radar horizon, depending on the weather. Coherence, Frequency Diversity and Time Diversity and advanced processing techniques support operation in all weather conditions. Well-proven clutter processing techniques improve detectability for all targets. Utilization of the Doppler shift further enhances detection of targets moving radially and with speed different from clutter.

2.4 Search and rescue

The SCANTER 4102 capability to detect small surface targets in combination with helicopter control makes the radar well suited for Search and Rescue Operations. Surface objects in distress are likely to move with the same speed as clutter, and good detection on the basis of normal radar is of the utmost importance, whereas reliable helicopter detection requires utilization of Doppler processed signals.

2.5 Self-protection

The SCANTER 4102 provides detection of approaching, asymmetric threats as part of the Situational Awareness. Dedicated profiles, e.g. with high antenna rotation rate, further improve early detection capabilities. Auto-track initiation maximizes the time available for proper assessment, decision and possible engagement of the approaching target.

2.6 Navigational assistance

The SCANTER 4102 surpasses high-end navigation radars with respect to detection and target tracking capability. Utilization of Normal Radar ensures that targets are detected, also when moving tangentially or with clutter. Additional performance is achieved by adding of MTI processed radar information. Simultaneous detection at short, medium and long range ensures that the radar can be used as backup for navigational purposes.



Figure 2-2: Controlled helicopter operations

2.7 ECCM

The SCANTER 4102 offers some ECCM (anti-jamming) capability through a variety of techniques such as low-sidelobe antenna, frequency diversity, interference filtering and PRF stagger.



3 Application examples

Figure 3-1: Long range air surveillance picture

Figure 3-2: Small surface target inside a wind farm area

Power Management Unit

Plot Extractor, Tracker and Video Distribution

Stabilizing Platform Control UnitDehydratorMaintainers Position/Service Display

Dual-Beam 12ft antenna with turning unit

Stabilizing Antenna PlatformAntenna control unitOptional Integrated IFF antenna in the surveillance antenna system



4 System configurationThe SCANTER 4102 Radar Sensor has the following main characteristics and consists of the following units:

Table 4-1: SCANTER 4102 main characteristics

SCANTER 4102 main characteristics

General 2D fully coherent, pulse compression radar

Frequency diversity and time diversity

12 kW peak TWT; max. duty cycle 5%

8.850 GHz to 9.000 GHz

Software defined, fully digital radar

Air and surface channels

16 operational modes (profiles)

Built-in target tracker

Video, tracks, control and monitoring data on IP-network

Table 4-2: SCANTER 4102 units

SCANTER 4102 units

Transceiver TWT Power Amplifier complete with Power Supply unit

RxTx Assembly

Signal Processing

Interfacing

Utility Rack

Antenna system

Auxiliary components Man Aloft / Safety Switch

Optional Vertical Reference Unit for platform control (*) Optional remote Maintainers position via LAN

(*) If available, roll and pitch from the ship should be taken from the inertial navigation system. Otherwise, a Vertical Reference Unit (VRU) can be supplied.centre of rotation, typically the gyro room.The Vertical Reference Unit is as far as practicable possible recommended to be mounted in the ship’s centre of rotation, typically the gyro room.



4.1 Antenna system

Figure 4-1: SCANTER 4102 Antenna System with Stabilizing Platform

The Antenna System comprises:

• Rotating Antenna element with turning unit, rotary joint, and azimuth encoder

• Antenna Control Unit (downmast unit)

• Stabilizing Antenna Platform, adding Servo Amplifiers, Rotary Joints, and Slip Rings. This also requires a stabilization data source (either from available Inertial Reference System onboard ship or, optionally, from a supplied Vertical Reference Unit: VRU).

• Option: Integrated IFF antenna elements.

Variable scan rate controlled through external command

5 - 40 RPM

8192 ACP and one ARP per scanPolarization control through external command

Antenna with StabilizingPlatform

600 kg upmast weight incl turning unit, rotary joint, encoder, andstabilizing platform

Pitch stabilization ±0.5º when pitch is within ±10º

Roll stabilization ±0.5º when roll is within ±10º

Roll stabilization ±1.0º when roll is between ±10º and ±25º



Table 4-3: Antenna Unit Characteristics

SCANTER 4102 12'-HG-HCP-C-35 Antenna Unit

Antenna 12 feet nominal

< 0.6º azimuth beam width

Modified cosec² elevation pattern

Horizontal and Circular

Polarization

> 35 dBi gain measured at output flange

< 1.3 dB VSWR

> 15 dB cancellation ratio

8.850 - 9.000 GHz frequency band

Operation

Dimensions 3970 mm antenna length

2020±50 mm swing radius

Unstabilized Antenna 400 kg upmast weight incl turning unit, rotary joint and encoder

1300 mm x 800 mm footprint

2000 mm x 1500 mm footprint

IFF option 15 kg to be added to above weights

Color Grey RAL 7001, Gloss factor 20 - 40

It is recommended to provide access to a free space of min 0,7m around the stabilized antenna to ease maintenance.

In addition access from underneath the stabilizing platform seat to access the interior parts from below is also recommended.

4.1.1 Antenna

The antenna denomination is 12’-HG- HCP-C-35 indicating a linear array antenna of Terma’s High Gain series with both a Horizontally Polarized (HP) and a Circularly Polarized (CP) beam. The elevation patterns in both beams are of the modified cosec2 type, and theantenna nominal gain at the output flange is 35 dBi.

One polarization can be used at a time. The polarizations are selectable through profiles/ by the operator as appropriate for operational reasons in a given environmental situation.

The interior build of the antenna system is illustrated in Figure 4-2 where the upper part provides the circularly polarized beam and the lower the horizontally polarized beam.



Figure 4-2 SCANTER 4102 Antenna

Optionally, a number of co-located planar monopole antennas as well as passive directors can be mounted inside the horizontally polarized antenna to form an integrated IFF antenna. The antennas provide orthogonal polarisations i.e. vertical for IFF and horizontal for the SCANTER radar.

The rotating joint provides two coaxial channels for the IFF antenna sum- and difference signals to be fed to the IFF interrogator.

4.1.1.1 Azimuth pattern

The -3dB points are used as the main parameter in antenna specifications for defining the antenna performance. However, achieving good overall shape and low far-out side-lobe levels is equally important.

Figure 4-3: Horizontal Radiation Pattern for 12’ HG Antenna.

The red solid line in Figure 4-3 shows the upper limit for the side-lobes.



4.1.1.2 Elevation pattern

The elevation pattern is designed to be a modified cosec2 pattern and the peak of the pattern is lifted slightly above the horizon to obtain optimum detection of air targets. This is done without compromising the detection of surface targets out to the natural limit set by the radar horizon.

Figure 4-4: 12’ HG Antenna with Cosec2 Elevation Pattern.

4.1.2 Turning Unit and Antenna Control Unit

Antenna rotation is driven by the turning unit including a rotary joint and an azimuth encoder.

The Antenna Control Unit controls Antenna Rotation – the ACU interfaces with the Trans-ceiver and controls the Turning Unit. The unit allow for an optimum programming of antenna rotation rate within 5-40 RPM to suit a given operational mode.

4.1.3 Man Aloft/ Safety Switch

The SCANTER 4102 includes a Man Aloft Safety Switch. The Switch will normally be located at a convenient mast access position.

When selected to the SAFE position, the Man Aloft Switch will:

• Inhibit Antenna rotation

• Inhibit Transmission

• Inhibit Roll and Pitch stabilisation



On reset of the Man Aloft Switch to NORMAL, Rotation and Transmission will not start automatically.

Man Aloft Switch status is reported by the SCANTER 4102 BITE via the “Safety Loop Open”group status.

The Man Aloft Switch is supplied as switch with removable Key, and will be suitable for integration with most ship’s Radiation Hazard (RADHAZ) rules and regulations.

4.2 Stabilizing Antenna Platform

If the antenna is mounted on the ship without a Stabilizing Antenna Platform the antenna rotation axis will be vertical only if the roll and pitch of the ship are zero. The antenna rotation axis will deviate (tilt away from) the vertical as soon as the ship exhibits roll and/or pitch motion.

Tilt in the vertical plane containing the antenna boresight means that the antenna elevation pattern will pitch up and down affecting the detection of targets. This effect will be minor for moderate roll and pitch angles but can have a significant effect for large roll and pitch angles.

Tilt in the vertical plane transverse to the antenna boresight means that the antenna elevation plane will not be vertical but will tilt according to the roll and pitch of the ship. This introduces systematic errors in the measured azimuth of air targets. The sizes of these errors are illustrated in the following figure:

Figure 4-5: Effect of antenna rotation axis transverse tilt on measured target azimuth as a function of target elevation

Above figure shows that antenna rotation axis tilt does not give rise to azimuth errors on surface targets (elevation 0º). For air targets approaching own ship at low elevation angles (<5º) typical for e.g. helicopter landing approaches the error is less than 0.5º if the roll or pitch



of the ship does not exceed 5º. For targets at high elevations as seen from the radar and for higher roll/pitch angles of the ship, the azimuth errors on these targets can be substantial.

