Upload
spr1ingrains7607
View
39
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Revised International Table of Glycemic Index (GI) and Glycemic Load (GL) Values—2008
By David Mendosa
GI of 55 is low; GL of 10 is low.
Glycemic Index & Glycemic Load Rating Chart
This is the definitive table for both the glycemic index and the glycemic load. I am able to reproduce it here courtesy of the author, Professor Jennie Brand-Miller of the University of Sydney. It is based on a table in different format but no more foods published December 2008 in Diabetes Care. However, only the abstract is free online there.
This table includes the glycemic index and glycemic load of more than 2,480 individual food items. Not all of them, however, are available in the United States. They represent a true international effort of testing around the world.
The glycemic index (GI) is a numerical system of measuring how much of a rise in circulating blood sugar a carbohydrate triggers–the higher the number, the greater the blood sugar response. So a low GI food will cause a small rise, while a high GI food will trigger a dramatic spike. A list of carbohydrates with their glycemic values is shown below. A GI is 70 or more is high, a GI of 56 to 69 inclusive is medium, and a GI of 55 or less is low.
GI = how FAST carb turns to sugar.
GL = how much carb is in a serving. GL = 20+ HIGH; 11-19 MED; 10 or less LOW.
The glycemic load (GL) is a relatively new way to assess the impact of carbohydrate consumption that takes the glycemic index into account, but gives a fuller picture than does glycemic index alone. A GI value tells you only how rapidly a particular carbohydrate turns into sugar. It doesn't tell you how much of that carbohydrate is in a serving of a particular food. You need to know both things to understand a food's effect on blood sugar. That is where glycemic load comes in. The carbohydrate in watermelon, for example, has a high GI. But there isn't a lot of it, so watermelon's glycemic load is relatively low. A GL of 20 or more is high, a GL of 11 to 19 inclusive is medium, and a GL of 10 or less is low.
Foods that have a low GL almost always have a low GI. Foods with an intermediate or high GL range from very low to very high GI.
Both GI and GL are listed here. The GI is of foods based on the glucose index–where glucose is set to equal 100. The other is the glycemic load, which is the glycemic index divided by 100 multiplied by its available carbohydrate
My previous glycemic index page, which this page supplants, was based on the 2002 table published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. That in turn supplanted my original glycemic lists page, which was based on the original 1995 publication of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
I know that some people would prefer the relative simplicity of a list of just the most common American foods. You can find such a list at http://www.mendosa.com/common_foods.htm.
Table of glycemic index and load values
The average GI of 62 common foods derived from multiple studies by different laboratories
High-carbohydrate foods GIWhite wheat bread* 75±2Whole wheat/whole meal bread 74±2Speciality grain bread 53±2Unleavened wheat bread* 70±5Wheat roti 62±3Chapatti 52±4Corn tortilla 46±4White rice, boiled* 73±4Brown rice, boiled 68±4Barley 28±2Sweet corn 52±5Spaghetti, white 49±2Spaghetti, whole meal 48±5Rice noodles† 53±7Udon noodles 55±7Couscous† 65±4Breakfast CerealsCornflakes 81±6Wheat flake biscuits 69±2Porridge, rolled oats 55±2Instant oat porridge 79±3Rice porridge/congee 78±9Millet porridge 67±5Muesli 57±2
If you are looking for a relatively simple description of the glycemic index, please see my article titled "The Glycemic Index" at http://www.mendosa.com/gidigest.htm.
This table may be freely utilized for personal use, but may not be copied to any other Web site or publication. Webmasters of other Web sites are, however, welcomed to link this Web page.
Before asking about the glycemic index or glycemic load, please refer to my main Glycemic Index page.
Fruit and fruit productsApple, raw† 36±2Orange, raw† 43±3Banana, raw† 51±3Pineapple, raw 59±8Mango, raw† 51±5Watermelon, raw 76±4Dates, raw 42±4Peaches, canned† 43±5Strawberry jam/jelly 49±3Apple juice 41±2Orange juice 50±2VegetablesPotato, boiled 78±4Potato, instant mashed 87±3Potato, french fries 63±5Carrots, boiled 39±4Sweet potato, boiled 63±6Pumpkin, boiled 64±7Plantain/green banana 55±6Taro, boiled 53±2Vegetable soup 48±5Dairy products and alternativesMilk, full fat 39±3Milk, skim 37±4Ice cream 51±3Yogurt, fruit 41±2Soy milk 34±4Rice milk 86±7LegumesChickpeas 28±9Kidney beans 24±4Lentils 32±5Soya beans 16±1Snack productsChocolate 40±3Popcorn 65±5Potato crisps 56±3Soft drink/soda 59±3Rice crackers/crisps 87±2SugarsFructose 15±4Sucrose 65±4Glucose 103±3Honey 61±3
Data are means. *Low-GI varities were also identified. †Average of all available data.
Glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) values determined in subjects
Food Number and Item Serve
(Glucose Size= 100) g
BAKERY PRODUCTSCakes
1 Banana cake, made with sugar 47±8 602 Banana cake, made without sugar 55±10 603 Carrot cake, prepared with coconut flour (Philippines) 36 604 Chocolate cake made from packet mix 38±3 111
with chocolate frosting (Betty Crocker,General Mills Inc., Minneapolis, USA)
5 Cupcake, strawberry-iced (Squiggles, 73±12 38Farmland, Grocery Holdings, Tooronga, Australia)
6 Lamingtons (sponge dipped in chocolate and 87±17 50coconut) (Farmland, Grocery Holdings, Australia)
7 Pound cake 0% (Bimbo S.A de C.V, Mexico) 38±5 608 Raspberry Coffee cake, President's Choice® 50±4 60
9 Vanilla cake, made from packet mix with 42±4 58vanilla frosting (Betty Crocker, USA)Desserts
10 Apple Berry crumble, President's Choice® 41±3 165
11 Bavarian (mousse filling on biscuit base), Chocolate 31±5 75honeycomb, light (Sara Lee Bakery, Australia)
12 Danish, Apple & Peach, light (Sara Lee Bakery, 50±4 50Australia)
13 Doughnut, wheat dough, deep-fried (China) 75±7 50Muffins
14 Apple muffin, made with rolled oats and sugar 44±6 6015 Apple muffin, made rolled oats and without sugar 48±10 6016 Apple Blueberry muffin (Sara Lee Bakery, Australia) 49±4 6017 Apple, oat, sultana muffin (Australia) 54±4 5018 Apricot, coconut and honey muffin (Australia) 60±4 5019 Banana, oat and honey muffin (Australia) 65±11 5020 Blueberry muffin (Sara Lee Bakery, Australia) 50±3 6021 Blueberry (Wild) 10-Grain muffin, President's Choice® 57±7 70
22 Chocolate butterscotch muffin (Australia) 53±5 5023 Chocolate chip muffin (Sara Lee Bakery, Australia) 52±6 6024 Cranberry & Orange Soy muffin, President's Choice® 48±6 70
25 Double chocolate muffin (Sara Lee Bakery, Australia) 46±4 6026 Muffin, plain, made from wheat flour (Spain) 46±8 5027 Muffin, reduced-fat, low-calorie, made from 37±3 50
high-amylose corn starch and maltitol (Spain)28 Raisin Bran Flax muffin, President's Choice® 52±3 70
GI2
Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
29 Raspberry Pomegranate muffin, President's Choice® 58±7 70
Pancakes30 Pancakes, homemade (Fiji) 66±9 8031 Pancakes, prepared from shake mix 67±5 80
(Green's General Foods, Glendenning, Australia)32 Pancakes, prepared from wheat flour (China) 80±4 8033 Pancakes, buckwheat, gluten-free, made from packet 102±11 80
mix (Orgran Natural Foods, Carrum Downs, Australia)34 Pancakes, gluten-free, made from packet mix 61±6 80
(Freedom Foods, Cheltenham, Australia)35 Pancakes, prepared with coconut flour (Philippines) 46 8036 Pan de sal (sweet bread roll), containing coconut 61 80
flour (Philippines)37 56±5 5038 Pikelets, Golden brand (Tip Top Bakeries, 85±14 40
Chatswood, Australia)
39 Scones, plain, made from packet mix 92±8 25(Defiance Milling Co, Australia)BEVERAGES
40 Aussie Bodies Start the Day UHT, Choc Banana 24±3 250 mLflavored drink (Aussie Bodies Pty Ltd, Australia)
41 Aussie Bodies Start the Day UHT, Chocolate 26±4 250 mLflavored drink (Aussie Bodies Pty Ltd, Australia)
42 66±7 250 mL43 33±4 250 mL
44 25±4 250 mL
Coca Cola®45 Coca Cola®, soft drink (Coca Cola Amatil, Sydney, 53±7 250 mL
Australia)46 Coca Cola®, soft drink (Coca Cola Bottling 63 250 mL
Company, Atlanta, USA)47 Cordial, orange, reconstituted (Berri Ltd, 66±8 250 mL
Berri, Australia)48 Fanta®, orange soft drink 68±6 250 mL
(Coca Cola Amatil, Australia)49 Fruit punch (USA) 67 250 mL50 Lemonade, Scheweppes®, lemon soft drink 54±5 250 mL
(Cadbury Schweppes, Sydney, Australia)51 Mars Active® Energy Drink, flavored milk 46±4 250 mL
(M&M/Mars, USA)52 Orange Delight Cocktail with pulp, 44±5 250 mL
(Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)53 52±5 250 mL
with water (GlaxoSmithKline Group, Australia)
Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
Pastry, puff (PampasTM, Australia)
Beer, Toohey's New (Tooheys Pty Limited, Australia)7
Chocolate DaydreamTM shake, fructose (RevivalSoy®, Physicians Pharmaceuticals, Inc, USA)8
Chocolate DaydreamTM shake, sucralose (RevivalSoy®, Physicians Pharmaceuticals, Inc, USA)8
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM
RibenaTM blackcurrant fruit syrup, reconsituted
Rice milk drink54 92±9 250 mL
(So Natural Foods, Taren Point, Australia)55 Vitasoy® rice milk, low-fat, calcium enriched 79±8 250 mL
56 37±5 250 mL(Slim Fast Foods Company, Englewood, USA)Smoothie, made from milk and fruit
57 Smoothie, banana (Australia) 30±4 250 mL58 Smoothie, banana and strawberry, V8 Splash® 44±3 250 mL
(Campbell's Soup Company, Camden, USA)59 Smoothie, mango (Australia) 32±4 250 mL60 Smoothie, raspberry (Con Agra Inc, Omaha, USA) 33±9 250 mL
mean of four foods 35±3 250 mLSmoothie, made from soy milk
61 Smoothie drink, soy, banana 30±3 250 mL
62 Smoothie drink, soy, chocolate hazelnut 34±3 250 mL
63 58±5 250 mL
64 Soy Beverage, Chocolate flavored, President's 40±5 250 mL
(Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)65 Soy Beverage, Original flavored, President's Choice® 15±4 250 mL
66 Soy Beverage, Vanilla flavored, President's Choice® 28±3 250 mL
67 Up & Go, cocoa malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal liquid 43±5 250 mL
68 Up & Go, original malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal 46±5 250 mL
69 V8 Splash®, tropical blend fruit drink 47±4 250 mL(Campbell's Soup Company, USA)
70 Xpress, chocolate (soy bean, cereal and 39±2 250 mL
(So Natural Foods, Australia)71 V8® 100% vegetable juice 43±4 250 mL
(Campbell's Soup Company, USA)72 Yakult®, fermented milk drink with 46±6 65 mL
73 Yakult® Light, fermented milk drink with 36±6 65 mL
Sports drinks74 Gatorade® (Spring Valley Beverages Pty 78±13 250 mL
Ltd, Cheltenham, Vic, Australia)75 Isostar® (Novartis Consumer Health, 70±15 250 mL
Nyon, Switzerland)
Rice milk drink, low-fat, Australia's Own NaturalTM
(National Foods Ltd, Australia)8
Slim FastTM French Vanilla ready-to-drink shake