The Stabilizing Antenna Platform is used to stabilize the antenna horizontally to compensate for ship roll and pitch movement, in order to improve air target tracking at higher elevations, and to provide a stable and non-fluctuating video as well as good azimuth accuracy.

Roll and pitch data are either provided from the ship’s own inertial unit or measured by the optional vertical reference unit (VRU). These data are fed to the stabilizing antenna platform control.

The Stabilizing Platform comprises:

• Motors, Gears, Servo Amplifiers and Encoders for Roll and Pitch Axes –physically mounted on the Platform

• Power Supply for the Servo Amplifiers – physically mounted within the UtilityRack.

Antenna Rotation is driven by the Turning Unit that is built into the Stabilizing Platform.

All Axes of Rotation on the Stabilizing Antenna Platform are fitted with Rotary Joints – that is, for:

• Roll Axis

• Pitch Axis

• Antenna Rotation.

The Rotary Joint for Antenna Rotation is combined with a slip ring assembly for all Antenna signals – these are for Polarization Command/Tell back and IFF signals.

Performance data and physical data for the stabilized antenna system are given in Table 4-3: Antenna Unit Characteristics.



4.3 Transceiver

The SCANTER 4102 Transceiver is located in a 19” width Cabinet. The interior at the rear of the cabinet internal waveguide assemblies are fitted with flanges for the waveguide connec- tion located at the top of the cabinet towards the front.

The Transceiver is fitted with removable side (only left side) and rear panels, secured by bolts providing easy access to the interior parts of the transceiver cabinet.

The Transceiver rack comprises:

• Digital generation and D/A conversion and amplification of chirps

• Transmitter comprising TWT RF Assembly and the TWT High Voltage PowerSupply Assembly

• Microwave components for connecting Transmitter output to the Antenna system, STC units and limiter, and filters.

• Receiver with additional STC for optimized dynamic range

• Processing (Air Channel) with Signal Processing on Common PlatformProcessing Boards

• Processing (Surface Channel) with Signal Processing on Common PlatformProcessing Boards

• LAN Switch

• Input/Output Unit

The front doors of the displayed racks contain built-in, water-cooled heat exchangers. A air- cooled version (so be placed in an air-conditioned place) is also available.



Figure 4-6: SCANTER 4102 Transceiver and Utility racks with water cooling in front doors



Connector panel with waveguide assembly behind

RxTx Unit

TWT amplifier

TWT power supply

Digital signal processing crate

with Common Platform, FPGA-based

processing boards

Internal IP-network (LAN) switch

Input/Output unit

Figure 4-7 SCANTER 4102 Transceiver – Cabinet Breakdown



4.4 Utility rack

The SCANTER 4102 utility rack is a 19” width cabinet. The Utility Rack is fitted with removable side (right side only) and rear panels for easy access.

Dehydrator

Empty positions

Ship Data Handler Processor

Drawer for service PC

External IP-network (LAN) switch

Tracker (VDT) Processor

Stabilizing Antenna Platform power unit

Input/output unit

Figure 4-8 SCANTER 4102 Utility Rack



The Utility Rack comprises:

• Video Distribution and Tracking, (VDT)

• Dehydrator (Waveguide Dryer)

• Ship Data Handler

• LAN Switch

• Drawer for service PC

• Primary Power Transformer Units

• Input/Output unit

• Power Management Unit for Stabilizing Antenna Platform

Table 4-4: Transceiver and Utility Racks

Transceiver and Utility Racks Assembly

Height 2150 mm incl. service space above

Width 1210 mm

Depth 1287 mm

Service space around > 550 mm recommended

Weight 820 kg approximately



5 Functional descriptionThe transceiver incl. the utility rack are the central components in the SCANTER 4102 radar system. The transceiver includes:

• Transmitter with power supply, modulated pulse (chirp) generation and power amplification using a TWT amplifier

• Microwave components for connecting the power output of the amplifier to the antenna system and for connecting the received signals to the receiver

• Coherent receiver, demodulation to IF and 14 bit A/D conversion of the signals

• Digital I-Q demodulation

• Digital generation of Normal Radar (NR) video and Moving Target Indicator(MTI) video

• Digital processing of NR and MTI video or weighted combinations thereof with settings optimized for air and surface target detection, respectively.

• The processed surface and air video streams are made available as network video and as digital video

Communication as well as signal distribution is on a single or a redundant IP network. Serial communication lines are available too, handling easy integration with other subsystems. The video outputs are available in both digital and IP network formats.

AntennaMan aloft

switch

Azimuth encoder, Man aloft switchand Antenna unit status

Transceiver

Transmitter Receiver

Controller Common PlatformBoards

Power supply I/O

management

Power I/O IP network

Digital videoSerial communication portsAuxiliary I/OEMCON and Tx inhibitGNSS data

Network videoControl, monitorin*g, and setup

Figure 5-1: Transceiver block diagram

Digital technology is used for frequency synthesis, up-conversion and demodulation, meaning that amplitude and phase imbalances are non-existent.

Integrated BITE functions perform continuous monitoring of the radar during start-up and operation. The monitoring includes key performance parameters, temperatures, voltages, signal activity.

5.1 Transmitter and TWT amplifier

Transmitted signals consist of frequency-modulated chirps on sub-band carriers. Transmission sequences are synthesized, then amplified through a Traveling Wave Tube Power Amplifier - TWTPA and directed to the antenna via the circulator.

The transmitter has the possibility to operate with different chirp lengths and Pulse Repetition Intervals (PRI) thereby optimizing coverage and detection at short and long range simultaneously.

The SCANTER 4102 will per default transmit for the complete 360°azimuth sector. Sector transmission can, however be commanded. Transmission sectors can be of type:

• Transmit Sector (north stabilized or unstabilized)

• Prohibit Sector (north stabilized or unstabilized)

Up to 4 sectors can be defined and be active simultaneously.

Prohibit sectors have priority over transmit sectors.

Transmitter

TypeSoftware-controlled waveform generation

Travelling Wave Tube (TWT) power amplifier

Frequency Band 8.850 - 9.000 GHz

Frequency Diversity Separation > 100 MHz

TWT RF peak / avg. / Equivalent peak power up to 12 kW / up to 600 W / up to 12 MW (profile dependent)

Peak power at output flange Specified > 7kW, Typical > 12 kW

Duty cycle Up to 5%

Ionization < 0.5 mRAD/hour

Microwave radiation Does not exceed permitted ICNIRP radiation limits

Modulation type Frequency - up to 20 MHz modulation bandwidth

Chirp duration 80 ns to 100 µs - Short and long chirps

Chirp Repetition Frequency - CRP 0.5 to 5 kHz

Stagger Up to 50 %

Sector transmission Up to 4 transmit/prohibit sectors (north or unstabilized)

Table 5-1 Transmitter Characteristics

5.2 Receiver

Returned echoes are directed to the receiver by the internal circulator.

The receiver sensitivity is dynamically and automatically controlled in range, in azimuth and over time. Optimum signal-to-noise performance and dynamic range are ensured by highly linear low noise amplifiers.

The signal level in the radar receiver chain is controlled by distributed Sensitivity Time Control (STC) and anti-saturation circuits. Thereby the receiver has a very wide linear dynamic range (+19 dBm to -100 dBm inclusive of up-front anti-saturation control) which permits simultaneous detection and processing of small and large targets – i.e. spatially close targets with considerably different RCS.

Attenuation applied depends of both azimuth and range, based on the actual signal level of both scans and sweeps. This enables extremely fast adaptation to the actual environment without degradation of PSLR.

The RF-signal is amplified in a Low Noise Amplifier and down-converted to Intermediate Frequency, where it is sampled by High-Speed A/D Converters, digitally I-Q demodulated, and forwarded for further processing.

Receiver

TypeDual channel - Superheterodyne

14 bit IF sampling @ 100 MHz

Overall dynamic range 119 dB - Amplitude span before pulse compression gain

Noise figure - Low Noise Front End - LNFE 1.8 dB typical

System Noise Figure < 5.0 dB

Sensitivity Time Control - STC > 70 dB - 1 dimensional profiled & 2 dimensional adaptive

Minimum Detectable Signal - MDS Down to - 130 dBm equivalent after pulse compression

Pulse compression ratio / gain Up to 1000:1 / ~ 30 dB

Peak SideLobe Ratio (PSLR) > 60 dB

MTI improvement factor 60 dB typical (Ground clutter)

Sub-clutter visibility 50 dB typical (Ground clutter)

Sub-clutter visibility in rain 30 dB typical

Table 5-2 Receiver Characteristics

5.3 Signal Processing

The processing of the digital video signals is made using advanced processing techniques further refined by Terma based on many years of experience from many radar sites repre- senting a multitude of environmental conditions. The processed surface and air videos are converted to an 8-bit logarithmic scale before being made available for tracking and image presentation.

5.3.1 Frequency Diversity and Time Diversity

The effect of the Terma SCANTER Frequency and Time Diversity capability is to improve the probability of detection of desirable targets by utilizing the different statistics of radar returns from targets and from clutter. This is achieved by illuminating the target with radar pulses in

different frequency bands and integrating the received radar echoes. In combination with full coherence and pulse compression the application of frequency and time diversity leads to a relative enhancement of targets echoes over clutter and to less fluctuations in target echo strength.

More specifically, targets are illuminated by more than one chirp in each pulse repetition interval (PRI). The transceiver is capable of transmitting 2 chirps with instant frequency change from chirp to chirp and the receiver has two receiving channels, making it capable of simultaneous reception of the radar returns at two different frequencies. This is superior to simple frequency alternation from PRI to PRI. Finally, frequency diversity within a PRI is combined with processing techniques considering multiple chirp trains.

Time diversity is achieved automatically when applying frequency diversity with an antenna that has a frequency dependent azimuthal squint - see Figure 5-2. The SCANTER 4102 antenna is an example of such antennas.

Rotation

F1 F1t0+ t t

0

Squint angle F2 F2t0+ t t

0

Figure 5-2: Frequency Diversity and Time Diversity concept

The radar returns of the two chirps with the different frequencies are kept in receiver mem- ory, until radar returns corresponding to the same azimuth can be integrated.

Illuminating with two chirps of different frequency has two effects:

• The integrated echoes from a target is enhanced as the application of frequency diversity turns Swerling case 1 target statistics into the statistics of Swerling case 3 targets or better (towards Swerling Case 2) leading to an improved PD (Probability of Detection). The improvement on target detection cor- responds to a signal-to-noise improvement of up to 6 dB.

• The integrated echoes from sea clutter are reduced due to the time diversity effect as sea clutter echoes are partially decorrelated. The total effect of frequency diversity and the induced time diversity is a 6 to 10 dB reduction of

sea clutter relative to small targets in rough sea conditions. In lower sea states the effect is less.

Full benefit from the frequency diversity is obtainable only if dynamic characteristics are adapted to actual weather and complex clutter situations. Therefore, the sensitivity is matched to the actual clutter levels, providing optimum detection at all ranges and in all directions.

Furthermore, the receiver and processing chain have sufficient dynamic range and all components provide sufficient resolution to handle the variety of signals coming from small and large targets at all ranges. This contributes substantially to provision of crisp and clear radar images in all weather situations. High resolution improves spatial discrimination of clutter from wanted targets and thereby enhancing the processing of targets and clutter.

The processed return signals for each of the frequencies are combined corresponding to identical antenna directions.

5.3.2 Full coherency

SCANTER 4102 is fully coherent utilizing amplitude and phase information during transmission and reception. A common, phase stable reference oscillator is used for transmission and reception. Coherency enables pulse compression and allows the receiver to compare the phases of the received echoes from chirp to chirp and thereby detect if targets are moving or not, utilizing the Doppler shift. Sub-clutter visibility is achieved for targets moving radial (moving in range) and with a speed different from clutter.

Antenna

1. chirp

Transmitter Receiver

2. chirp

Stable local oscillator

3. chirp

Figure 5-3: Coherency principle

5.3.3 Pulse compression

In order to illuminate a small air target at long distance with sufficient energy for detection, the transmitter has to transmit long pulses. Unless some advanced processing is used, this will lead to a significant loss of range resolution. The SCANTER 4102 radar sensor solves this problem by applying frequency modulation (chirping or frequency sweeping) to long pulses (therefore the name: chirp) followed by pulse compression. This leads to a simultaneous increase in range resolution as well as in signal-to-noise ratio.

When closely separated targets reflect these chirps, the frequency content of the echoes from different targets at a given time will be different as illustrated in Fig. 5-10


Equivalent compressed power

Power

Chirp with frequency sweep

Transmitter

Receiver / Processing

Antenna Time

Time

Power

Time Echo

Figure 5-4: Frequency sweep

By pulse compression, the signal-to-noise ratio is improved by a factor, equivalent to the chirp length times the effective bandwidth of the transmitted chirps. This factor is called the pulse compression gain. At the same time the effective echo range depth is narrowed down to a value determined by the chirp modulation band width.

A special feature of the pulse compression technique is that the resulting radar sensitivity to noise is independent of the resolution bandwidth. The resulting signal to noise ratio is therefore proportional to the transmitted power divided by the overall receiver noise figure. In consequence, the bandwidth can be selected freely e.g. to minimize the clutter power, having in mind that too fine a resolution will introduce a range-straddling loss. In other words, the radar sensitivity is determined by the transmitted power (chirp or pulse length), as in normal pulse radar, but the resolution can be selected freely.

A drawback from the transmission of long chirps is an extended minimum range – the radar is blind during transmission. This is compensated by the radar being capable of producing a mixture of short and long chirps to cover both short and long range.

4 sub-frequency bands are used and two different sequences of chirp patterns can be applied. For shorter range or tactical applications the alternating 1:1 mode is used, while the 4:7 mode is used for longer range, surveillance applications. The chirp pattern to be used is defined as part of individual profile set-ups.

Figure 5-5: Principle sketch of transmission sequence – tactical modes

Figure 5-6: Principle sketch of transmission sequence – surveillance modes

By nature, pulse compression will create time side lobes in a radar image. These are imper- fections in range, where a target will appear with “artificial” targets before and/or after the actual target. Similar effects, called antenna side lobes, can appear in azimuth.

Side lobes are unwanted, as they will limit the size of a small RCS target that can be detected next to a large RCS target. The ratio between the peak level of the target and the highest time side lobe is called the Peak Side Lobe Ratio (PSLR).

Traditionally side-lobes may be a severe limitation in pulse compression radars. However, a new approach has been developed by Terma to overcome this limitation. The result is that time side-lobes are strongly reduced, in the order of 60 dB.

Time side lobesTarget

Target

Antenna side lobes

Figure 5-7: Traditional performance and SCANTER 4102 performance

5.3.4 Sub-clutter visibility and Doppler shift processing

Sub-clutter visibility in the Transceiver is obtained by discrimination of speed based on theDoppler shift in the received coherent signal.

The Transceiver supplies two channels at the same time: Surface video and Air video.

Stationary targets such as earth ground clutter (land, buildings, etc) will be dominant at zeroor low Doppler frequencies, while targets with faster radial speed will produce higher Doppler shifts.

Stationary targets and clutter are suppressed by the use of a series of adaptive MTI filters and correlators. In addition special algorithms adapts the filters to the speed of sea and rain clutter, suppressing clutter even if it is moving, all resulting in the clean crisp display of moving targets only.

?

Land clutter Shoreline Moving target Trails

Figure 5-8: Before and after utilization of the Doppler shift

5.3.5 Target types

5.3.5.1 Air targets

In the air, it can be assumed that targets of interest will have speeds substantially different from the surroundings, or in the case of helicopters, to have high speed moving parts. Air- craft will in most cases have zero radial speed only for short periods, and the majority of air targets will furthermore have large radar cross section when flying tangentially. Basic detection is therefore based on Doppler information. Information from the normal radar is added when desirable.

Receive

Transmit

Transmit

Receive

Figure 5-9: The Doppler Effect seen from the radar

5.3.5.2 Helicopters

The helicopter rotor, particularly the construction between the rotor shaft and the rotor blades, will reflect radar pulses with Doppler shifts determined by the rotor rotation. This makes detection of a helicopter possible in MTI processed radar video when the helicopter is moving and also when it is hovering.

In heavy weather conditions the MTI processing ensures that only the targets of interest are detected while land, sea and rain clutter are cancelled.

Figure 5-10: Helicopter near windmill farm

Figure 5-11: Radar image of a helicopter near a windmill farm

In Figure 5-11 the helicopter and the moving wings of the windmills are detected in the Air video. Note that the video trails (in red) indicate helicopter detection very near the windmills.

5.3.5.3 Marine surface targets

For surface radar applications, the utilization of Doppler information is substantially different from the techniques used for air surveillance:

• Speed differences between targets and surroundings are much smaller and discrimination is therefore less efficient.

• Targets of interest on the surface will often move tangentially or with low radial speed for prolonged periods and in such cases, they will be completely suppressed.

• Most small surface targets have radar cross section virtually independent of their aspect angle. Therefore large echoes can not be expected for small tangentially moving surface targets.

Surface surveillance radars relying too much on Doppler information may therefore appear unstable in operation and detection. In consequence, the SCANTER radar series utilize both:

• Basic detection of surface targets based on non-Doppler processed (NormalRadar) signals and e.g. with scan-to-scan correlation techniques.

• Supplementary utilization of Doppler processed signals for detection of surface targets is added in applications where additional performance can be obtained.

A combination of the two channels are forwarded for presentation and tracking.

5.3.6 FiveStepVideoPassing™

After down conversion in the receiver the signal is sampled with 14 bit at 100 MHz, demodulated, pulse compressed and MTI processed. Surface video as well as Air video is forwarded for display and tracking through the FiveStepVideoPassing™.

The processes include automatic adaptation to the environment. Smart channel combiner and interference filtering suppresses asynchronous interferences and second/multiple time around returns, as staggered transmission sequences are used.