(So Natural Foods, Australia)8
(So Natural Foods, Australia)8
SoloTM, lemon squash, soft drink(Cadbury Schweppes, Australia)8
Choice® Blue MenuTM
Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
breakfast) (Sanitarium Health Foods, Australia)8
liquid breakfast) (Sanitarium Health Foods, Australia)8
legume extract drink with fructose)8
Lactobacilus casei (Yakult, Dandenong, Australia)
Lactobacilus casei (Yakult, Dandenong, Australia)
76 Sustagen Sport® (Mead Johnson, 43±9 250 mLRydalmere, NSW, Australia)
77 Thorpedo® Advanced Hydration for Kids, all flavors 11±2 250 mL(Thorpedo Foods, Australia)
78 Thorpedo® Ultra Low GI Energy Water, all flavors 16±4 250 mL(Thorpedo Foods, Australia)Drinks made from drinking mix powders
79 Aussie Bodies Trim Protein Shake, Chocolate 39±4 250 mLflavored (Aussie Bodies Pty Ltd, Australia)
80 Aussie Bodies Trim Protein Shake, French Vanilla 41±3 250 mLflavored (Aussie Bodies Pty Ltd, Australia)
81 41±4 250 mLwith fiber, (Nestlé, Sydney, Australia)
82 27±3 250 mLprepared with skim milk(Shaklee Corporation, Pleasanton, USA)
83 16±3 250 mLprepared with skim milk(Shaklee Corporation, USA)
84 22±3 250 mLprepared with skim milk (Shaklee Corporation, USA)
85 Complete Hot Chocolate mix made with 51±3 250 mLhot water (Nestlé, Australia)
86 Hi-Pro energy drink mix, vanilla, containing soy 36±3 250 mLprotein and whey powder (Harrod foods, Sefton,Australia) mixed in reduced-fat (1.5%) milk
87 Malted milk powder in full-fat milk (Nestlé, Australia) 45±3 250 mL
88 55±3 250 mL89 52±5 250 mL
dissolved in water90 35±2 250 mL91 36±3 250 mL92 39±5 250 mL
with skim milk (Nestlé, Australia)93 26±3 250 mL
(Usana, Salt Lake City, USA) (2000)94 20±2 250 mL
(Usana Australia, Baulkham Hills, Australia) (2007)95 Proform Hi-protein powder, neutral flavor, 45±3 250 mL
prepared with skim milk(MGC Dairy Co Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Australia)
96 Proform Hi-protein powder, vanilla flavor, prepared 42±5 250 mLwith skim milk (MGC Dairy Co Pty Ltd, Australia)
97 53±5 25098 41±4 250
1.5% fat milk
Build-UpTM nutrient-fortified drink, vanilla
CinchTM Café Latte weight management powder,
CinchTM Chocolate weight management powder,
CinchTM Vanilla weight management powder,
MiloTM (chocolate nutrient-fortified drink powder)MiloTM (Nestlé, Australia) dissolved in waterMiloTM (Nestlé, Auckland, New Zealand)
MiloTM (Nestlé, Australia) dissolved in full-fat milkMiloTM (Nestlé, New Zealand) dissolved in full-fat milkMiloTM Breakfast Smoothie powder prepared
NutrimealTM, meal replacement drink, Dutch Chocolate
NutrimealTM, meal replacement drink, all flavors
QuikTM (sweet drink powder)
QuikTM, chocolate (Nestlé, Australia), made with waterQuikTM, chocolate (Nestlé, Australia), prepared with
99 64±8 250with in water
100 35±3 250with 1.5% fat milk
BREADS101 69 70
Baguette102 Traditional French baguette (prepared with wheat 57±9 30
flour, water, salt and 20 g yeast) (France)103 Whole Grain Baguette, President's Choice® Blue 73±6 30
Menutm (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)104 French baguette with chocolate spread (France) 72±8 70105 French baguette with butter and strawberry jam 62±7 70
(France)106 Pain au lait (Pasquier, France) 63±10 60
Barley breadsCoarse barley kernel bread, 80% kernels
107 80% scalded intact kernels (20% white wheat flour) 34 30108 80% intact kernels (20% white wheat flour) 40 30109 Barley kernel bread, 50% kibbled barley (Australia) 48 30110 Sunflower and barley bread (Riga bakeries, 57±6 30
Sydney, Australia)111 Sunflower and barley bread (Vogel's, UK) 70±10 30
Barley flour breads112 Wholemeal barley flour (80%) bread 67 30
(20% white wheat flour) (Sweden)113 Wholemeal barley bread, flat, thin, soft (50% regular 50 30
barley flour, 50% high-fiber barley flour) (Sweden)114 Wholemeal barley bread, flat, thin, soft (20% regular 43 30
barley flour, 80% high-fiber barley flour) (Sweden)115 Barley flour bread, made from 50% wheat flour and 74±15 30
50% coarse sieved barley flour (containing 4.2%total 1-3, 1-4 β-glucan of which 2.8% soluble) (Italy)
116 Barley flour bread, made from 80% wheat flour and 70±7 3020% water-extracted barley flour (containing 6.3%total 1-3, 1-4 β-glucan of which 5.7% soluble) (Italy)
117 Whole grain barley flour bread, made from 50% barley 85±14 30flour and 50% wheat flour (containing 2.4%total 1-3, 1-4 β-glucan of which 2.0% soluble) (Italy)
118 Barley bread, 70% high-amylose barley flour and 49 3030% white wheat flour, baked long-time atlow tempertaure (Sweden)
119 Barley bread, 70% high-amylose barley flour & 30% 70 30white wheat flour, conventionally baked (Sweden)Wholemeal barley flour (80%) & white wheat flour(20%) breads - fermented or with addedorganic acids or salts (Sweden)
120 Wholemeal barley flour bread (used as reference food 70 30
QuikTM, strawberry (Nestlé, Australia), prepared
QuikTM, strawberry (Nestlé, Australia), prepared
Bagel, white (USA)9
for the 5 breads below)9
121 Wholemeal barley flour bread with 53 30
122 66 30123 59 30124 65 30125 Wholemeal barley flour bread with higher dose 57 30
Buckwheat bread126 Buckwheat bread, 50% dehusked buckwheat 47 30
groats and 50% white wheat flour (Sweden)127 Buckwheat bread (China) 67±2 30
Chickpea flour bread128 Chickpea flour bread, made from Amethyst-type 55 30
desi chickpeas (JK International Pty Ltd,Rocklea, Australia)
129 Chickpea flour bread, made from extruded 67 30chickpea flour (Australia)
130 Corn tortilla, made from white corn, Diego's brand 49±6 50(San Diego Tortilla Factory Pty Ltd, Andrews,QLD, Australia)
131 67 30Fruit breads
132 Bürgen® Fruit loaf (Tip Top Bakeries, 44±5 30Chatswood, Australia)
133 Bürgen® Fruit and Muesli bread 53±4 30(Tip Top Bakeries, Australia)
134 Continental fruit loaf, wheat bread 47±6 30with dried fruit (Australia)
135 Fruit and cinnamon bread (Finest, UK) 71±11 30136 Fruit and Spice Loaf, thick sliced 54±6 30
(Buttercup bakeries, Moorebank, Australia)137 Fruit loaf, sliced (UK) 57±6 30138 63±5 30
(Natural Ovens, Mannitowoc, USA)139 Muesli bread, made from packet mix in 54±6 30
bread making machine (Con Agra Inc., USA)140 Whole-wheat bread with dried fruit (China) 47±2 30
Gluten-free bread141 Gluten-free multigrain bread (Country Life Bakery, 79±13 30
Dandenong, Australia)142 Gluten-free white bread (Country Life Bakery, Autralia) 40±5 30143 Gluten-free buckwheat bread, made with buckwheat 72±5 30
meal & rice flour(Naturis Organic Bread, NSW, Australia)Hamburger/Hot dog buns
144 100% Whole wheat Gigantico Burger Buns, 62±6 30
(Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)145 100% Whole wheat Gigantico Hot Dog Rolls, 62±6 30
sourdough (lactic acid)9
Wholemeal barley flour bread with lactic acid9
Wholemeal barley flour bread with calcium lactate9
Wholemeal barley flour bread with sodium propionate9
sodium propionate9
Bread, flax, made from flax meal & wheat flour (Canada)9
HappinessTM (cinnamon, raisin, pecan bread)
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM
(Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)Oat bread
146 Coarse oat kernel bread, 80% intact oat kernels 65 30and 20% white wheat flour (Sweden)Oat bran bread
147 50% oat bran (Australia) 44 30148 45% oat bran and 50% wheat flour (Sweden) 50 30149 Oatmeal batch bread (UK) 62±8 30
Rice bread150 Rice bread, low-amylose Calrose rice 72±9 30
(Pav's Allergy Bakery, Ingleburn, Australia)151 Rice bread, high-amylose Doongara rice 61±9 30
(Pav's Allergy Bakery, Australia)Rye bread
152 Rye bread (50% rye flour + 50% wheat flour) (Turkey) 50 30153 Wheat and rye bread (75% wheat flour + 40 30
10% rye flour + 15% wheat bran) (Turkey)Rye kernel bread
154 Coarse rye kernel bread, 80% intact kernels and 41 3020% white wheat flour (Sweden)
155 Whole-kernel rye bread, 60% whole rye kernels 57 30
156 Rye bread (80% rye flour + 20% oat β-glucan 66 30
157 Rye bread, 69% whole-grain rye flour 78±10 30(Jalkiuunileipa, Oululainen Ltd, Lahti, Finland)Specialty rye breads
158 Blackbread, Riga (Berzin's Specialty Bakery, 76±14 30Sydney, Australia)
159 55±12 30160 51±3 30161 Country Grain Organic Rye 53±4 30
(Country Life Bakery, Australia)162 Roggenbrot, Vogel's (Stevns & Co, Sydney, 59±5 30
NSW, Australia)163 Rye Hi-Soy with Linseed 55±4 30
(Country Life Bakery, Australia)164 Schinkenbrot, Riga (Berzin's Specialty Bakery, 86±15 30
Sydney, Australia)165 Sourdough rye (Australia) 48 30
Wheat Breads166 Coarse wheat kernel bread, 80% intact kernels 52 30
and 20% white wheat flour (Sweden)Spelt wheat breads
167 White spelt wheat bread (Belgium) 65 30168 74 30169 63 30170 67 30
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM
and 40% rye flour (Finland)11
concentrate) (Finland)11
BürgenTM Dark/Swiss rye (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia)BürgenTM Rye (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia)
White spelt wheat bread (Slovenia)12
Wholemeal spelt wheat bread (Slovenia)12
Scalded spelt wheat kernel bread (Slovenia)12
171 Spelt multigrain bread® (Pav's bakery, Australia) 54±10 30White wheat flour bread
172 White flour (UK) 59±11 30173 White flour (Canada) 69±5 30174 70 30175 White flour (Sainsbury's, UK) 70±10 30176 White flour bread 71±3 30177 White flour (Pepperidge Farm, Norwalk, CT, USA) 71±6 30178 White flour (South Africa) 71±7 30179 White flour (Italy) 72 30180 White flour (Hovis, UK) 73±12 30181 White flour (Nishin Shokuhin, Japan) 75 30182 White flour (Vodova veka Penam, Olomouc, 75±10 30
Czech Republic)183 White flour (Hovis, UK) 75±12 30184 87 30185 White flour (China) 88±3 30186 White flour (Italy) 89±12 30187 89 30
mean of sixteen studies 75±2 30White wheat flour bread, toasted
188 White bread, toasted (Hovis, UK) 50±7 30189 63 30190 66 30
mean of three studies 60 30
191 White bread, frozen and defrosted 75 30
192 White bread, homemade, frozen and defrosted (UK) 62 30White wheat flour bread, frozen and defrosted,toasted
193 64 30(British Bakeries Ltd, UK)
194 54 30and toasted (UK)
Brands Companies, Kansas City, USA)195 71±9 30196 72±4 30197 77±3 30
mean of three studies 73 30White bread with enzyme inhibitors
198 White bread + acarbose (200 mg) (Mexico) 50 30White bread with insoluble fiber
199 White bread, enriched with 9 g lupin kernel fiber 74 30(viscous insoluble fiber) (Australasian NaturalIngredients Pty Ltd, Perth, Australia)
200 White bread with added wheatgerm and fiber (UK) 59±11 30
White flour, SunblestTM (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia)
White flour (Hovis Classic, British Bakeries Ltd, UK)9
White flour, homemade (UK)9
White bread, fresh, toasted (British Bakeries Ltd, UK)9
White bread, homemade, fresh, toasted (UK)9
White wheat flour bread, frozen and defrosted9
(British Bakeries Ltd, UK)9
White wheat bread, frozen, defrosted and toasted9
White bread, homemade, frozen, defrosted9
WonderTM, enriched white bread (Interstate
WonderTM, enriched white breadWonderTM, enriched white breadWonderTM, enriched white bread
White bread with soluble fiber201 65 30
(Mexico)202 41 30
(soluble fiber) (Australia)203 56 30
(soluble fiber) (Australia)
204 White bread with 3 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 63±4 30(Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Yokaichi Mie, Japan)
205 White bread with 5 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 64±5 30(Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Yokaichi Mie, Japan)
206 White bread with 10 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 68±5 30(Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Yokaichi Mie, Japan)
207 White bread with 15 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 56±1 30(Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Yokaichi Mie, Japan)
208 White bread with 5 g Sunfibre, viscosity 2 55±2 30(Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Yokaichi Mie, Japan)White bread consumed with fiber drink
209 White bread consumed with 5 g Sunfibre (Taiyo 49±4 -Kagaku Co, Ltd, Japan) dissolved in 250mL water
210 White bread consumed with 10 g Sunfibre (Taiyo 57±5 -Kagaku Co, Ltd, Japan) dissolved in 250mL water
211 White bread consumed with 10 g insoluble dextrin 66±6 -(Matsutani Chemical Industry Co Ltd, Japan)in 250 mL water
212 White bread consumed with 10 g inulin (Orafti, 67±6 -Tienen, Belgium) in 250 mL waterWhite bread with added ingredients
213 White bread (100% wheat flour) + 2% pectin 85 30(George Weston Foods Ltd, Australia)
214 White bread (100% wheat flour) + 5% fruit fiber 76 30(George Weston Foods Ltd, Australia)
215 White bread (80% wheat flour + 20% chickpea flour) 79 30(George Weston Foods Ltd, Australia)
216 White bread (90% wheat flour + 10% modified corn 78 30starch) (George Weston Foods Ltd, Australia)
217 White bread (90% wheat flour + 10% tapicoa starch) 77 30(George Weston Foods Ltd, Australia)
218 White bread (95% wheat flour + 5% oat bran) 74 30(George Weston Foods Ltd, Australia)
219 White bread, containing 2% guar gum 66 30(George Weston Foods Ltd, Australia)
220 White bread, containing 2% vinegar and 2.5% 79 30sourdough (Noble Rise Crunchy Toast, Australia)
221 White bread containing Eurylon® high-amylose 42 30
222 White bread eaten with powdered dried 48 30
White bread + 15 g psyllium fiber (Plantago psyllium)
White bread, enriched with 12 g Arabinoxylan fiber14
White bread, enriched with 6 g Arabinoxylan fiber14
White bread enriched with Sunfibre (Cyamoposis tetragonolobus) (Indian cluster guar beans)
maize starch (France)15
seaweed (Nori alga) (Spain)
223 White bread eaten with vinegar as vinaigrette 45 30(Sweden)
224 White bread eaten with 18 g white vinegar 63 30(6% acetic acid) (Sweden)
225 White bread eaten with 23 g white vinegar 73 30(6% acetic acid) (Sweden)
226 White bread eaten with 28 g white vinegar 54 30(6% acetic acid) (Sweden)
227 White and wholemeal bread (ratio 1:1), fermented by 54 30sourdough lactobacilli (pH 1.5) and fiber-enrichedwith oat fiber (Italy)White bread, with different proving timesand bread volumes
228 White bread, prepared with a 10 min prove and a 38±4 30second 2 min proving (low loaf volume) (UK)
229 White bread, prepared with a 30 min prove and a 72±7 30second 12 min proving (moderate loaf volume) (UK)
230 White bread, prepared with a 60 min prove and a 86±9 30second 30 min proving (moderate loaf volume) (UK)
231 White bread, prepared with a 40 min prove, a second 100±7 3025 min proving and a third 50 min proving(large loaf volume) (UK)White resistant starch-enriched bread
232 77±10 30Auckland, New Zealand)
233 80±8 30Wholemeal (whole wheat) wheat flour bread
234 Wholemeal flour (Hovis, UK) 68±9 30235 Wholemeal flour (China) 69±3 30236 Wholemeal flour (Sainsbury's, UK) 71±12 30237 Wholemeal flour (Canada) 72±6 30238 Wholemeal flour (Australia) 74 30239 Wholemeal flour (Hovis, UK) 74±8 30240 Wholemeal flour (South Africa) 75±9 30241 Wholemeal flour (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) 77±9 30242 Wholemeal flour (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) 78±16 30243 Wholemeal flour (France) 85±27 30
mean of ten studies 74± 2 30Wholemeal stoneground (whole wheat)wheat flour bread
244 Wholemeal bread, stoneground flour (Bill's Organic 59±8 30Bread, Cardiff, Australia)
245 Wholemeal flour, stoneground (Waitrose, UK) 66±13 30Specialty wheat breads
246 52±7 30(Bakers Delight Holdings, Australia)
247 53±9 30(Bakers Delight Holdings, Australia)
Fiber WhiteTM (Nature's Fresh,
WonderwhiteTM (Buttercup Bakeries, Australia)
Bakers DelightTM Hi Fibre Lo GI white bread
Bakers DelightTM Wholemeal Country Grain bread
BürgenTM Mixed Grain bread (Tip Top Bakeries,
Chatswood, Australia)248 34±4 30249 45±12 30250 52±4 30
mean of three studies 44 30251 31±3 30
(Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) (1995)252 49±4 30
(Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) (2002)253 49±4 30
pumpkin seeds (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia)254 Bürgen® Soy-Lin, kibbled soy (8%) and linseed (8%) 36±4 30
loaf (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia)255 Bürgen® Wholmeal & Seeds 39±8 30
(Tip Top Bakeries, Australia)256 Crusty malted wheat bread (Finest, UK) 52±8 30257 77±7 30258 English Muffin, Whole Grain Multigrain, 45±3 30
(Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)259 53±7 30
(Gold Coast Bakeries, QLD, Australia)260 55±6 30
(Con Agra Inc., USA)261 62±6 30
(Con Agra Inc., USA)262 68±9 30
Sydney, Australia)263 70±14 30
(Quality Bakers, Australia)264 59±8 30
(Natural Ovens, USA)265 Malt loaf, organic (UK) 59±9 30266 75±10 30
New Zealand)267 Multigrain bread (Sainsbury's, UK) 80±10 30268 Multigrain batch bread (UK) 62±8 30269 9-Grain Multi-Grain (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) 43±5 30270 Multigrain Loaf, spelt wheat flour (Australia) 54±10 30271 Multigrain (50% kibbled wheat grain) (Australia) 43 30272 Multigrain loaf, containing coconut flour (Philippines) 60 30273 Multiseed bread (UK) 54±4 30274 59±7 30
(Natural Ovens, USA)275 38±3 30276 47 30
(Quality Bakers, Australia)
BürgenTM Mixed GrainBürgenTM Mixed GrainBürgenTM Mixed Grain
BürgenTM Oat Bran & Honey Loaf with Barley
BürgenTM Oatbran & Honey bread
BürgenTM Pumpkin Seed bread, containing 6%
English MuffinTM bread (Natural Ovens, USA)
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM
Golden HearthTM Organic Heavy Wholegrain bread
Healthy ChoiceTM Hearty 7 Grain
Healthy ChoiceTM Hearty 100% Whole Grain
Helga'sTM Classic Seed Loaf (Quality Bakers,
Helga'sTM Traditional Wholemeal bread
Hunger FillerTM, whole grain bread
MolenbergTM (Goodman Fielder, Auckland,
Nutty NaturalTM, whole grain bread
PerformaxTM (Country Life Bakery, Australia)Ploughman'sTM Wholegrain, original recipe
277 64±10 30(Quality Bakers, Australia)
278 Seeded bread (UK) 49±7 30279 Sourdough wheat bread (Australia) 54 30280 66±6 30
(Bakers Delight Holdings, Australia)281 Soy & Linseed bread (made from packet mix cooked 50±6 30
in bread maker) (Con Agra Inc., USA)282 70±10 30283 54 30
(Tip Top Bakeries, George Weston Ltd, Australia)284 58 30
(Tip Top Bakeries, George Weston Ltd, Australia)285 3 Grain Bread, sprouted grains (Stonemill Bread, 55±6 30
Toronto, Canada)286 Vogel's Honey & Oats (Stevns & Co, Sydney, Australia) 55±5 30287 Vogel's Wonder White 'Low GI' white bread 54±3 30
(Quality Bakers, Australia)288 Vogel's Wonder White 'Low GI' white bread 59 30
(Quality Bakers, Australia)289 51±11 30290 White wheat flour flatbread (Sweden) 79 30291 71 30
leavened with crushed whole grains (Denmark)292 65 30
leavened with honey and salt (Denmark)293 67 30
leavened with yeast (Denmark)Unleavened Breads
294 Lebanese bread, white (Seda Bakery, Sydney, Australia 75±9 30295 Pita bread, white, mini (UK) 68±5 30296 Pita bread, wholemeal (UK) 56±13 30
BREAKFAST CEREALS
297 30 30298 38 30299 51±5 30300 55±7 30
mean of four studies 44±6 30301 41±9 30302 33±3 30303 60±8 30304 74±5 30305 Barley flakes (China) 69±3 30
Barley porridge306 Barley flour porridge, made from milled dehulled barley 46 50 (dry)
kernels (flour:water = 1:3) boiled for 2.5 min (Sweden)
Ploughman'sTM Wholemeal, smooth milled
Sourdough Vienna bread, Bakers DelightTM
Stay TrimTM, whole grain bread (Natural Ovens, USA)Tip TopTM EnerGI white bread
Tip TopTM EnerGI white bread
100% Whole GrainTM bread (Natural Ovens, USA)
Wheat bread, Einkorn (Triticum monococcum) wheat,
Wheat bread, Einkorn (Triticum monococcum) wheat,
Wheat bread, Einkorn (Triticum monococcum) wheat,
All-BranTM (high-fiber, extruded wheat bran cereal)
All-BranTM (Kellogg's, Pagewood, NSW, Australia)17
All-BranTM (Kellogg's, Battle Creek, MI, USA)11,14
All-BranTM (Kellogg's Inc., Canada)All-BranTM (Kellogg's, Battle Creek, MI, USA)
All-Bran Fruit 'n OatsTM (Kellogg's, Australia)All-Bran Soy 'n fiberTM (Kellogg's, Australia)All-Bran Wheat FlakesTM (Kellogg's, Australia)BalanceTM (Sainsbury's, UK)
307 Barley flour porridge, made from milled high-amylose 39 50 (dry)(covered) barley kernels (flour:water = 1:3),boiled for 2.5 min (Sweden)
308 Barley porridge made from steamed thin (0.5 mm) 62 50 (dry)dehulled barley flakes (Sweden)
309 Barley porridge made from steamed thick (1.0 mm) 65 50 (dry)dehulled barley flakes (Sweden)
310 Wholemeal barley flour porridge (100% regular barley) 68 50 (dry)(flour:water = 1:3), boiled 2.5 min (Sweden)
311 Wholemeal high-fiber barley flour porridge (50% 55 50 (dry)barley flour: 50% high-fiber barley flour) (Sweden)
312 Bran cereal, high fiber (UK) 43±10 30Bran Flakes
313 Branflakes (Healthy Living, UK) 50±7 30314 65±8 30
(Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)315 74 30
mean of three studies 63 30
316 70±10 30317 74±9 30318 84±9 30
mean of three studies 76 30
319 77±8 30320 77±3 30
321 Cornflakes (China) 74±3 30322 77 30323 Cornflakes (China) 79±4 30324 80±6 30325 Cornflakes (Kellogg's, UK) 93±14 30
mean of five studies 81±3 30326 72±4 30327 80±4 30328 80±7 30
(Quaker, France)329 Fibre First Multi-Bran Cereal, President's Choice® 56±10 30
330 69±9 30331 55 30
(Kellogg's, Australia)
332 61±4 30333 Fruit and Fibre (UK) 67±7 30334 Fruit and Fibre (Value, UK) 68±7 30
mean of three studies 65 30
Bran Flakes, President's Choice® Blue MenuTM
Bran FlakesTM (Kellogg's, Australia)
ChocapicTM (Nestlé, France)
ChocapicTM, wheat-based flaked cereal (2003)ChocapicTM, wheat-based flaked cereal (2003)ChocapicTM, wheat-based flaked cereal (2003)
Coco PopsTM (cocoa flavored puffed rice)
Coco PopsTM (Kellogg's, Australia)Coco PopsTM (Kellogg's, Australia)CornflakesTM
CornflakesTM (Kellogg's, Australia)
CornflakesTM (Kellogg's Inc., Canada)
Cornflakes, Crunchy NutTM (Kellogg's, Australia)Corn PopsTM (Kellogg's, Australia)Energy MixTM, wheat-based flaked cereal
Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)Froot LoopsTM (Kellogg's, Australia)FrostiesTM, sugar-coated cornflakes