The Doppler processing will simultaneously suppress stationary targets as well as moving clutter. The MTI is compensated for own unit movements and the speed and propagation movement direction of clutter is automatically determined and utilized using specially developed algorithms.

Digital Data from ADC

FFT and PulseCompression

InterferenceRejection

5 StepVideoPassingTM

Doppler BasedProcessing

Azimuth SideLobe Supression 1

Constant FalseAlarm Rate

Combination of MTI/NR Frequencies/Chirps/Pulses

Pulse & SweepIntegration

Sea ClutterDiscriminator

Constant FalseAlarm Rate 2

Combination of MTI/NR 3Frequencies/Chirps/Pulses

Pulse & Sweep 4Integration

5

Combiner Combiner

SURFACE AIR

Figure 5-12: Signal processing, simplified

Auto adaptive parameter settings are used in the filters, in the Frequency Diversity com- biners and in the integration processes to minimize beam shape and other losses as well as to optimize sensibility.

Signals are converted from linear to logarithmic as part of the processing.

Several techniques have been combined into the SCANTER FiveStepVideoPassing™, being able to discriminate targets of interest from noise based on statistical properties in the signal.

5.3.7 Processed digital video output

Two output streams of processed digital video are provided on the IP network. Both videos are weighted combinations of the NR- and the MTI videos. The two videos are:

• A surface video stream predominantly containing NR video

• An air video stream predominantly containing MTI video

5.3.8 Environment Adaptation

A false alarm is an erroneous radar target detection decision caused by clutter, noise or other interfering signals exceeding the detection threshold. In general, it is an indication of the presence of a radar target when there is no valid target.

The CFAR – Constant False Alarm Rate - and other adaptation techniques provide automatic adjustments to provide a flat noise floor. Antenna side lobe suppression is an integral part of the CFAR functions.

The SCD - Sea Clutter Discriminator is another example of adaptation processing.

5.4 ECCM capability

The radar offers some ECCM (anti-jamming) capability by providing:

• Staggered transmission

• Frequency diversity and time diversity

• Pulse compression

• High dynamic range

• Low side lobes and narrow beam width

• Anti-interference processing

5.5 Controlling and using the radar

The radar can be controlled and monitored in different and possible parallel ways:

• Remotely from third party equipment using an open IP network protocol or serial lines

• By means of the Radar Service Tool running on any PC and connected to the transceiver(s) via the IP network.

• By means of the optional SCANTER Workstation

5.5.1 Profiles

Profiles are predefined sets of parameters chosen to optimize the performance of the radar sensor according to specific operational requirements. 16 pre-defined profiles are available allowing the operator to select mode in an easy and reliable way.

At any time and if implemented in the external control software, the operator may set specific radar parameters to override the definition of the profile.

Optimisation of this type is normally not used, but can be useful for improving performance under very special requirements or conditions such as:

• Unusual land or sea clutter conditions

• Atypical target

• Special tactical conditions and requirements

Many radar parameters can be modified in the sense of defining Profiles – as an example, the following elementary parameters are normally optimised:

• Instrumented range

• Antenna rotation rate

• PRF

• PRF Stagger

The profiles are selectable directly on the transceiver or through the IP network using e.g. theRadar Service Tool, the SCANTER Workstation, or some external control software.

Accuracy Standard GPS

Rate ≥ 1 Hz

Latency ≤ 30 ms

Distribution Correct time order

Interface RS-422 or RS-232

ProtocolNMEA 0183: $--RMC or $--GGA + $--VTG or $--GLL + $--VTG

Accuracy ≤ 0.002·sec(Latitude) radian (RMS)

Rate ≥ 100 Hz

Latency ≤ 10 msDistribution Correct time order


Protocol NMEA 0183: $--HDT

Accuracy - static 0.0004 radian (RMS) within 30° pitch

Accuracy - dynamic 0.0006 radian (RMS) within 30° roll

Rate ≥ 100 Hz

Latency ≤ 5 ms

Distribution Correct time order


Protocol Manufacturer dependent

5.6 Ancillary functions

5.6.1 Ship data handler

The Ship Data Handler is a computer in the Utility Rack and acts as both an interface and service module to the radar signal processing.

The Ship Data Handler is designed to permit flexible processing of Ship Data to simplify integration of the SCANTER radar in a wide variety of ship systems. The Ship Data Handler will handle:

• Interfacing to Ship Data: typically Roll, Pitch, Heading, Position and Velocity provided from ship’s sensors

• Redundancy processing between multiple sensor arrangements (if available)

• Generation of best estimate Ship Data for radar processing

• Estimate of Antenna velocity based on ship’s translational and rotational motion. Note that roll and pitch motion data are essential to obtain optimum performance of MTI filters. Roll and pitch data may optionally be provided by a vertical reference unit (section 8.2)

• Estimate of ship translational position and velocity.

Table 5-3: Ship data requirements

Position and Velocity

Own Ship Data

Heading

Attitude

(Roll and Pitch)

5.6.2 Input/Output Unit

The Input/Outout unit handles all communication to and from the radar – this includes:

• Digital 8 bit LVDS video

• UDP/IP network video

• Control signals

• Data-links

• Timing signals to external devices.

To handle the necessary data-rates, the Input/Outout unit contains several high-speed data interfaces. All external connections are accessible at the front of the module as shown by Figure 5-13 and Figure 5-14

Left section

Internal connections onlyMiddle section

External connections only

Right section

Mains switch + fuse

Keyboard, Mouse and monitor connections

Figure 5-13 SCANTER 4102 Input/Output Unit


Figure 5-14 Input/Output Unit – External interface section

5.6.3 BITE measurements and error handling

The BITE monitoring includes continuous monitoring of performance parameters such as:

• Mains-on time, transmitter on time, forward power, internal voltages and temperatures, antenna unit status etc.

• An advanced error handling system gives a quick overview as well as a detailed description of any error in the system

• Both features make up a powerful tool for preventive maintenance and fast and efficient repair in case of failure of easily replaceable modules

• Measurements and errors are stored in a log for inspection and later reference

Azimuth (deg) µ ≤ 0.6 σ ≤ 0.45

Helicopter Approach Profile µ ≤ 19

Short Range Profile µ ≤ 37

General Purpose Profile µ ≤ 37

Long Range Profile µ ≤ 83

Course (deg) Air target µ ≤ 5.0 σ ≤ 7.5

Surface target µ ≤ 5.0 σ ≤ 5.0

Air target µ ≤ 2.5 σ ≤ 3.5

Surface target µ ≤ 1.5 σ ≤ 2.0


6 Video Distribution and TrackingThe Video Distribution and Tracking (VDT) unit is an important component of the SCANTER4102. The VDT provides processed radar video, plots, and tracks on a TCP/IP and UDP/IP network interface. The VDT has been optimized with the SCANTER 4102 to provide all- weather detection and tracking of small targets in cluttered environments. Special emphasis is on tracking smaller aircraft, fighter aircraft, and helicopters as well as small surface targets like RIBs, Jetskis, FIACs, wooden boats, sailboats, buoys, etc. However, larger targets like airliners, merchant vessels, and navy vessels will of course also be tracked.

6.1 Tracker performance

Table 6-1: Track data performance

Zones

Total zones Up to 10,000 zones (AAZ, NAAZ, NTZ, VMZ)

Zones in radar area Up to 125 active zones within radar area

Capacity

Plots Up to 5000 plots/scan

Tracks Up to 500 tracks

Speed

Surface 0 - 70 kts

Helo 0 - 120 kts

Air 25 - 1000 kts

Accuracy - Position

Mean Error Standard Deviation

Range (m)

σ1)

≤ 9.5

Accuracy - Velocity

Mean Error Standard Deviation

Speed (m/s)

1) Depends on selected profile


Conditions

Range accuracy Assumes target range ≤ 90 km

Rmax Maximum range for the used radar profile

Target Point target, Swerling 3, steady course and speed

Origin of data SCANTER 4102 antenna

Absolute reference system For Lat/Long conversions, WGS-84 Ellipsoid is used

Sea state Sea state ≤ 3

Probability of Detection PD ≥ 90 %

Probability of False Alarms (AA) P ≤ 10-4

FA

Probability of False Alarms (SU) P ≤ 10-3

FA

6.1.1 Time validity

SCANTER 4102 Tracks and Plot are time-stamped with the Validity-Time of the reported Target State Vector i.e. the time when when the radar echo was received from the target in question. The Track Data Validity-Time is determined in accordance with a reference time that is distributed by the time server.

The SCANTER 4102 uses GPS Time or a NTP Server as reference.

6.2 Primary VDT functions

The three primary functions of the VDT are:

• Reformatting the high quality radar video from the transceiver into packets suitable for distribution on a network

• Automatic detection of potential target echoes (plots). Plots can be distributed on the network interface

• Initiation and maintenance of tracks on these targets. Tracks are also distributed on the network interface

Figure 6-1 Examples of typical surface and air targets tested against the VDT


While the VDT is optimized for general tracking of both air and surface targets, particular emphasis is placed on performance against small surface targets under difficult clutter conditions. Small surface targets are characterized by possibly being non-metallic and of heights in the order of 0.5m to 1.5m. This means that the target will be hidden behind waves for a considerable part of the time, setting high demands on the tracker. The sea states for which small targets are observed are characterized by waves of 0.5 to 2 m height (sea state2 to 5).