Fruit and FibreTM
Fruit and FibreTM (Sainsbury's, UK)
335 113±10 30336 71±8 30337 Granola Clusters, Original, low fat, 63±4 30
(Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)338 Granola Clusters, Raisin & Almond, low fat, 70±7 30
(Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)339 75±6 30340 37±9 30341 66±9 30
Wahgunyah, Australia)342 High-fiber cereal (UK) 52±6 30343 54±5 30
(Freedom Foods, Cheltenham, Australia)344 77±4 30
345 71±10 30346 Hot cereal, apple & cinnamon (Con Agra Inc, USA) 37±6 30347 Hot cereal, unflavored (Con Agra Inc., USA) 25±5 30348 60±15 30349 62±11 30350 Kashi Seven Whole Grain Puffs 65±10 30
(Kashi Company, USA)351 48±5 30
Mini Wheats, whole wheat352 58±8 30353 Mini Wheats (Sainsbury's, UK) 59±7 30354 72±10 30
Muesli355 Alpen original muesli, made from steamed rolled oats 55±10 30
with dried fruit and nuts (Weetabix, UK)356 Bürgen® Fruit & Muesli 51 30
(George Weston Foods, Australia)357 51±3 30
(George Weston Foods, Australia)358 Bürgen® Rye Muesli 41 30
(George Weston Foods, Australia)359 Muesli (Value, UK) 64±9 30360 Muesli (Canada) 66±9 30361 Muesli (Healthy Eating, UK) 86±10 30362 Muesli, fruit (UK) 67±7 30363 Muesli, fruit and nut (UK) 59±11 30364 Muesli, gluten-free with Psyllium 50±7 30
(Freedom Foods, Australia)365 Muesli, Light, mixed berry & apple flavor, 64±7 30
Special K brand (Kellogg's, Australia)
Fruity-BixTM, berry (Sanitarium, New Zealand)Golden WheatsTM (Kellogg's, Australia)
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM
GrapenutsTM (Kraft Foods Inc, Port Chester, USA)GuardianTM (Kellogg's, Australia)HealthwiseTM for bowel health (Uncle Toby's,
Hi-LiteTM, containing 55% rolled barley grains
Honey Rice BubblesTM (Kellogg's, Australia)
Honey SmacksTM (Kellogg's, Australia)
Just RightTM (Kellogg's, Australia)Just Right Just GrainsTM (Kellogg's, Australia)
KompleteTM (Kellogg's, Australia)
Mini WheatsTM (Kellogg's, Australia)
Mini WheatsTM, blackcurrant (Kellogg's, Australia)
Bürgen® Soy-LinTM Muesli
366 Muesli, Lite (Sanitarium, New Zealand) 54±12 30367 Muesli, Morning Sun Natural Apricot & Almond 49±5 30
(Australia)368 Muesli, Natural (Sanitarium, Australia) 40±6 30369 Muesli, Natural (Sanitarium, New Zealand) 57±9 30370 Muesli, Natural Style Original Swiss Formula 62±6 30
(Uncle Toby's, Australia)371 Muesli, Naytura Fruit and Nut 48±6 30
(Woolworths Limited, Australia)372 Muesli, Swiss Bircher (Woolworths Limited, Australia) 52±5 30373 Muesli, Swiss Formula (Uncle Toby's, Australia) 56±8 30374 Muesli, toasted (Purina, Sydney, NSW, Australia) 43±:4 30375 Muesli, toasted, with nuts (Australia) 65±5 30376 Muesli, wholewheat (UK) 56±6 30377 Muesli, yeast & wheat free (Freedom Foods, Australia) 45±5 30378 Vogel's Café Style Fibre-Rich Muesli 48±6 30
(Specialty Cereals, Mt Kuring-gai, NSW, Australia)379 66±12 30
Oat bran, consumed as a drink mixedwith 41g glucose and water
380 15 g Oat bran (containing 2 g β-glucan), consumed 84±6 10as a drink with glucose and water (Finland)
381 30 g Oat bran (containing 4 g β-glucan), consumed 58±6 10as a drink with glucose and water (Finland)
382 30 g Oat bran (containing 4 g β-glucan), consumed 64±8 10as a drink mixed with glucose and water, frozen for 13days and then thawed before consumption (Finland)
383 45 g Oat bran (containing 6 g β-glucan), consumed 64±9 10as a drink with glucose and water (Finland)
384 77±11 30385 Oats, rolled, uncooked (Lowan's Whole Foods, 59±4 30
Box Hill, Australia)Porridge made from rolled oats
386 42 250387 Porridge, made from rolled oats cooked for 20 min 49±8 250
(Canada)388 Porridge oats (Freedom Foods, Australia) 50±4 250389 Traditional porridge oats 51±8 250
(Lowan Whole Foods, Australia)390 Porridge, made from steel-cut oats, cooked in water 52±4 250
(USA)391 Porridge (China) 55±2 250392 Traditional Rolled Oats (Woolworths Limited, Australia) 57±5 250393 Old-Fashioned Steel Cut Oats, President's Choice® 57±8 250
394 Porridge (Hubbards, New Zealand) 58±9 250395 Porridge (Australia) 58±4 250396 Porridge (Value, UK) 63±15 250397 Porridge, organic (UK) 63±11 250398 Porridge, Scottish (UK) 63±7 250
NutrigrainTM (Kellogg's, Australia)
Oat 'n Honey BakeTM (Kellogg's, Australia)
Porridge (Uncle Toby's, Australia)17
Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
mean of thirteen studies 55±2 250399 Multi grain instant oatmeal, Regular and Cinnamon 55±7 250
(Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)400 Multigrain porridge, containing rolled oats, wheat, 55±2 250
triticale, rye, barley and rice, cooked with water(The Monster Muesli Company, Beecroft, Australia)
401 Wholemeal oat flour porridge (flour:water = 1:3), 74 50 (dry)boiled 2.5 min (Sweden)
402 Oat porridge made from thick (1.0 mm) 55 250dehulled oat flakes (Sweden)
403 Oat porridge made from 0.5-0.6 mm thick flakes, 76±7 250cooked for 10min (Elovena; Raisio Group Ltd,Raisio, Finland)
404 Oat porridge made from roasted thin (0.5 mm) 69 250dehulled oat flakes (Sweden)
405 Oat porridge made from roasted thick (1.0 mm) 50 250dehulled oat flakes (Sweden)
406 Oat porridge made from roasted and steamed thin 80 250(0.5 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden)
407 Oat porridge made from steamed thick (1.0 mm) 53 250dehulled oat flakes (Sweden)Instant Porridge
408 Instant porridge (China) 69±3 250409 Instant oat porridge, cooked in microwave 82±10 250
with water (Uncle Toby's, Australia)410 Instant oatmeal porridge, made from packet (China) 83±7 250411 Instant oat cereal porridge prepared with water (UK) 83±10 250
mean of four studies 79±3 250412 70±2 50413 Puffed Wheat (Sanitarium, Australia) 80±11 30414 61±5 30415 Rice Bran, extruded (Rice Growers Co-Operative Ltd, 19±3 30
Leeton, Australia)Rice Bubbles
416 81 30417 85±3 30418 92±8 30419 95 30
mean of four studies 88±3 30420 Shredded Wheat (Canada) 67±10 30421 Soy Crunch Multi-Grain Cereal, President's Choice® 47±4 30
varies in different countries422 54±4 30423 69±5 30424 84±12 30
& Spice, President's Choice® Blue MenuTM
Pop TartsTM, Double Chocolate (Kellogg's, Australia)
Raisin BranTM (Kellogg's, USA)
Rice BubblesTM (Kellogg's, Australia)17
Rice BubblesTM (Kellogg's, Australia)Rice BubblesTM (Kellogg's, Australia)Rice BubblesTM (Kellogg's, Australia)
Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)Special KTM - formulation of this cereal
Special KTM (Kellogg's, Australia)Special KTM (Kellogg's, USA)Special KTM, made from rice (Kellogg's, France)
425 60±5 30(Sanitarium, Australia)
426 49±3 45with sultanas (20.1 g fiber per 100 g),(Specialty Cereals, Mt Kuring-gai, NSW, Australia)
427 64±3 30428 73±13 30429 55±5 30430 41±4 30
wheat bran cereal (30.2 g fiber per 100 g)(Specialty Cereals, Australia)
431 Vogel's Cluster Crunch Classic (Specialty Cereals, 50±6 30Australia)
432 Vogel's Cluster Crunch, Honey Hazelnut 43±3 30(Specialty Cereals, Australia)
433 Wild Oats Cluster Crunch Hazelnut Chocolate 43±6 30(Specialty Cereals, Australia)
434 72±11 30Wheat biscuits (plain flaked wheat)
435 61 30436 68±6 30437 69 30438 69±4 30439 75±10 30440 70±4 30441 Wheat based cereal biscuit (UK) 72±10 30
mean of seven studies 69±2 30Wheat biscuits (flaked wheat) withadditional ingredients
442 68±4 30(Sanitarium, Australia)
443 61±4 30wheat bran (Sanitarium, Australia)
444 57±3 30(Sanitarium, Australia)
445 72±3 30446 70±3 30
(Sanitarium, Australia)447 57±4 30448 65±6 30
BREAKFAST CEREALS WITH MILK449 Branflakes (Sainsbury's, UK), with semi-skimmed milk 76±5 30450 Cereal flakes with fruit (30 g), consumed with 125 mL 57±8 155
skim milk (UK)451 Cocoa Crunch cereal (30 g) with 125 mL skim milk (UK) 58±11 155452 Cornflakes (Sainsbury's, UK) (30 g), consumed with 65±5 30
Soy TastyTM (flaked grains, soy nuts, dried fruit)
SoytanaTM, Vogel's, soy and linseed bran crunch
Sultana BranTM (Kellogg's, Australia) (2007)Sultana BranTM (Kellogg's, Australia) (1997)SustainTM, Original (Kellogg's, Australia) (2007)Ultra-branTM, Vogel's, soy and linseed extruded
Wheat-bitesTM (Uncle Toby's, Australia)
Vita-BritsTM (Uncle Toby's, Australia)17
Vita-BritsTM (Uncle Toby's, Australia)Weet-BixTM (Sanitarium, Australia)Weet-BixTM (Sanitarium, Australia)WeetabixTM (Weetabix of Canada Ltd.)Whole wheat GoldiesTM (Kellogg's, Australia)
Good StartTM, muesli wheat biscuits
Hi-Bran Weet-BixTM, wheat biscuits with extra
Hi-Bran Weet-BixTM with soy and linseed
Honey GoldiesTM (Kellogg's Australia)Lite-BixTM, plain, no added sugar
Oat bran Weet-BixTM (Sanitarium, Australia)Sultana GoldiesTM (Kellogg's Australia)
125 mL skim milk453 Honey Crunch cereal (30 g), consumed with 54±6 155
125 mL skim milk (UK)Hot oat cereal, prepared with 125 mL skim milk
454 Hot oat cereal (30 g), berry flavor (UK) 43±6 155455 Hot oat cereal (30 g), cocoa flavor (UK) 40±5 155456 Hot oat cereal (30 g), fruit flavor (UK) 47±8 155457 Hot oat cereal (30 g), honey flavor (UK) 47±6 155458 Hot oat cereal (30 g), orchard fruit flavor (UK) 50±7 155459 Hot oat cereal (30 g) (UK) 47±6 155460 Hot oat cereal (30 g) (UK) 40±9 155
mean of seven foods 45±1 155461 Muesli, gluten-free (Freedom Foods, Australia) 39±6 30
with 1.5% fat milk462 Muesli, Original (Sainsbury's, UK), consumed 60±6 30
with semi-skimmed milk463 Muesli, Swiss (Sainsbury's, UK), consumed with 60±6 30
semi-skimmed milk464 Muesli, Wheat free (Pertwee Farm's, UK), consumed 49±7 30
with semi-skimmed milk465 Porridge, jumbo oats (Sainsbury's, UK), consumed 40±6 250
with semi-skimmed milk466 Porridge, small oats (Sainsbury's, UK), consumed 61±6 250
with semi-skimmed milk467 59±4 30468 80±6 30
with semi-skimmed milkWheat biscuits consumed with 125 mL skim milk
469 Cereal biscuit (30 g), cocoa flavor (UK) 46±7 155470 Cereal biscuit (30 g), fruit flavor (UK) 56±7 155471 Cereal biscuit (30 g), honey flavor (UK) 52±7 155472 Cereal biscuit (30 g), wheat based (UK) 47±8 155
mean of four foods 50±2 155
BREAKFAST CEREAL BARS473 Cereal bar, cranberry flavor (UK) 42±5 30474 Cereal bar, hazelnut flavor (UK) 33±6 30475 Cereal bar, orange flavor (UK) 33±3 30476 72±6 30477 78±9 30478 56±4 30
and nuts with yoghurt coating (Sanitarium, Australia)479 51±4 30
covered with yoghurt coating (Sanitarium, Australia)480 53±3 30481 72±4 30482 77±5 30483 Muesli breakfast bar, gluten-free 50±6 30
(Freedom Foods, Australia)
PreciseTM (Sainsbury's, UK), with semi-skimmed milkRice PopsTM (Sainsbury's, UK),
</TD< tr>
Crunchy Nut CornflakesTM bar (Kellogg's, Australia)Fiber PlusTM bar (Uncle Toby's, Australia)Fruity-BixTM bar, wheat biscuit cereal with dried fruit
Fruity-BixTM bar, wild berry, wheat biscuit cereal and
Hi-LiteTM breakfast bar (Freedom Foods, Australia)K-Time Just RightTM bar (Kellogg's, Australia)K-Time Strawberry CrunchTM bar (Kellogg's, Australia)
484 Omega bar, containing linseeds, sunflower kernels 21±2 30and nuts, gluten-free (Freedom Foods, Australia)
485 63±11 30486 57±10 30
CEREAL GRAINSBarley