6.3 Functional description

The VDT consists of the Embedded Tracker Package (ETP: contains the mathematical algorithms and processing for plot extraction and tracking) and the Video Distribution and Tracking shell (VDT: handles interfaces to the ETP and to the outside world and performs conversion of radar video to radar network format).

The ETP and the VDT execute in a Linux environment on a suitable PC hardware platform. The ETP may be configured with a variable number of ‘tracking lines’, each adapted to solving specialized tracking tasks. Up to 6 tracking lines may be configured according to the requirements of the application.

6.3.1 Video converter to network video

The return from each emitted pulse (the sweep) is sampled and processed as a function of time (or distance R = ½·c·t) in the transceiver. Each sweep is transferred as an 8 bit signal to the VDT together with information on radar range cell size, sweep azimuth value, and on own unit data. The sweeps are collected into radar video packages that are formatted and compressed with a lossless algorithm by the VDT in preparation for transmission on the network.

Uncompressed radar video is also sent to the VDT tracking lines for plot extraction and target tracking. The following is an example of radar network video:

Figure 6-2 Radar network video - example


6.3.2 The SCANTER 4102 tracking configuration

The VDT tracker utilizes 6 tracking lines: Tracking Line 1 and 2 (TL1 and TL2) are used for slow and fast air target tracking, respectively, while Tracking Lines 3 to 6 (TL3, TL4, TL5, and TL6) are optimized towards larger vessels, small and slow surface targets, small and fast surface targets, and helicopters, respectively. Moving helicopters may also be tracked inTL1. The configuration is depicted in the following figure:

Processed air and surface radar video

Transceiver User inputControl, monitoring

and map data

Plot extraction

Plot extraction

Plot extraction

Plot extraction

Plot extraction

Plot extraction

Video to LANconverter

Slow air tacker

TL1

Fast air tracker

TL2

General purpose tracker

TL3

Slow small target tracker

TL4

Fast small target tracker

TL5

Helicopter tracker

TL6

Correlation and combination

Video Distribution & Tracking VDT

IP network

Figure 6-3 SCANTER 4002 tracking lines configuration

Tracking lines 1 and 2 are fed with processed air target video (in short: air video), while tracking lines 3 through 6 are fed with processed surface target video (in short: surface video). The ‘component’ tracks from the individual tracking lines are correlated, and if morecomponent tracks are associated to the same target, a correlated track is created and sent to the radar network. If a target is associated with only component track, this track is passed onto the radar network.

6.3.2.1 Track data output

The VDT distributes track data with the following attributes:

• Track ID number

• Date and time to nearest ms

• Track status (tentative, confirmed, lost, automatic, selected)

• Track kind (Target or buoy)

• Buoy name, if applicable. Otherwise, empty.

• Tracking line mask code indicating the tracking lines in which the target is tracked

• Plot size

• Target slant range from the radar

• Target true azimuth

• Target latitude and longitude in WGS-84

• Target speed and course over ground

• Track Quality Measure

• STANAG 5516 track quality

• Number of lacks i.e. number of scans since last track update by a new plot

• Track search window in range and in azimuth

• Standard error on filtered track position

An example of a track message is shown below:

track,199,2008,11,12,13,8,43,991,CA,TARGET,,1,31,69598,5.15790,56.49850,9.22303,203.30000,0.42140,21,9,0,1875,0.02692,331.00

An extended track message is also available. The extended track message adds information on the “Associated Plot” i.e. the plot selected for update of the track in question.

6.3.2.2 Plot output

The VDT distributes plot data with the following attributes:

• Date and time to nearest ms

• Originating tracking line number

• Video type

• Plot slant range from the radar

• Plot true azimuth

• Plot latitude and longitude in WGS-84

• Plot range and azimuth width

• Plot peak amplitude

• Plot integrated amplitude

• Plot sample count

• Plot credibility measure

An example of a plot message is shown below.

extplot,2008,11,12,13,7,57,737,1,59892,3.01960,55.69936,10.35875,46,0.00460

7 Peripheral units

7.1 The SCANTER Radar Service Tool

The SCANTER Radar Service Tool (RST) software include tools for set-up, commissioning and maintenance ot the SCANTER radars. All tools and features are part of a consistent whole, including:

• Situation display: Display live video or single-shot images, A-Scope, primary-, secondary- and AIS tracks, plots, maps, etc.

• Control/BITE: Control the radar’s operational state. Monitor the BITE error group status. Display statistics data collected by the transceiver.

• Parameter setup: Access all transceiver parameters for fine-tuning

• Documentation Library: Provide a library of all manuals and checklists relevant for setting-to-work and service

Figure 7-1: SCANTER Radar Service Tool (image from ship-borne radar)

The Radar Service Tool runs on a PC/portable PC connected to the IP network.

7.2 Dehydrator

As a result of temperature fluctuations and other environmental effects, pressure differences can arise between the in and outside of the waveguide. Under these conditions, wet-air can enter the waveguide system – humid air can also diffuse through antenna-windows and connections.

The SCANTER 4102 is equipped with an active waveguide drier of the regeneration type. The waveguide drier should run continuously after completion of the Setting-to-Work activities and during longer periods where the entire platform is in-operational. The dehydrator is powered from an internal 230VAC supply available in the Utility Rack.

Static desiccators may be used, if power is unavailable for longer periods.

8 Options

8.1 Air cooling

While water cooling is the recommended standard on the SCANTER 4102 transceiver and utility racks it is possible to have these racks delivered with doors without water cooling provided the racks are placed in a suitably air-conditioned radar room. The air cooling requirements are stated in 10.2.

8.2 Vertical Reference Unit

In the case that the ship cannot deliver roll and pitch data from it’s inertial navigation system, a vertical reference unit (VRU) can optionally be provided. It is recommended that such a vertical reference unit is mounted as close as possible to the ship’s centre of rotation.

Roll and pitch data are used as input to the stabilizing platform, but even in the absence of such a platform these data are used for compensation in the Doppler processing of the ship- induced movement of the antenna.

8.3 IFF

If the IFF option of the SCANTER 4102 antenna is selected the system is prepared for integration with IFF interrogators of various types. The details of the integration shall be defined in the individual projects.

The parameters of the IFF antenna are as follows:

Table 8-1: IFF Antenna Parameters

IFF Antenna

Operational frequency 1020 MHz to 1100 MHz

Polarization Vertical

Polarization Ratio > 20 dB

VSWR difference port < 1.5

VSWR sum port < 1.5

Gain > 16 dBi

Sum SLL < -24 dB

Sum 3 dB beam width < 7°

Difference null depth < -30 dB

Azimuthal coverage ( Diff. Above Sum ) > 4 dB

Elevation beam width 55° ± 5°

Ant. Beam angle rel. to boresight 0°

Peak Power < 5 kW

Based on typical parameters for a generic IFF interrogator and a generic IFF transponder, and with a gain of 16 dBi of the integrated IFF antenna elements, the following performance can be calculated:

Figure 8-1: IFF performance as a function of target range

Above figure shows that the power level from the interrogator will be above the transponder detection threshold to a distance beyond 130 NM. The transponder return will be above the interrogator detection threshold for an even longer distance. The range performance of the IFF system is therefore determined by the activation of the transponder by the interrogator and will be at least 130 NM.

Note that performance of the IFF system may degrade when utilizing short range radar profiles with high RPM.


8.4 SCANTER Workstation

The SCANTER Workstation is made to provide clear and crisp video presentation of even the smallest target. Further, tracks and plots can be displayed to provide surveillance and tactical support onboard Naval vessels equipped with a Terma SCANTER Radar System. Integration to other radar systems is also possible, but may require implementation of dedicated interfaces for the individual case.

The core SCANTER Workstation concept consists of a software application able to operate on a powerful processor, with a keyboard, a mouse/trackball and with one or two high- resolution monitors.

In addition, the workstation may be used for dedicated service and setup of SCANTERRadar Sensor Systems. All information flow to and from the SCANTER Workstation Software including, video, plots, tracks, control to and from the radar system is handled via IP network. The menus etc. are in English.

The SCANTER Workstation is available in the three below set-ups:

• A complete SCANTER Workstation including software, computer, and monitors installed in a console

• A SCANTER Workstation including software, computer, monitors for integration in a bridge system

• As SCANTER Workstation software application only, to be executed on a compatible computer and compatible monitors

Figure 8-2: SCANTER Workstation


9 Radar sensor performanceThis section will present some indicative performance expectations for a selected number of target examples typically encountered in the operational environment of a SCANTER 4102 radar sensor system. The indicative performance expectations are calculated assuming a standard installation and some standard environmental conditions.

In a specific project the indicative performance expectations will have to be replaced by actual performance expectations that shall be calculated based on the actual installation parameters and a user-defined target suite and environmental conditions.

Loosely speaking, radar sensor performance is understood as how far away or how “early” can the radar “see” an incoming target. To make this precise a performance figure is defined as follows:

• Target Detection Range (TDR) is defined as the maximum range at which a radially inbound target can be detected with a single scan Probability of Detection PD that exceeds a predefined threshold value.

9.1 Standard SCANTER 4102 installation and standard conditions used for performance evaluation

The following apply for the performance evaluations given below:

• Antenna height is 25 m above sea level.

• There is 10 m waveguide between the transceiver port and the antenna unit port.

• Environmental conditions (sea state, rain rate) are as specified in the individual calculations. Otherwise, a standard atmosphere is assumed.

• The PD threshold value is 0.9.

9.2 SCANTER 4102 Performance Expectations for Air Targets

A summary of the capability to detect various targets is given in Figure 9-1 and Figure 9-3 below, where the different colours illustrate different Sea States. The chart illustrates max. detection range of the various targets as stated. The model data used is based on the most appropriate for the applicable target i.e. the radar is operating in “Long Range” mode to detect and track airliners and “Self Defence/Helo Control” mode whilst detecting e.g. UAV’s.

The performance figures have been calculated assuming zero roll and pitch of the ship. Note that the figures give no indication of close range performance. Close range performance is partly determined by the selected operational mode (profile) and for air targets also by the cone-of-silence of the radar system. For a SCANTER 4102 with the 12’ Switchable Beam antenna the cone-of-silence begins at about 35º elevation.

Ta

rge

t c

ate

go

ryT

arg

et

ca

teg

ory


Air Detection; PD = 90% ; Antenna Height: 25mSea State 4 - 0mm/hr

Sea State 2 - 0mm/hr

UAV, RCS 0,15m2, 2500ft ASL7,7

9,2

Ultra Light 1m2; 1000ft ASL 12,011,0

Fighter Aircraft, RCS 3m2; 5000ftASL

23,030,0

General Aviation/Bomber, RCS10m2, 10000ft ASL

27,232,7

Helicopter; RCS 20m2; 1500ft ASL30,030,0

Airliner; RCS 300m2; 20000ft ASL 83,190,0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

Range [NMI]

Figure 9-1 Performance overview – Air Targets Detection Ranges

9.3 SCANTER 4102 Performance Expectations for Surface Targets

A summary of the capability to detect various surface targets is given in Figure 9-2 below, where the different colours illustrate different Sea States. The chart illustrates max detection range of the various targets as stated.

Surface Detection; PD = 90% ; Antenna Height: 25m Sea State 4 - 0mm/hr

Sea State 2 - 0mm/hr

Jetski; RCS 3m2; 1,5m ASL 8,58,5

RIB; RCS 5m2; 1,5m ASL8,98,9

Wooden fishing vessel; RCS 20m2; 2mASL

10,810,8

Fast Attack Craft, RCS 300, 5m ASL 14,614,6

Coster/OPV, RCS 2000m2, 15m ASL19,519,5

VLCC/Rig, RCS 200000m2, 50m ASL30,030,0

0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 16,0 18,0 20,0 22,0 24,0 26,0 28,0 30,0 32,0

Range [NMI]

Figure 9-3 SU Performance overview – Target Detection Ranges

10 System interface specificationsThis section summarises interfaces between the SCANTER 4102 and the external systems.

10.1 Power supply

Table 10-1 Power supply requirements

Power supply requirements

Designation Power supply Max power

Transceiver and utility racks 3 x 380-420 VAC, 50-60 Hz + ground 12 kW

Antenna system 3 x 380-420 VAC, 50-60 Hz + ground 4 kW

Stabilized antenna system 3 x 380-420 VAC, 50-60 Hz + ground < 14 kW

10.2 Cooling

The transceiver and utility racks can be either water cooled or air cooled. The requirements to either type are given below:

Table 10-2 Chilled water cooling

Maximum inlet pressure 10 bar

Pressure drop 1 bar approximately

Flow, Tranceiver rack 1 m3/hr

Flow, Utillity rack 0.5 m3/hr

Inlet temperature 5 - 8 °C

Max temp. Increase 6 °C

Maximum level of chlorides 50 mg/l

pH value 5.5 - 8

Suspended solids None visible

Glycol Up to 30% can be added

Anti-bacterials Can be added

Required external inlet filter Pipe strainer with max. mesh size of 0.5 mm

Heat dissipated 9000 W

Table 10-3 Air cooling

Air cooling

Heat dissipated, transceiver 6000 W

Heat dissipated, utility rack (optional) 3000 W

Heat dissipated, ACU 450 W

Flow rate, transceiver 1600 m3/hour

Flow rate, utility rack 1600 m3/hour

Flow rate, ACU 250 m3/hour

10.3 Digital data interfaces

The SCANTER 4102 exchanges commands, tellbacks, track and plot data by means of digital data interfaces. Interfaces are described briefly below, and are defined in the applicable interface documents which are separate to this Product Specification.

In general, SCANTER 4102 digital data interfaces are implemented as ASCII interfaces, distributed by Ethernet according to the TCP/IP standard.

10.3.1 Sensor commands and tellbacks

Sensor management covers controls and tellbacks for:

• Soft power On/Off

• Start/stop antenna rotation

• Select polarization

• Start/stop transmission

• Profile selection

• Selection and definition of transmission sectors

As example, the ASCII command for soft switch-on of the SCANTER 4102 is:

Set,Mains,On

10.3.2 Track management / Tracks and plots

Track management covers controls and tellbacks for:

• Definition of Tracker Zones (Auto-Acquisition, Acquisition-Inhibit, Track-Inhibit)

• Track operations e.g. initialisation and deletion

• Plot data output

• Track data output

Azimuth cell width (2 π / 4096 radians) = 1.53 mrads

Range cell depth 2 RInstrumented / 4096

Cell amplitude 8 bits [0..255]

Video cells / scan (4096 x 4096) = 16,777,216

Sweeps / video sector 3 32

Video sectors / scans 128

Video compression algorithm ZLIB

Video compression data slice 1 video sector

Fragments / compressed sector 4 dependent on video content

Maximum fragment size 4 64,000 Bytes

10.3.3 Own unit data

The radar sensor interfaces to ship’s systems to receive:

• Heading data (normally gyro data)

• Ship’s position (normally GPS data)

• Ship’s course and speed over ground (normally GPS data)

• Ship’s roll and pitch angles and speeds (from ship’s system or from optionalVertical Reference Unit)

Fall-back to other sources of own unit data (e.g. ship’s inertial navigation system) shall be handled externally from the radar system.

10.3.4 Video interface

SCANTER 4102 video is distributed on IP-network

Table 10-4 Video interfaces

Video interfaces

Definitions Video origin SCANTER 4102 VDT

Video orientation 1 North-oriented

Resolution

Video distribution

Transport Interface Ethernet, 100 Mbits/s, UDP, Multicast

1) Dependent on availability and accuracy of heading data as received on the High Speed Heading interface.

2) Range cell widths are in multiples of 6 m and determined by the decimation.

3) Video sector comprises 32 sweeps, each comprising 4096 range cells, each containing one byte

with the video amplitude [0..255]

4) Video for each video sector is compressed, and then split into ´fragments´, with the number of fragments

used as required to carry the complete compressed video sector data. A loss-less compression

algorithm is used

11 Safety

11.1 Protection of personnel – Cabinets

11.1.1 Markings

All units and parts containing hazardous material, fluids, voltages or others are clearly marked

11.1.2 Electrical

The following electrical safety mechanisms are provided:

• Protection Earth shall be provided for all cabinets, and for the antenna assembly

• All primary supplies are protected by either Fuses or Circuit Breakers

• All electrical hazards are clearly marked

• All hazardous voltages are covered – removal of covers shall only be possible with tools

11.2 Protection of personnel – Rotation and transmission

The SCANTER 4102 includes processing and devices for protection of personnel against hazards associated with antenna rotation and transmission, and stabilizing antenna platform motion.

11.2.1 Man Aloft Safety switch

The SCANTER 4102 includes a Man Aloft Safety Switch. The switch will normally be located at a convenient mast access position.

When selected to the SAFE position, the Man Aloft Switch:

• Inhibit antenna rotation

• Inhibit transmission

On reset of the Man Aloft Switch to NORMAL, rotation and transmission will not start automatically, but requires operator intervention. Man Aloft Switch status is reported by the SCANTER 4102 BITE. The Man Aloft Switch can be supplied as switch with removable key.

11.2.2 Transmitter safety

Transmission is protected by an interlock switch controlled by the transceiver door. Transmission is inhibited when the transceiver door is open.

On closing the transceiver door and the SCANTER 4102 is commanded ‘Transmit’, transmission will re-start automatically.

Transceiver door interlock status is reported by the SCANTER 4102 BITE.

11.2.3 Radiation safety distances

In the plane of the rotating antenna 20 m

Above or below the plane of the rotating antenna 1 m

11.3 Protection of equipment

11.3.1 Antenna control safety

The antenna is protected against defects that could lead to serious failures in the Antenna and Antenna Control Unit. Antenna control safety is verified by a 20 mA circuit that must be closed – if this circuit is opened, the safety inhibits are activated.