487 Barley kernels, high-amylose (hull-less) boiled in 20 150water for 25 min (kernel:water = 1:2.5) (Sweden)
488 Barley kernels, waxy (hull-less), boiled in water 22 150for 25 min (kernel:water = 1:2.5) (Sweden)
489 Barley kernels, boiled in water for 25 min 25 150(kernel:water = 1:2) (Sweden)
490 Barley kernels, high-amylose (covered), boiled in 26 150water for 25 min (kernel:water = 1:2) (Sweden)
491 Barley, pot, boiled in salted water 20 min 25±2 150(Goudas Food Products, Concord, Canada)
492 Barley, pearled, boiled 60 min (UK) 35±4 150493 Barley, pot, boiled (Goudas Food Products, Canada) 35±4 150494 Barley, pot, boiled 20 min (Goudas Food 37 150
Products, Canada)mean of eight studies 28±2 150
495 48 150496 Barley, rolled (Australia) 66±5 50 (dry)497 Buckwheat groats, hydrothermally treated, 45 150
dehusked, boiled 12 min (Sweden)Corn/Maize
498 Corn granules (China) 52±3 150499 59 30500 Cornmeal porridge (China) 68±3 150
Sweet corn501 Sweet corn, 'Honey & Pearl' variety (New Zealand) 37±12 150502 Sweet corn, on the cob, boiled 20 min (Australia) 48 150503 Sweet corn (China) 55±2 150504 60 150505 Sweet corn (South Africa) 62±5 150
mean of five studies 52±5 150Couscous
506 Couscous, rehydrated with hot water 65±7 150(San Remo, Australia)Millet
507 Millet porridge (China) 62±3 150508 Quinoa, cooked, refridgerated, reheated in microwave 53±5 150
for 1.5 min (Nature First Organic, Australia)Rice, white
509 Arborio, risotto rice, boiled (SunRice brand, 69±7 150Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia)Rice, boiled white, type NS
510 43 150511 Type NS (Canada) 72±9 150512 Type NS, boiled in salted water (India) 72 150
Rice Bubble TreatTM bar (Kellogg's, Australia)SustainTM bar (Kellogg's, Australia)
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) (India)
Maize (Zea Mays), flour made into chapatti (India)
Sweet corn (USA)11
Type NS (India)9
513 Type NS (China) 83±1 150514 89 150
mean of five studies 72±8 150515 Type NS, boiled in salted water, refrigerated 16-20 h, 53 150
reheated (India)516 94 150
Long grain, boiled517 Long grain, white, unconverted, boiled 15 min 50 150
(Mahatma brand, Riviana Foods,Wetherill Park, Australia )
518 Long grain, white (Uncle Bens, Auckland, 56±7 150New Zealand)
519 Premium long grain, white (SunRice brand, 59±7 150Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia)
520 Long grain, white, boiled 7 min (Star brand, 64±3 150Gouda Food Products, Canada)
521 Long grain, boiled (Star Brand, Goudas Food 69±3 150Products, Canada)mean of five studies 60±3 150Rice, long grain, quick-cooking varieties
522 Long grain, parboiled 10 min cooking time 68±6 150(Uncle Ben's, Masterfoods, Belgium)
523 Long grain, parboiled, 20 min cooking time 75±7 150(Uncle Ben's, Masterfoods, Belgium)
524 Long grain, white, pre-cooked, microwaved 2 min 52±5 150(Express Rice, plain, Uncle Ben's, Masterfoods, UK)
525 Long Grain White Rice in 90 Seconds, microwaved 76±7 150(SunRice brand, Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia)
526 Medium grain white rice, boiled 12 mins 75±8 150Sun Rice brand, Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia)Rice porridge/Congee
527 Rice porridge (China) 69±6 150528 Rice porridge (Australia) 88±5 150529 Rice porridge, made from rice bran (China) 19±1 150530 Rice porridge, made from black rice (China) 42±3 150531 Rice porridge, made from Sticky rice (China) 65±7 150
Rice, specialty rices532 American, easy-cook rice (Sainsbury's, UK) 49±12 150533 Broken rice, white, cooked in rice cooker 86±10 150
(Lion Foods, Bangkok, Thailand)534 Brown Rice, Uncle Ben's® Ready Whole Grain 48±5 150
(pouch) (Effem Foods, USA)535 Brown & Wild, Uncle Ben's® Ready Whole Grain 45±5 150
536 Chicken Flavored Brown Rice, Uncle Ben's® Ready 46±4 150Whole Grain (pouch) (Effem Foods, USA)
537 Glutinous rice, white, cooked in rice cooker 98±7 150(Bangsue Chia Meng Rice Mill, Bangkok, Thailand)Jasmine rice, white
538 Jasmine Fragrant rice, white (SunRice brand, 89±4 150
Type NS, boiled 13 min (Italy)9,18
Type NS, boiled 13 min, then baked 10 min (Italy)9,18
MedleyTM (pouch) (Effem Foods, USA)
Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia)539 Jasmine rice, white long grain, cooked in rice cooker 109±10 150
(Golden World Foods, Bangkok, Thailand)540 Long Grain and Wild, Uncle Ben's® Ready Rice 49±3 150
(pouch) (Effem Foods, USA)541 Moolgiri white rice (Tajmahal Agro Industries, India) 54 150542 Original Long Grain, Uncle Ben's® Ready Rice 48±5 150
(pouch) (Effem Foods, USA)543 Red Raw rice, Sri Lankan, cooked in rice cooker 59±4 100 (dry)
(Australia)544 Roasted Chicken Flavored, Uncle Ben's® Ready 51±4 150
Rice (pouch) (Effem Foods, USA)545 Santa Fe, Uncle Ben's® Ready Whole Grain 48±6 150
546 Spanish Style, Uncle Ben's® Ready Rice (pouch) 51±4 150(Effem Foods, USA)
547 Vegetable Harvest, Uncle Ben's® Ready Whole 48±5 150
Rice, white low-amylose548 Calrose, white, medium grain, boiled (Rice Growers 83±13 150
Co-op., Australia)549 Sungold, Pelde, parboiled (Rice Growers Co-op., 87±7 150
Australia)550 Waxy (0-2% amylose) (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) 88±11 150551 Pelde, white (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) 93±11 150
Rice, white high-amylose
Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia)552 Doongara, white, cooked in rice cooker (2007) 48±4 150553 Doongara, white (1995) 50±6 150554 Doongara, white (2005) 54±6 150555 Doongara, white (1995) 54±7 150556 Doongara, white (1992) 64±9 150
mean of five studies 54±3 150Basmati, white, boiled
557 Basmati, white, boiled (Sainsbury's, UK) 43±8 150558 Basmati, white, boiled 12 min (Value, UK) 52±11 150
559 Basmati, white, organic, boiled 10 min (UK) 57±10 150560 Basmati, white, boiled (Mahatma brand, Australia) 58±8 150561 Basmati, white, boiled (SunRice brand, 65±7 150
Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia)562 Basmati, white, boiled 8 min (UK) 69±6 150
mean of six studies 57±4 150Basmati, white, quick cooking
563 Basmati, easy cook, boiled 9 min (UK) 67±11 150564 Basmati, easy-cook rice (Sainsbury's, UK) 68±8 150565 Precooked basmati rice in pouch, white, reheated in 57±4 150
microwave, Uncle Ben's Express® (Masterfoods, UK)566 Quick cooking white basmati, cooked 10 min, 60±5 150
MedleyTM (pouch) (Effem Foods, USA)
Grain MedleyTM (pouch) (Effem Foods, USA)
Doongara, white (SunRice CleverRiceTM brand,
Uncle Ben's® Superior (Masterfoods, Belgium)567 Japanese Style Sushi rice, white (SunRice brand, 85±10 150
Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia)Japonica/Koshihikari rice
568 Japonica, short-grain brown rice (Japan) 62±5 150569 Japonica short-grain brown rice, 54±5 150
pre-germinated (Japan)570 Japonica short-grain brown rice, 57±3 150
pre-germinated (Japan)571 Koshikari (Japonica), white, short-grain, 48±8 150
boiled 15 min, then steamed 10 min (Japan)572 Japonica, short-grain white rice (Japan) 76±7 150573 Japonica, short-grain white rice (Japan) 75±6 150574 Japonica white rice and pre-germinated Japonica 64±5 150
brown rice (ratio 1:2)575 Japonica white rice and pre-germinated Japonica 67±3 150
brown rice (ratio 2:1)576 Koshihikari rice, white (SunRice brand, 73±7 150
Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia)Japonica rice enriched with Sunfibre(Cyamoposis tetragonolobus) (soluble fiber)
577 Japonica rice with 3 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 68±6 150(Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan)
578 Japonica rice with 5 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 66±6 150(Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan)Milled, white, high amylose rice
579 Milled (white), high amylose (IR42) rice, 66 150boiled 22 min (Philippines)
580 Milled (white), high amylose (IR42) rice, 64 150boiled 22 min (Philippines)
581 Milled (white), high amylose (IR42) rice, 64 150boiled 22 min (Philippines)
582 Milled (white), high amylose (IR62) rice, 43 150boiled 22 min (Philippines)
583 Milled (white), high amylose (IR36) rice, 50 150boiled 22 min (Philippines)
584 Milled (white), high amylose (IR62) rice, 53 150cooked in rice cooker 20 min (Philippines)
585 Milled (white), high amylose (IR36) rice, 55 150cooked in rice cooker 19 min (Philippines)
586 Milled (white), high amylose (IR42) rice, 58 150cooked in rice cooker 14 min (Philippines)Rice, brown
587 Brown (Canada) 66±5 150588 50 150589 Brown rice, boiled in excess water for 25 mins 72±6 150
(SunRice brand, Rice Growers Co-op, Australia)590 Brown rice (China) 87±2 150591 Calrose brown (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) 87±8 150592 Doongara brown, high amylose 66±7 150
Brown, steamed (USA)11,14
(Rice Growers Co-op, Australia)593 Medium Grain Brown Rice in 90 seconds, 59±8 150
microwaved on high (SunRice brand,Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia)
594 Pelde brown (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) 76±6 150595 Parboiled, cooked 20 min, Uncle Ben's Natur-reis® 64±7 150
(Masterfoods, Belgium)596 80±7 150
Rice, brown, high-amlyose597 Brown, high amylose (IR42) rice, boiled 30 min 58 150
(Philippines)Instant/puffed rice
598 Instant rice, white, cooked 3 min (China) 46±3 150599 Instant rice, white, cooked 6 min 87±7 150
(Trice brand, Australia)600 Instant rice, white, cooked 6 min (China) 87±2 150601 Puffed, white, cooked 5 min, Uncle Ben's Snabbris® 74±5 150
(Masterfoods, Belgium)mean of four studies 74±10 150
602 Instant Doongara, white, cooked 5 min 94±7 150(Rice Growers Co-op, Australia)Parboiled rice
603 Converted, white, boiled 20-30 min, Uncle Ben's® 38 150(Masterfoods, USA)
604 Parboiled, low-amylose, Pelde, Sungold 87±7 150(Rice Growers Co-op, Australia)
605 Parboiled, high-amylose (28%), Doongara 50±6 150(Rice Growers Co-op, Australia)Sticky rice
606 Rice, Sticky (China) 87±2 150607 Rice, Sticky (China) 88±2 150608 Rice, Sticky, high-amylose (China) 50±2 150
WheatWheat, whole kernels
609 30±9 50 (dry)Wheat, precooked kernels
610 Durum wheat, precooked, cooked 20 min 52±4 50 (dry)(Ebly, Chateaudun, France)
611 Durum wheat, precooked, cooked 10 min (Ebly, France) 50±5 50 (dry)612 Durum wheat, precooked in pouch, 40±5 125
reheated in microwave, Ebly Express (Ebly, France)613 Quick cooking (White Wings, Sydney, Australia) 54±11 150
COOKIES614 Apricot Temptation fruit cookies, 97% fat-free 47±4 25
(Freedom Foods, Australia)615 69±7 25616 Barquette Abricot (LU, Ris, Orangis, France) 71±6 40
Bebe Dobre Rano Chocolate (LU, Czech Republic)617 Bebe Dobre Rano Chocolate (2002) 46±4 50
Sunbrown QuickTM (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia)
Wheat, whole kernels (Triticum aestivum)(India)14
Milk ArrowrootTM (Arnotts, Sydney, NSW, Australia)
618 Bebe Dobre Rano Chocolate (2006) 46±3 50619 Bebe Dobre Rano Chocolate 57±9 50
(Opavia/LU, Czech Republic)mean of three studies 50 50