On detection of a failure in antenna control, rotation and transmission are inhibited.

On removal of the antenna control failure, rotation and transmission does not startautomatically.

Antenna status is reported by the SCANTER 4102 BITE

12 Environmental SpecificationsThe SCANTER 4102 is designed to perform satisfactorily during and following exposure to natural and induced environment associated with conditions of equipment storage, transportation, and shipyard installation.

The environment specifications for shipboard installation are summarized in the following sections.

Satisfactory performance of the system during and following exposure to these environment conditions has been verified by assessment and/or demonstrated through test.

The environmental capabilities allow for world-wide operation of the SCANTER 4102.

12.1 Environmental Conditions12.1.1 Below Deck Conditions

The following conditions apply to equipment fitted below deck – for the SCANTER 4102, this means:

• Transceiver

• Utility Rack

• Antenna Control Unit.

Table 12-1

Environmental Conditions - Below Deck

Temperature (Storage) -25°C .. +70°C

Temperature (Operational) 0°C .. +45°C

Temperature (Survival) +55°C

Temperature Shock ≤ 2°C/minute

Relative Humidity ≤ 95% non-condensing

Rainfall IP52

Pressure 860 .. 1085 millibar

Shock 30g half sine in 11ms, All orthogonal axes

Vibration (4 – 12.5 Hz) ±1.6mm

Vibration (12.5 – 80 Hz) 1g

Electromagnetic Radiation EN60945/EN6100-6-3

Electromagnetic Immunity EN60945/EN6100-6-2

12.1.2 Exposed Conditions

The following conditions apply to equipment fitted in open weather – for the SCANTER 4102, this means:

• Antenna with turning unit

• Stabilizing antenna platform.

Table 12-2

Environmental Conditions - Exposed

Temperature (Storage) -40°C .. +70°C

Temperature (Operational) -40°C .. +55°C + sun radiation

Temperature Shock ≤ 2°C/minute

Relative Humidity 10 - 95% non-condensing

Rainfall IP55

Corrosion Class 5, Marine

Sand and Dust IP55

Salt Fog Severity (1)

Acidic Atmosphere DEF-STAN 08-123 Data Sheet 3

Pressure 860 .. 1085 millibar

ShockVertical: 25g half sine in 33msHorizontal: 15g half sine in 33ms

Vibration (5 – 13.2 Hz) ±1.0mm

Vibration (12.3 – 100 Hz) 0.7g

Electromagnetic Radiation EN60945/EN6100-6-3

Electromagnetic Immunity EN60945/EN6100-6-2

Relative Peak Wind Speed(Survival) ≤ 70 m/s

Relative Wind Speed (0 – 25 m/s) No RPM Limitations

Relative Wind Speed (25 – 40 m/s) RPM ≤ 20 rpm

Relative Wind Speed (40 – 70 m/s) Disable Rotation

Solar Radiation 1120 W/m²

Hail (Size) 10 mm

Hail (Striking Velocity) 45 m/s

Ice (Operational at reduced performance) 20 mm

Ice (Survival) 200 mm


13 Availability, Reliability and MaintainabilityA Logistics report will be provided as a separate document. Periodic maintenance as well as occasional faultfinding and defect repair will be required.

The expected workload associated with the SCANTER 4102 is not expected to require full time support from on-board maintainers – it is therefore expected that maintenance of this system can be shared with other similar systems on board.

Support is estimated as:

Area of Responsibility Personnel

ManagementSCANTER 4102 can be handled within the scope of normal W&E departmental organisation

Transceiver, Utility 1 x Petty Officer (Radar/Electronics)

Rack and ACU 1 x Assistant (Radar/Electronics)

1 x Petty Officer (Electrical/Control/Electronics)Antenna, SAP 1)

1 x Assistant (Radar/Electronics)

Table 13-1 Maintenance Support Requirements

SCANTER 4102 Naval Air and Surface 2D Radar System with 12' HP/CP AntennaDoc. no: 674557-DP, Rev: A Page 61 of 711 Depending on ship/departmental organization and training, the Antenna and Stabilized Platform

might be considered as a separate unit

14 Terma supportThe Terma SCANTER radars are designed for un-interrupted service, tailored to individual applications and optimized for low life cycle cost.

The radar systems are furthermore modular in construction, and equipped with extensiveBITE facilities.

Preventive and corrective maintenance is easily accessible and maintenance on transceiver systems can be performed during operations. For the antennas, however, a short interruption is required for preventive maintenance at 6-12 months intervals.

14.1 Terma support

The Terma support covers the entire life cycle of the SCANTER products and Terma offer complete turn key solutions including delivery, installation, setting to work, training and maintenance.

Installation, setting to work, training and maintenance may alternatively be conducted by non-Terma personnel, but trained by Terma.

14.1.1 System definition, system location etc.

Terma offer expert support for system definition, system location etc. This may either be prior to contract or as part of the programme of works for a given contract.

14.1.2 Programme of Works

The considerable amount of experience and expertise gained at Terma over a number of years as both a prime and major subcontractor has resulted in a comprehensive and uniform approach to the Programme of Works providing:

• Establishment of a permanent, dedicated project management office common to all SCANTER Radar projects, acting as the single point of contact and responsibility to each individual project

• Clear, strong, and unambiguous lines of authority and responsibility for programme managers across functional boundaries

• High management visibility into programme progress, to permit rapid response in problem solving, resource allocation or other management actions

The project team set-up for the SCANTER product supplies is a highly dedicated group of employees with several years of experience within the field of radar technology, electronics, software, and telecommunication matters. Furthermore, this project team has access to the complete range of Terma expertise.

14.1.3 Installation and set-to-work of equipment

The installation and set-to-work of equipment takes its beginning by proper planning, documentation, outlining of cable plans and establishment of an actual implementation plan. This includes studying and preparation of special documentation as applicable.

14.1.4 Training

Training of customer operators and maintenance personnel is adapted to the specific equipment delivered. The training courses are conducted by experts (design engineer and/or technician) from Terma and any involved major subcontractor(s).

The course instructors have in-depth knowledge about the products and their operation. The theoretical training takes place in dedicated classrooms all being equipped with the necessary services.

14.1.5 Spare parts

The Terma SCANTER radars are often part of mission-critical solutions. This call for redundancy and/or fast access to corrective maintenance and spare parts. The Terma support includes:

• Supply of spare part packages and consumerables

• Exchange service for spare parts, where a defective LRU is replaced with a repaired or new unit from stock at a fixed price

• Repair service where a defective LRU is repaired at cost.

14.1.6 Maintenance contracts

Terma offer contracts for preventive and corrective maintenance, to individual customer requirements.

15 Verification

15.1 Definitions

Compliance with the requirements will be proven by test, analysis, demonstration, inspection or review.

Test is defined as the measurement of performance data of the properties and characteristics of the functions, under the appropriate conditions and in accordance with the test procedures. The data are subsequently used to evaluate quantitative performance and effectiveness characteristics of the function under test. Evaluation includes comparison of the demonstrated characteristics with the requirements. Tests are conducted when anacceptable level of confidence cannot be established by other methods or if testing can be shown to be the most cost effective method.

Analysis is defined as the use of analytical techniques (including computer models) to interpret or explain the behaviour of an observed component or function.

Demonstration is defined as the presentation of non-instrumented functions where visual observation is the primary means of verification. Demonstration is used when quantitative assurance is not required for verification.

Inspection/Review is defined as the visual and dimensional checks or measurements to verify design features, workmanship, physical conditions and dimensional requirements, by review of the approved documentation (drawings, specifications, processes) or the equipment itself.

External is defined as verification of certain external interfaces (typically data) that are necessary to meet the defined performance level for the SCANTER 4102 to achieve the required specifications in this document. Verification of external systems will not be carried out by Terma within the scope of these formal tests.

15.2 Requirements tracing

The Test Verification Matrix will define the basis for the tracing of validation of requirements in this Product Specification.

15.3 Testing

Verification of the SCANTER 4102 will be conducted in accordance with the Test VerificationMatrix. Verification testing will be conducted by Terma A/S – where validation requirestesting of the radar together with other systems (for example, integration testing), tests will be conducted by Terma and the various partners involved.

Tests will be carried out according to a Test Procedure which defines the objective, method and success criteria of each test. Results will be formally noted in a Test Record. Testing will be executed by Terma A/S, and approved by a Witnessing Authority who will represent the Customer.

Apart from Terma-internal testing (for example, production testing of Assemblies and Sub- Assemblies), the radar will be subject to the following formal Acceptance Tests.

Phase Test Description

Schedule

Factory Acceptance Test

The FAT will be conducted on completion of production, and normally shortly before the Prime Equipment is shipped for installation.

The FAT will verify and demonstrate that the SCANTER 4102 is fundamen- tally functioning on completion of production.

Because the FAT takes place under a1.

(FAT)

Harbour Acceptance2. Test

(HAT)

System Integration Test3.