620 Bebe Dobre Rano Coconut (LU, Czech Republic) 48±3 50621 Bebe Dobre Rano Four Cereals (LU, Czech Republic) 51±4 50622 Bebe Dobre Rano Honey and Hazelnuts 51±9 50
(Opavia/LU, Czech Republic)Bebe Dobre Rano Nuts & Honey (LU, Czech Republic)
623 Bebe Dobre Rano Nuts and Honey (2002) 41±5 50624 Bebe Dobre Rano Nuts and Honey (2006) 45±4 50625 Bebe Dobre Rano with Milk (LU, Czech Republic) 50±4 50626 Bebe Jemne Susenky (Opavia/LU, Czech Republic) 67±11 25627 Better Choice Multicereals (LU, Denmark) 51±4 50628 Better Choice Wholegrain (LU Denmark) 46±3 50629 Chocolate chip cookies, containing coconut flour 43 25
(Philippines)Digestives
630 Digestives (UK) 39±5 25631 Digestives (Canada) 59±7 25632 Evergreen met Krenten (LU, Netherlands) 66±12 38633 Gran'Dia Banana, Oats and Honey (LU, Brazil) 28±5 30634 Gran'Dia Chocolate with five cereals (Danone, Brazil) 39±8 30635 Grany en-cas Abricot (LU, France) 55±6 30636 Grany en-cas Fruits des bois (LU, France) 50±5 30637 Grany Rush Apricot (LU, Netherlands) 62±3 30
Györi édes Jó reggelt! Müzlivel és gyümölccsel /Fruits and Muesli (LU, Hungary)
638 Györi édes Jó reggelt! Müzlivel és gyümölccsel (2002) 45±5 50639 Györi édes Jó reggelt! Müzlivel és gyümölccsel (2003) 49±5 50640 Györi édes Jó reggelt! Müzlivel és gyümölccsel (2004) 47±6 50
mean of three studies 47 50641 55±8 25642 Jo Reggelt Fruits and Figs (LU, Hungary) 41±6 50643 Jubilee Nuts and Honey (LU, Russia) (2002) 44±3 50644 Jubilee Nuts and Honey (LU, Russia) (2003) 45±4 50
Jyväshyvä Paussi Mysli and Fruits (LU Finland)645 Jyväshyvä Paussi Mysli and Fruits (2002) 45±5 50646 Jyväshyvä Paussi Mysli and Fruits (2003) 49±5 50647 Jyväshyvä Paussi Mysli and Fruits (2004) 47±6 50
mean of three studies 47 50648 Jyväshyvä Paussi Vanilla (LU Finland) (2004) 55±7 50649 Jyväshyvä Paussi Vanilla (LU Finland) (2006) 39±4 50650 Jyväshyvä Paussi Wholegrain (LU Finland) 46±3 50651 Leda Luxury gluten-free chocolate coated cookies 35±7 25
(Leda Nutrition, QLD, Australia)652 LU P'tit Déjeuner Chocolat (LU, France) 42±5 50
LU P'tit Déjeuner Miel et Pépites Chocolat(LU, France)
653 LU P'tit Déjeuner Miel et Pépites Chocolat 45±5 50
Highland OatmealTM (Westons Biscuits, Australia)
654 LU P'tit Déjeuner Miel et Pépites Chocolat 49±8 50655 LU P'tit Déjeuner Miel et Pépites Chocolat 52±3 50
mean of three studies 49 50656 LU Petit Déjeuner, Chocolate, low in sugar (LU France) 51±7 50
LU Petit Déjeuner Chocolate & Cereals (LU, France)657 LU Petit Déjeuner Chocolate & Cereals (2003) 46±6 50658 LU Petit Déjeuner Chocolate & Cereals (2006) 58±6 50659 LU Petit Déjeuner Cereals & Chocolate Chips, low in 37±5 50
sugar (LU France, LU Belgium, LU Czech Republic)LU Petit Déjeuner Coconut, nuts and chocolate(LU, France)
660 LU Petit Déjeuner Coconut, nuts and chocolate (2005) 55±6 50661 LU Petit Déjeuner Coconut, nuts and chocolate (2006) 51±7 50
LU Petit Déjeuner Fruits and Muesli (LU France)662 LU Petit Déjeuner Fruits and Muesli (2002) 45±5 50663 LU Petit Déjeuner Fruits and Muesli (2003) 49±5 50664 LU Petit Déjeuner Fruits and Muesli (2004) 47±6 50
mean of three studies 47 50LU Petit Déjeuner Honey & Chocolate chips(LU France)
665 LU Petit Déjeuner Honey & Chocolate chips (2003) 47±6 50666 LU Petit Déjeuner Honey & Chocolate chips (2006) 46±4 50
LU Petit Déjeuner Milk and Cereals(LU France and LU Belgium)
667 LU Petit Déjeuner Milk and Cereals (2004) 55±7 50668 LU Petit Déjeuner Milk and Cereals (2006) 39±4 50669 LU Petit Déjeuner Multicereals (LU France, LU Belgium) 46±3 50670 LU Petit Déjeuner with Fruits and Figs 41±6 50
(LU France, LU Belgium)671 LU Petit Déjeuner with Prunes (LU, France) 51±6 50672 Macaroons, prepared with coconut flour (Philippines) 32 30673 Maltmeal wafer (Griffin's Foods Ltd., New Zealand) 50±10 25674 79±6 25675 Nutrigrain Fruits des bois (Kellogg's, France) 57±4 35676 Oat biscuit (UK) 45±7 25677 Oat biscuit (China) 55±1 25678 55 25
(Nairn's Oatcakes Ltd, Edinburgh, Scotland)679 Oatmeal (Canada) 54±4 25680 Oro (Saiwa, Italy) 61±9 40
Petiki Go ! Fruits and Muesli (LU Poland)681 Petiki Go ! Fruits and Muesli (2002) 45±5 50682 Petiki Go ! Fruits and Muesli (2003) 49±5 50683 Petiki Go ! Fruits and Muesli (2004) 47±6 50
mean of three studies 47 50684 Petit brun extra (LU, France) 77±12 25685 Petit LU Normand (LU, France) 51±3 25686 Petit LU Roussillon (LU, France) 48±4 25687 60±4 25
Orange Cookies (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
Morning CoffeeTM (Arnotts, Australia)
Oat biscuit, Nairn'sTM Stem Ginger Oat Biscuit
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM Cranberry
688 62±7 25Oat Cookies (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
689 64±5 25Lemon Cookies (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
690 Prince Energie+ (LU, France) 73±5 25691 Prince fourre chocolat (LU, France) 50±5 45692 Prince fourre chocolat (LU, France) 53±5 45693 Prince gout chocolat (LU, France) 53±5 45694 Prince Meganana Chocolate (LU, Spain) 49±12 50695 Prince Petit Dej Cereals (LU, France) 52±7 50696 Prince Petit Dej Cereals and Chocolate (LU, France) 51±5 50697 Prince Petit Déjeuner Vanille (LU, France and Spain) 45±6 50698 Principe megamanana vanilla (LU, Spain) 45±6 50699 Rich Tea (UK) 40±5 25700 Rich Tea (Canada) 55±4 25701 Sable des Flandres (LU, France) 57±10 20702 Shortbread (Arnotts, Australia) 64±8 25703 62±4 25704 Snack Right Fruit Pillow, Apple and blackberry 43±3 35
(Arnotts, Australia)705 Snack Right Fruit Pillow, Spicy apple and sultana 45±3 35
(Arnotts, Australia)706 Snack Right Fruit Pillow, Wild berry (Arnott's, Australia) 52±3 35707 Snack Right Fruit Slice, Mango and passionfruit 49±3 35
(Arnott's, Australia)708 Snack Right Fruit Slice, Mixed berry (Arnott's, Australia) 50±3 35709 Snack Right Fruit Slice, Original Sultana (97% fat-free) 48±2 35
(Arnott's, Australia)710 Snack Right Fruit Slice, Sultana with chocolate 45±3 35
(Arnott's, Australia)711 The (LU, France) 41±7 25712 Veritable Petit Beurre (LU, France) 51±8 25713 Veritable Petit Beurre (LU, France) (2002) 54±5 25714 Veritable Petit Beurre (LU, France) (2006) 54±6 25715 Vitasnella frollini (Saiwa, Italy) 59±10 25
CRACKERS716 Choice grain crackers (UK) 49±7 25717 Corn Thins, puffed corn cakes, gluten-free 87±10 25
(Real Foods, St Peters, Australia)718 Cream Cracker (LU Triumfo, Brazil) 65±11 25719 High-calcium cracker (Danone, Malaysia) 52±8 25720 55±5 25721 Lees Cabin Crackers (Fiji) 60±5 25722 65±6 25
snack crackers (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)723 60±6 25
snack crackers (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)724 56±7 25
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM Crunchy
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM Ginger &
Shredded WheatmealTM (Arnotts, Australia)
JatzTM, plain salted craker biscuits (Arnotts, Australia)
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM Ancient Grains
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM Wheat & Onion
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM Wheat & Sesame
snack crackers (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)725 65±7 25
crackers (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)726 Puffed Crispbread (Westons, Australia) 81±9 25
Puffed rice cakes727 Puffed rice cakes, white (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia 82±11 25728 Rice cake (China) 82±3 25729 Rice cakes, Calrose rice (low-amylose) 91±7 25
(Rice Growers Co-op, Australia)730 Rice cakes, Doongara rice (high-amylose) 61±5 25
(Rice Growers Co-op, Australia)731 Puffed rice cakes, caramel flavored (USA) 82±10 25732 Rice cracker, plain (Sakada, Japan) 91 30733 Rye crackers with oats (UK) 64±11 25734 Rye crackers with sesame (UK) 57±12 25735 Ryvita® (Canada) 69±10 25736 Ryvita® Pumpkin Seeds & Oats 46±7 25
(George Weston Foods, North Ryde, Australia)737 Ryvita® Sunflower Seeds & Oats 48±8 25
(George Weston Foods, Australia)738 71±7 25
(Players Biscuits, Sydney, Australia)739 70±9 25
Water cracker740 Water cracker (Canada) 63±9 25741 Water cracker (Arnotts, Australia) 78±11 25742 Wholegrain crackers with sesame seeds and 53±8 25
rosemary (UK)743 Wholewheat crackers with pumpkin and thyme (UK) 36±3 25744 Wholewheat sticks, crunchy, yeast extract 50±8 25
flavored (UK)
DAIRY PRODUCTS AND ALTERNATIVESCustard
745 Custard, low-fat, vanilla flavored (Nestlé, Australia) 29±4 100746 No Bake Egg Custard, prepared from powder 35±2 100
with whole milk (Nestlé, Australia)747 Custard, home made from milk, wheat starch, 43±10 100
and sugar (Australia)748 37±4 100
Brisbane, Australia)mean of four studies 36±3 100
749 Custard, low-fat, trifle flavored (Nestlé, Australia) 30±3 100Creme Fraiche
750 28±8 150751 30±7 150
Fromage Frais752 22±5 100
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM Wheat snack
KavliTM Norwegian Crispbread
SaoTM, plain square crackers (Arnotts, Australia)
TRIMTM, reduced-fat custard (Pauls Ltd,
Creme fraiche dessert, peach (Finest, UK)8
Creme fraiche dessert, raspberry (Finest, UK)8
Fromage Frais, red fruit: blackcurrant8
(Healthy Living, UK)753 31±8 100
(Healthy Living, UK)754 25±6 100
(Healthy Living, UK)755 29±9 100
(Healthy Living, UK)756 19±6 100
(Healthy Living, UK)757 25±7 100
(Healthy Living, UK)758 18±5 100
(Healthy Living, UK)759 22±5 100
(Healthy Living, UK)760 Fruche®, low-fat, apricot vanilla honey 34±5 150
(National Foods Ltd, Melbourne, Australia)761 Fruche®, low-fat, berry compote 37±6 150
(National Foods Ltd, Australia)762 Fruche®, low-fat, duet peach on pineapple 34±5 150
(National Foods Ltd, Australia)763 Fruche®, low-fat, lemon sorbetto 34±3 150
(National Foods Ltd, Australia)764 Fruche®, low-fat, orange sorbetto 34±3 150
(National Foods Ltd, Australia)765 Fruche®, low-fat, peach roulade 37±6 150
(National Foods Ltd, Australia)766 Fruche® on Fruit, low-fat, toffee apple 47±6 150
(National Foods Ltd, Australia)767 32±7 50768 Ice fruit confection, Frosty Fruits® Orange 59±4 50
Mango Splits (Nestlé Peter's, Australia)Ice cream, Regular/type NS
769 57 50Ice cream, Reduced- or Low-fat
770 24±6 50(Wendy's Supa Sundaes Pty Ltd, Australia)
771 Ice cream, low-fat, Bulla Light Creamy vanilla 36±5 50(Regal Cream Products, VIC, Australia)
772 Ice cream, low-fat, Bulla Light Real Dairy chocolate 27±3 50(Regal Cream Products, Australia)
773 Ice cream, low-fat, Bulla Light Real Dairy English 27±3 50toffee (Regal Cream Products, Australia)
774 Ice cream, low-fat, Bulla Light Real Dairy mango 30±4 50(Regal Cream Products, Australia)
775 Ice cream, low-fat, vanilla, 'Light' 46 50(Nestlé Peter's, Australia)
776 Ice cream, low-fat, Light & Creamy, Raspberry Ripple 55±3 50(Nestlé Peter's, Australia)
Fromage Frais, red fruit: raspberry8
Fromage Frais, red fruit: red cherry8
Fromage Frais, red fruit: strawberry8
Fromage Frais, yellow fruit: mandarin and orange8
Fromage Frais, yellow fruit: mango and papaya8
Fromage Frais, yellow fruit: passionfruit and pineapple8