(SIT)

Description

Document

Schedule

Description

Document

Schedule

controlled environment, certain sys-tem validation trials that cannot be carried out on-board a ship, will beexecuted at this time.

The SCANTER 4102 will be tested as a stand alone system with ship data simulators.

The FAT procedure shall be produced by Terma and submitted for approval prior to commencement of the FAT.

The HAT will be conducted on completion of installation and setting-to- work phase on-board.

The HAT will verify and demonstrate that the SCANTER 4102 is functioning as specified when ship fitted, and with the ship alongside.

Depending on the arrangements and schedules for the specific project, the HAT might be carried out with all interfaces, or with some interfaces simu- lated.

The HAT procedure shall be produced by Terma and submitted for approval prior to commencement of the HAT.

The SIT will normally be conducted on completion of the system integration phase which will normally follow the HAT. SIT’s are normally executed for both hardware and software interfaces.

Preliminary SIT(s) might take place at earlier phases of a project.

Phase Test Description

Description

Document

Schedule

Description

Sea Acceptance Test4.

(SAT)

Document

The SIT will verify integration of the SCANTER 4102 with all interface partners. In general, a SIT will be carried out for all electrical interfaces with the radar, and with emphasis on data- interfaces.

Successful completion of the SITdemonstrates that the SCANTER4102 can be fully integrated into the total Combat Suite.

Individual SIT’s are normally carried out for each individual interface. SIT procedures (typically there are multiple test procedures) are normally produced by the leading interface partner for each interface. For those documents that are produced by partners or by the CSI, Terma will provide support in preparation of test procedures.

The SAT will take place on completion of Combat Suite setting-to-work and integration testing.

The SAT will verify the SCANTER4102 in the fully fitted configuration, with all interfaces and in a sea-goingenvironment.

The SAT will normally be the final acceptance test of the radar.

The SAT might be structured into phases that also include SAT- preparatory tests such as Alignment.

The SAT procedure will normally be produced by the CSI, and will normally be defined as a Combat Suite- wide test procedure. Terma will provide support with the preparation of the SAT procedure, and can provide test definitions for the SCANTER4102 verification phases.

16 Quality assurance certification

AQAP-2110

For more than 25 years, Terma A/S has been certified to the NATO Quality standard AQAP-1, later AQAP-110 and AQAP-150, and since 2006, Terma has been assessed and certified to AQAP-2110 by Bureau Veritas Certification.

ISO 9001

Since 2003, Terma has been assessed and certified to ISO 9001 by Bureau VeritasCertification.

Terma Quality Management System

Terma Quality Management System is an inherent part of the Terma Management System (TMS), which is an on-line process orientated information system on Terma’s intranet. TMS is formed as a front-end to the Quality Handbook and other business procedures for each business area giving an easy way to gain relevant information to the individual employee based on the actual job and stage in the process.

Other certifications

Contact Terma A/S for a complete list of various second party approvals and certificates

17 Documents, definitions and abbreviations

Table 17-1: SCANTER 4102 Cross Reference

SCANTER 4102 cross reference

DiagramsInstallation Drawing 264420-ZD

InterfacesTransceiver External Interface Specification

Utility Rack External Interface Specification

SCANTER Radar System Protocol

SCANTER 6000 Series Transceiver Control Protocol Data Definition

SCANTER Network Video Protocol

SCANTER Track Management Protocol

SCANTER Plot Management Protocol

SCANTER Own Unit Management Protocol

Own Unit Data Interface

264000-DI

264640-DI

502074-DI

386308-DI

304124-SI

303949-SI

304284-SI

304203-SI

582744-DI

Handbooks and QualificationOperators Manual

Technical Manual

Embedded SW package, licence for 1 site

RST SW package, licence for multiple users

N/A

264400-HT

Included

Included

Options and AccessoriesInstallation materials

Man aloft switch

Individual

Individual

Tabletop service display computer Optional

Ruggedized service display computer Optional

Laptop service display computer Optional

Digital video cable

Maintenance tool kitOptional

Optional

Subsystems12'-HP_HP/CP-C-35 Antenna System 349880-DP

ARMSCANTER 4100 Logistics Report 309269-RA

17.1 Definitions

Table 17-2 Definitions

Definitions

Accuracy The difference µ between the average of repeated measurements of the same quantity

under identical conditions and the known reference value (the ‘true’ value).

For example, accuracy can be estimated by comparing the difference between the average

of the radar measurements of the range to a fixed reference target and the range value

calculated from the geographical co-ordinates of the reference target and the radar

sensorAzimuth angle (α) Measured in horizontally stabilised, north-oriented reference plane, centred on the SCANTER

antenna. Positive Azimuth : Clockwise Rotation from above

[-180 ≤ α ≤ +180] or [000 ≤ α ≤ +360]

(α = 0) → (Target = North)

Cell (radar) The disc around the radar out to the maximum range is covered by a polar grid that comprises

4096 equal-angle azimuth sectors, with each sector divided into 4096 range cells of equal

range depth. A specific range cell in a specific azimuth sector is termed a radar cell.

Precision The standard deviation σ of repeated measurements of the same quantity under identical conditions,

for example, the standard deviation of the measurements of the range to a fixed reference target

Range SCANTER radar range is Slant range, with origin at the radar antenna

Scan One complete rotation of the SCANTER antenna

SCANTER time The validity as reported by the SCANTER radar is synchronized with an external

time server and is reported in ASCII format in millisecond precision

Sweep The radar return of one transmitted puls as a function of range

Track A track is a filtered version of a time series of radar plots. As apart of the filtering process

characteristics such as speed and course of the target are derived. The track state vector for

a certain time will contain considerable information on the target of which the most prominent

are

18 Abbreviations

Table 18-1 Abbreviations

Term Definition

AC Alternating Current

ACP Azimuth Count Pulse / Antenna Count Pulse

ACU Antenna Control Unit

ADC Analogue to Digital Conversion

AQAP Allied Quality Assurance Publications

ARM Availability, Reliability and Miantainability

ARP Azimuth Repitition Pulse / Antenna Reset Pulse

ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange

ASL Above Sea Level AToN

Aids To Navigation

BITE Built-in Test Equipment

CCTWT Coupled Cavity Travelling Wave Tube

CFAR Constant False Alarm Rate

CMS Combat Management System

COG Course Over Ground

CP Circularly Polarized

CSA Canadian Standards Association

CSI Combat System Integrator

DBSA Dual Beam Stabilized Antenna

DC Direct Current

ECCM Electronic Counter-Counter Measures

EIA Electronics Industries Alliance

EMC Electro-Magnetic Compatibility

EMCON EMission CONtrol

EMI Electro-Magnetic Interference

ESD Electro Static Discharge

ETP Embedded Tracker Package

FAT Factory Acceptance Test

FM Frequency Modulation

FMCW Frequency ModulationContinuous Wave

GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System

GPS Global Positioning System

HAT Harbour Acceptance Test

HDG Heading

HP Horizontal Polarization

HTML Hypertext Mark-up Language

I/O Input/Output

IEC International Electrotechnical Commision

IFF Identification Friend or Foe

IMO International Maritime Organization

IP Internet Protocol

ISO International Organization for Standardization


Term Definition

LAN Local Area Network

LNA Low Noise Amplifier

LRU Line Replacable Unit

LSAR Logistics Support Analysis Report

MDR Minimum Detection Range

MDS Minimum Detection Signal

ME Mean Error

MFC Multi Function Console

MM Missile

MMI Man Machine Interface

MMIC Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits

MRP Master Reference Plane

MRS Master Reference System

MTBF Mean Time Between Failures

MTI Moving Target Indicator

MTTR Men Time To Repair

NMEA National Marine Electronics Association

NTIA National Telecommunications and Information Administration

NTP Network Time Protocol

NTZ Non-Tracking Zone

NAAZ Non-Automatic Acquisition Association

PA Power Amplifier

PC Personal Computer

PEX Plot Extractor

PPI Plan Position Indicator

PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency

PRI Pulse Repetition Interval

PSLR Peak Sidelobe Level Ratio

R&TTE Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment Directive

RCS Radar Cross Section

RMS Root Mean Square

RPM Rotations Per Minute

RSAV Radar Sensor Administration and Viewer

RTV Radar and Track Viewer

RxTx Transmitter - Receiver unit

SAP Stabilized Antenna Platform

SAT Sea Acceptance Platform

SCD Sea Clutter Discriminator

SCL Ship Centreline

SD Standard Deviation

SIRP Ship Internal Reference Point

SIT System Integration Test

SOG Speed Over Ground

SRRT SCANTER Radar Recording Tool

SSI Sweep to Sweep Integration


TVM Test Verification Matrix

TWS Track While Scan

TWT Travelling Wave Tube

UDP/IP User Datagram Protocol / Internet Protocol

UL Underwriters Laboratories

VCRI Verification Cross Reference Index VDT Video Distribution and Tracking VDU Video Distribution UnitVMZ Video Masking Zone

VRU Vertical Refernce Unit

VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

W&E Weapons and Electrical

WAN Wide Area Network

WGD Waveguide Dryer