Fromage Frais, yellow fruit: peach and apricot8
Ice cream, low carbohydrate, chocolate (Australia)7
Ice cream (half vanilla, half chocolate) (Italy)24
ChocolloTM, low-fat chocolate flavored ice cream
777 47±5 50rich vanilla (Norco, Australia)
778 37±4 50traditional toffee (Norco, Australia)
779 37±3 50golden macadamia (Norco, Australia)Ice cream, Premium (high-fat)
780 Ice cream, premium, Ultra chocolate, 15% fat 37±3 50(Sara Lee, Gosford, NSW, Australia)
781 Ice cream, premium, French vanilla, 16% fat 38±3 50(Sara Lee, Australia)
782 Milk, condensed, sweetened (Nestlé, Australia) 61±6 100Milk, full-fat
783 11 250 mL784 21 250 mL785 31±2 250 mL786 Full-fat (Canada) 34±6 250 mL787 34±6 250 mL788 41±2 250 mL789 Full-fat, standardised homogenised, pasteurised, 46±10 250 mL
mean of seven studies 31±4 250 mL790 Fermented cow's milk (ropy milk, langfil, 3% fat) 11 -
791 Fermented cow's milk (filmjolk, 3% fat) 11 -
792 28 250 mLMilk, full-fat, flavored
793 Banana, honey and malt flavored milk (Australia) 31±4 250 mL794 Masters® mocha milk (National Foods Ltd, Australia) 32±4 250 mL
Milk, reduced-fat795 30±6 250 mL
796 25±6 250 mL797 34±8 250 mL
mean of three studies 30 250 mL798 Milk, reduced fat with added omega 3 23±3 250 mL
799 Milk, reduced fat (98% fat free) with added omega 3 27±6 250 mL
Milk, reduced- or low-fat, flavored800 37±4 250 mL
(National Foods Ltd, Australia)801 Masters® Light, 99% fat free chocolate or mocha milk 27±5 250 mL
(National Foods Ltd, Australia)802 Masters®, reduced fat, chocolate or strawberry milk 35±5 250 mL
(National Foods Ltd, Australia)
Ice-cream, low-fat (1.2 % fat), Light Prestige8
Ice-cream, low-fat (1.4% fat), Light Prestige8
Ice-cream, reduced-fat (7.1 % fat), Prestige8
Full-fat (Italy)24
Full-fat (3% fat, Skanemejerier, Malmo, Sweden)8
Full-fat (Dairy Farmers Ltd, Sydney, Australia)25
Full-fat, pasteurised, fresh, organic (Arla, UK)8
Full-fat (USA)8
British (Dairycrest, UK)8
(Arla, Gavle, Sweden)8
(Skanemejerier, Malmo, Sweden)8
Full-fat milk + 20g wheat bran (Italy)24
Milk, reduced fat (1.4%) (Lite WhiteTM,Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia)25
Milk, semi-skimmed, British (Dairycrest, UK)8
Milk, semi-skimmed, pasteurised, organic (Arla, UK)8
(Take CareTM, Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia)25
(Farmers BestTM, Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia)25
Big MTM flavored milk, chocolate or strawberry
803 24±6 250 mL(Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia)
804 34±4 250 mL(Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia)Rush® flavored milk (Parmalat Australia Ltd,South Brisbane, Australia)
805 Rush® Heavenly Vanilla Malt milk 31±4 250 mL806 Rush® Intense Coffee milk 24±3 250 mL807 Rush® Ultimate Chocolate milk 26±5 250 mL808 Rush® Wicked Latte milk 26±3 250 mL
Milk, skim/low-fat809 20±5 250 mL810 20±5 250 mL811 27 250 mL812 30±5 250 mL813 30±5 250 mL814 Milk, skim (Canada) 32±5 250 mL815 32±6 250 mL816 Milk, skim (USA) 32 250 mL817 37±3 250 mL818 48±15 250 mL819 34±3 250 mL
mean of eleven studies 31±2 250 mL820 21±4 250 mL
ice cream, skim milk and malted milk powder(Wendy's Supa Sundaes Pty Ltd, Australia)Mousse, prepared
821 Nestlé Combo mousse (Nestlé, Australia) 42±5 70822 Nestlé Milo flavored mousse (Nestlé, Australia) 46±3 70
Mousse, reduced-fat, prepared fromcommerical mousse mix with water
823 Butterscotch, 1.9% fat (Nestlé, Australia) 36±4 50824 Chocolate, 2% fat (Nestlé, Australia) 31±4 50825 Citrus (Nestlé, Australia) 47±5 50826 Hazelnut, 2.4% fat (Nestlé, Australia) 36±4 50827 Mango, 1.8% fat (Nestlé, Australia) 33±5 50828 Mixed berry, 2.2% fat (Nestlé, Australia) 36±5 50829 Strawberry, 2.3% fat (Nestlé, Australia) 32±3 50
mean of seven foods 36±2 50Pudding, instant (White Wings, Australia)
830 Chocolate, made from powder and whole milk 47±4 100831 Vanilla, made from powder and whole milk 40±4 100
Le Rice® (National Foods Ltd, Australia)832 Le Rice®, Apple & Cinnamon flavor 52±4 180833 Le Rice®, Apricot & Almond Muesli flavor 45±4 180834 Le Rice®, Caramel flavor 41±6 180835 Le Rice®, Forest Berries flavor 45±4 180
Milk, low-fat, chocolate, with aspartame, Lite WhiteTM
Milk, low-fat, chocolate, with sugar, Lite WhiteTM
PuraTM HiLo milk (National Foods Ltd, Australia)PuraTM Skimmer milk (National Foods Ltd, Australia)Milk, skim, made from powder (Arla Foods, Sweden)8,9
PuraTM Light Start milk (National Foods Ltd, Australia)PuraTM Tone milk (National Foods Ltd, Australia)
Milk, skim (Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia)25
Milk, skim (USA)8
Milk, skimmed, pasteurised, British (Dairycrest, UK)8
ShapeTM milk, fat free (Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia)25
Milkshake, made from ChocolloTM, low-fat chocolate
Pudding, made from dairy and rice, YoplaitTM
836 Le Rice®, Raspberry & Apple flavor 52±4 180837 Le Rice®, Strawberry flavor 54±6 180838 Le Rice®, Tropical Mango flavor 54±6 180839 Le Rice®, Vanilla flavor 43±4 180
mean of eight foods 48±2 180Yoghurt
840 Jalna Bush Honey Bio Dynamic yoghurt 26±3 200
841 Jalna Premium Vanilla Creamy yoghurt 18±4 200(Jalna Dairy Foods, Australia)
842 17±3 200843 67±15 200844 64±14 200845 49±12 200846 37±7 200847 36±7 200848 67±14 200849 42±11 200850 28±6 200851 57±5 200852 43±8 200853 35±6 200
854 Yoghurt, red fruit: raspberry and black cherry 37±8 200
855 Yoghurt, red fruit: raspberry and cranberry 42±12 200
856 32±7 200857 30±6 200858 41±6 200859 11±4 200
(Healthy Living Light, UK)860 26±7 200
(Healthy Living Light, UK)861 28±5 200
(Healthy Living Light, UK)862 36±9 200
(Healthy Living Light, UK)863 41±11 200864 24±7 200
(Healthy Living Light, UK)865 32±8 200
(Healthy Living Light, UK)866 27±6 200
(Healthy Living Light, UK)
(Jalna Dairy Foods, VIC, Australia)25
Yoghurt, black cherry (Finest, UK)8
Yoghurt, black cherry (Healthy Living Light, UK)8
Yoghurt, bourbon vanilla (Finest, UK)8
Yoghurt, champagne rhubarb (Finest, UK)8
Yoghurt, Devonshire fudge (Finest, UK)8
Yoghurt, Greek style, honey topped (UK)8
Yoghurt, lemon curd (Finest, UK)8
Yoghurt, orange blossom (Finest, UK)8
Yoghurt, peach & apricot (Healthy Living Light, UK)8
Yoghurt, peach melba (Value, UK)8
Yoghurt, raspberry (Healthy Living Light, UK)8
Yoghurt, red fruit: Morello cherry8
(Healthy Living Light, UK)8
(Healthy Living Light, UK)8
(Healthy Living Light, UK)8
Yoghurt, Scottish raspberry (Finest, UK)8
Yoghurt, strawberry (Healthy Living Light, UK)8
Yoghurt, strawberry and cream (Finest, UK)8
Yoghurt, summer fruit: apricot8
Yoghurt, summer fruit: peach and vanilla8
Yoghurt, summer fruit: raspberry8
Yoghurt, summer fruit: strawberry8
Yoghurt, toffee (Healthy Living Light, UK)8
Yoghurt, tropical fruit: guava and passionfruit8
Yoghurt, tropical fruit: mango8
Yoghurt, tropical fruit: peach and apricot8
867 38±7 200868 34±7 200869 47±13 200870 54±12 200
brand (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)871 Mochaccino frozen yoghurt 51±5 125872 Strawberry Banana frozen yoghurt 55±6 125873 Vanilla frozen yoghurt 46±5 125
mean of three foods 51 125Low-fat yoghurt
874 14±4 200(Dairy Farmers, Australia)
875 33±7 200876 Low-fat, sugar-sweetened, strawberry classic, 33±5 200
877 31±14 200Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia)
878 Low-fat, Nestlé Diet Blueberry (Nestlé, Australia) 32±4 200879 Low-fat, Nestlé Diet Mixed Berry (Nestlé, Australia) 28±4 200880 Low-fat, Nestlé Diet Peaches & Cream 28±3 200
(Nestlé, Australia)881 42±6 200882 41±5 200883 53±9 200884 56±11 200885 34±6 200886 61±11 200
Vaalia®, low-fat, sugar sweetened yoghurt(Pauls Ltd, Australia)
887 Heavenly Honey flavor 32±4 200888 Lemon Creme flavor 43±6 200889 Luscious Berries flavor 29±2 200890 Passionfruit flavor 32±3 200891 Strawberry flavor 28±3 200
mean of five foods 33±3 200Natural yoghurt
892 Fat-Free Natural yoghurt 19±5 200
893 Greek Style yoghurt, Premium blend 12±4 200
894 Leben European Style yoghurt 11±5 200
895 35±10 200mean of four foods 19±6 200Non-fat yoghurt
896 Passionfruit yoghurt, fat-free (Jalna Dairy Foods, 27±4 200
Yoghurt, tropical pineapple8 (Healthy Living Light, UK)Yoghurt, Valencia orange8 (Finest, UK)Yoghurt, vanilla8 (Healthy Living Light, UK)Yoghurt, white peach8 (Finest, UK)Yoghurt, frozen, President's Choice® Blue MenuTM
Low-fat, fruit, aspartame, SkiTM
Low-fat, fruit, sugar, SkiTM (Dairy Farmers, Australia)
YoplaitTM Lite (National Foods Ltd, Australia)Low-fat (0.9%), fruit, wild strawberry (Ski d'liteTM,
Low-fat, apricot (UK)8
Low-fat, black cherry (UK)8
Low-fat, hazelnut (UK)8
Low-fat, peach melba (Value, UK)8
Low-fat, raspberry (UK)8
Low-fat, strawberry (UK)8
(Jalna Dairy Foods, Australia)25
(Jalna Dairy Foods, Australia)25
(Jalna Dairy Foods, Australia)25
Yoghurt, low fat, natural (UK)8
Australia)
and Splenda897 23±2 200898 23±2 200899 25±3 200900 23±2 200901 23±2 200
mean of five foods 23±1 200
902 40±2 200903 40±4 200
(National Foods Ltd, Australia)904 16±3 200905 19±3 200906 20±4 200907 18±3 200
mean of four foods 18±1 200Probiotic yoghurt
908 44±10 200909 45±10 200910 52±14 200
mean of three foods 47 200Reduced-fat yoghurt
911 26±4 200
912 26±4 200
913 28±4 200
914 Reduced-fat, strawberry (Czech Republic) 43±5 200915 25±3 200
(National Foods Ltd, Australia)916 37±3 200
(National Foods Ltd, Australia)917 27±2 200
(National Foods Ltd, Australia)918 32±5 200
(National Foods Ltd, Australia)Yoghurt drinks
919 56±9 250 mL920 30±8 250 mL921 34±5 250 mL922 Vitalise Multivitamin Cultured Milk Fruit Drink 24±5 250 mL
Diet VaaliaTM, sweetened with acesulfame K
Diet VaaliaTM, exotic fruits (Pauls Ltd., Australia)8
Diet VaaliaTM, mango (Pauls Ltd., Australia)8
Diet VaaliaTM, mixed berry (Pauls Ltd., Australia)8
Diet VaaliaTM, strawberry (Pauls Ltd., Australia)8
Diet VaaliaTM, vanilla (Pauls Ltd, Australia)8
SkiTM, non-fat, sugar sweetened
SkiTM, Honey flavor (Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia)SkiTM, vanilla flavor (Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia)YoplaitTM, non-fat, artificially sweetened yoghurts
YoplaitTM No Fat berry fruit flavors8
YoplaitTM No Fat Strawberry Classic flavor8
YoplaitTM No Fat tropical fruit flavors8
YoplaitTM No Fat yoghurt, various flavors8
Yoghurt, probiotic, prune (UK)8
Yoghurt, probiotic, raspberry (UK)8
Yoghurt, probiotic, strawberry (UK)8
Reduced-fat, VaaliaTM, apricot & mango(Pauls Ltd., Australia)8
Reduced-fat, VaaliaTM, french vanilla(Pauls Ltd., Australia)8
Reduced-fat, Extra-LiteTM, strawberry(Pauls Ltd., Australia)8
Reduced-fat, YoplaitTM Lite, berry fruit flavors
Reduced-fat, YoplaitTM Lite, tropical fruit flavors
Reduced-fat, YoplaitTM Lite, various flavors
Reduced-fat, YoplaitTM Lite, Fruit Salad flavor
Probiotic drink, cranberry (UK)8
Probiotic drink, orange (UK)8
Probiotic drink, original (UK)8
(Jalna Dairy Foods, Australia)923 Wildberry Yoghourt on the Go 19±4 250 mL
(Jalna Dairy Foods, Australia)924 38±4 250 mL
Soy-based dairy product alternativesSoy milks
925 Soy milk, full-fat (3%), Original, 0 mg calcium, 44±5 250 mL
926 Soy milk, full-fat (3%), Calciforte, 120 mg calcium, 36±4 250 mL
927 Soy milk, full-fat (3%), 120 mg calcium, Calciforte 41±4 250 mL
928 Soy milk, Vitasoy® Organic (National Foods Ltd, 43±3 250 mL
929 Soy milk, Vitasoy® So Milky Regular 21±5 250 mL
930 Soy milk, low-fat (0.7%), Vitasoy® Light Original 45±5 250 mL
931 Soy milk, reduced-fat (1.5%), Vitasoy® So Milky Lite 17±3 250 mL
932 Soy milk, reduced-fat (1.5%), 120 mg calcium, Light, 44±3 250 mL
933 Soy milk, reduced-fat (1.8%), 120 mg calcium, Vitasoy® 18±3 250 mL
Soy milk drinks934 Soy Beverage, Chocolate flavored, President's Choice® 40±5 250 mL
935 Soy Beverage, Original flavored, President's Choice® 15±4 250 mL
936 Soy Beverage, Vanilla flavored, President's Choice® 28±3 250 mL
937 Soy milk, reduced-fat (1.5%), Vitasoy® Lush, 31±3 250 mL
938 Soy milk, reduced-fat (1.5%), Vitasoy® Lush, Vanilla 31±3 250 mL
939 Soy smoothie drink, banana, 1% fat 30±3 250 mL
940 Soy smoothie drink, chocolate hazelnut, 1% fat 34±3 250 mL
941 43±5 250 mL
942 46±5 250 mL
943 39±2 250 mL
Yoghurt drink, reduced-fat, VaaliaTM, tropicalpassionfruit (Pauls Ltd., Australia)8
with maltodextrin, (So Natural Foods, Australia)8
with maltodextrin (So Natural Foods, Australia)8 (2000)
(So Natural Foods, Australia)8 (2006)
Australia)8
(National Foods Ltd, Australia)8
(National Foods Ltd, Australia)8
(National Foods Ltd, Australia)8
containing maltodextrin (So Natural Foods, Australia)8
Premium Vitality+ (National Foods Ltd, Australia)8
Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
Chocolate (National Foods Ltd, Australia)8
(National Foods Ltd, Australia)8
(So Natural Foods, Australia)8
(So Natural Foods, Australia)8
Up & GoTM, cocoa malt flavor (soy milk, rice cerealliquid breakfast) (Sanitarium, Australia)8
Up & GoTM, original malt flavor (soy milk, rice cerealliquid breakfast) (Sanitarium, Australia)8
XpressTM, chocolate (soy bean, cereal, legume extract
Soy yoghurt944 Soy yoghurt, peach and mango, 2% fat, sugar 50±3 200
FRUIT AND FRUIT PRODUCTSApples, raw
945 Apple, Golden Delicious (Canada) 39±3 120946 Apple, dried (Australia) 29±5 60947 Sliced Apples, canned, solid packed without juice 42±2 120
(Langeberg and Ashton Foods Pty Ltd, South Africa)Apricots
948 Apricots, raw, NS (Australia) 34±3 120949 Apricot Halves canned in fruit juice (Langeberg 51±5 120
and Ashton Foods Pty Ltd, South Africa)Apricots, dried
950 Apricots, dried (Australia) 30±7 60951 Apricots, dried, ready to eat (UK) 31±6 60952 Apricots, dried, ready to eat, bite size (UK) 32±7 60
mean of three studies 31 60953 Apricot dried fruit snack (Australia) 42±3 15954 Apricot & apple fruit strips, gluten-free 29±6 20
(Freedom Foods, Australia)Apricot jam/fruit spread
955 Apricot 100% Pure Fruit spread, no added sugar 43±6 30(Freedom Foods, Australia)
956 50±6 30(Cadbury Schweppes, Australia)
957 Apricot fruit spread, reduced sugar (Glen Ewin Jams, 55±7 30Para Hills, Australia)
958 56±8 30Apricot spread (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)mean of four studies 51±3 30Banana, raw
959 Banana (Australia) 47±5 120960 Banana (Canada) 62±9 120961 Banana (South Africa) 70±5 120962 61±11 30
(H J Heinz, Malvern, Australia)963 46±5 30
(Cadbury Schweppes, Australia)964 Blackberry Sour Buzz dried fruit leather, Sunripe 35±5 30
School Straps (Windsor Farm Foods, Australia)965 Bluberries, wild (Wild Blueberries Association, Canada) 53±7 100
966 Breadfruit, peeled, boiled 10 min (Jamaica) 47±5 120967 Breadfruit, peeled, boiled 26 min (Jamaica) 60±9 120968 68 120969 Breadfruit, roasted on preheated charcoal (Jamaica) 72±8 120
drink with fructose)8 (So Natural Foods, Australia)
(So Natural Foods, Australia)8
Apricot 100% Fruit Spread, CotteesTM brand
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM Twice the Fruit
Banana, processed fruit fingers, Heinz KidzTM
Blackberry 100% Fruit Spread, CotteesTM brand
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)
Breadfruit, raw (Australia)8
mean of four studies 62±6 120970 63±6 120971 Cherries, sour, pitted, canned (Always Fresh brand, 41±5 120
972 Custard apple, raw, flesh only (Australia) 54±2 120Dates
973 Dates, Barhi variety, dried and vacuum packed 50±6 60(United Arab Emirates)
974 Dates, Bo ma'an variety, dried and vacuum packed 31±5 60(United Arab Emirates)
975 Dates, Khalas (Rutab, soft early ripened) variety 47±5 60(United Arab Emirates)
976 Dates, Khalas (Tamer, sun dried stored in traditional 45±8 60Bedu manner) variety (United Arab Emirates)
977 Dates, Khalas variety, dried and vacuum packed 36±3 60(United Arab Emirates)mean of five studies 42±4 60
978 Divine Date spread (Buderim Ginger, Buderim, QLD, 29±4 25Australia)
979 Figs, dried, tenderised, Dessert Maid brand 61±6 60(Ernest Hall & Sons, Sydney, Australia)
980 Fruit Salad canned in fruit juice, containing peach, 54±3 120pear, apricot, pineapple and cherries(Langeberg and Ashton Foods Pty Ltd, South Africa)Ginger
981 Ginger, candied, sucrose-free 10±4 25(Buderim Ginger, Australia)
982 Ginger Spread, sucrose-free 10±2 25(Buderim Ginger, Australia)
983 Original Ginger marmalade 50±7 25(Buderim Ginger, Australia)
984 Grapes, black, Waltham Cross (Australia) 59 120985 Grape Nectar (Chateau Barrosa, Lyndoch, 52±5 20
SA, Australia)986 Grapefruit, ruby red segments, canned in juice 47±5 120
(Woolworths Limited, Australia)987 58±7 120988 Lychee, canned in syrup and drained, 79±8 120
Narcissus brand (China)989 Mandarin segments, canned in juice 47±2 120
(Woolworths Limited, Australia)990 51±3 120991 42±3 100
(Weis Frozen Foods, Toowong, Australia)992 Mixed fruit, dried (Value, UK) 60±7 60993 43±6 120
Oranges, raw994 Oranges, type NS (South Africa) 33±6 120995 Oranges, type NS (Canada) 40±3 120
Cherries, dark, raw, pitted (Australia)25
Australia)8
Kiwi fruit (Australia)8
Mango (Mangifera indica) (Australia)8
Mango, low-fat frozen fruit dessert, FrutiaTM
Nectarines, raw (Australia)8
995 Orange & Grapefruit segments, canned in juice 53±4 120(Woolworths Limited, Australia)Orange Marmalade
996 Marmalade, orange 100% Pure Fruit spread, 27±3 30no added sugar (Freedom Foods, Australia)
997 Marmalade, orange (Australia) 48±9 30998 Breakfast Marmalade 100% Fruit Spread, 55±4 30
mean of three foods 43 30Paw paw/papaya, raw
999 56±6 120Peaches
1000 Peach, canned in natural juice (Goulburn Valley 30±4 120brand, Ardmona Foods, Mooroopna, Australia)
1001 Peach, canned in natural juice (SPC Ltd, 45±6 120Shepparton, Australia)
1002 Peach, canned in natural juice (SPC Ardmona Ltd, 46±4 120Shepparton, VIC, Australia)mean of three studies 40 120
1003 Peach, canned in heavy syrup (Letona Foods, 58±11 120Hawthorn East, VIC, Australia)
1004 Peach, canned in heavy syrup (Homebrand, 64±3 120Yennora, NSW, Australia)
1005 Peach, canned in reduced-sugar syrup, SPC Lite 62±9 120(SPC Ltd, Australia)
1006 Peach & Grapes, canned in natural fruit juice 46±5 120(Woolworths Limited, Australia)
1007 Peach & Pineapple, canned in natural fruit juice 45±4 120(Woolworths Limited, Australia)
1008 Peach, dried (UK) 35±5 601009 Peach & pear fruit strips, gluten-free 29±6 20
(Freedom Foods, Australia)Pears
1010 Pear halves, canned in reduced-sugar syrup, SPC Lite 25±6 120(SPC Ltd, Australia)
1011 Pear halves, canned in natural juice (SPC Ltd, Australia 43±15 1201012 Pear, dried (UK) 43±15 60
Pineapple1013 66±7 1201014 Pineapple pieces, canned in fruit juice 43±4 120
(Woolworths Limited, Australia)1015 Pineapple pieces, canned in natural fruit juice 55±5 120
(Woolworths Limited, Australia)1016 Pineapple & Papaya pieces, canned in natural juice 53±7 120
(Woolworths Limited, Australia)1017 Prunes, pitted (Sunsweet Growers Inc., Yuba City, USA) 29±4 60
Raisins1018 Raisins (Canada) 64±11 601019 Raspberry 100% Pure Fruit spread, no added sugar 26±4 25
(Freedom Foods, Australia)
CotteesTM brand (Cadbury Schweppes, Australia)
Paw paw (Carica papaya (Australia)8
Pineapple, raw (Australia)8
1020 46±5 30(Cadbury Schweppes, Australia)Rockmelon/Cantaloupe
1021 65±9 1201022 70 1201023 40±7 1201024 Strawberry jam (Australia) 51±10 301025 46±5 30
(Cadbury Schweppes, Australia)1025 69±12 25
Spread - Strawberry & Rhubarb(Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
1026 Strawberry fruit leather (Stretch Island Fruit 29±4 30
1027 Strawberry & wildberry dried fruit leather, Sunripe 40 30School Straps (Windsor Farm Foods, Australia)
1028 Strawberry processed fruit bars, Real Fruit Bars 90±12 30(Uncle Toby's, Australia)Sultanas
1029 Sultanas (Australia) 56±11 601030 Sultanas (Value, UK) 56±6 601031 Sultanas (UK) 58±11 60
mean of three studies 57 601032 Tropical dried fruit snack (Australia) 41±3 151033 Vitari, wild berry, non-dairy, frozen fruit dessert 59±8 100
(Nestlé, Australia)Watermelon
1034 72±13 1201035 80±3 1201036 Wild berry dried fruit snack (Australia) 35±4 15
FRUIT JUICESApple juice
1037 Apple juice, unsweetened, reconstituted 39±5 250 mL(Berrivale Orchards Ltd, Berri, Australia)
1038 Apple juice, Granny Smith, unsweetened (Australia) 44±3 250 mL1039 Apple juice, pure, clear, unsweetened (The Wild 44±2 250 mL
About Fruit Company, Wandin, VIC, Australia)1040 Apple juice, pure, cloudy, unsweetened 37±3 250 mL
(The Wild About Fruit Company, Australia)1041 Apple and blackcurrant juice, no added sugar 45±4 250 mL
(Berri Ltd, Australia)1042 Apple and cherry juice, pure, unsweetened 43±3 250 mL
(The Wild About Fruit Company, Australia)1043 Apple and mango juice, pure, unsweetened 47±5 250 mL
(The Wild About Fruit Company, Australia)1044 Apple, pineapple and passionfruit juice, unsweetened 48±5 250 mL
(The Wild About Fruit Company, Australia)1045 43±3 250 mL
Raspberry 100% Fruit Spread, CotteesTM brand
Rockmelon/Cantaloupe, raw (Australia)8
Rockmelon/Cantaloupe, raw (Australia)7
Strawberries, fresh, raw (Australia)8
Strawberry100% Fruit Spread, CotteesTM brand
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM Twice the Fruit
CompanyTM, Washington, USA)
Watermelon, raw (Australia)8
Watermelon, raw (Australia)7
Carrot juice, freshly made (Sydney, Australia)8
Cranberry juice1046 Cranberry juice cocktail (Ocean Spray, 52±3 250 mL
Melbourne, Australia)1047 Cranberry juice cocktail 68±3 250 mL
(Ocean Spray Inc., Lakeville-Middleboro, MA, USA)1048 Cranberry juice drink, Ocean Spray® 56±4 250 mL
(Gerber Ltd., Bridgewater, Somerset, UK)mean of three studies 59 250 mLOrange juice
1049 Orange juice (Canada) 46±6 250 mL1050 48±4 250 mL
juice beverage (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)1051 Orange juice, unsweetened, reconstituted concentrate, 53±6 250 mL
Quelch brand (Berri Ltd, Australia)1052 Orange juice, unsweetened, reconstituted concentrate, 54±5 250 mL
Mr Juicy brand (Berri Ltd, Australia)mean of four studies 50±2 250 mL
1053 Prune juice (Golden Circle, Australia) 43±3 250 mLSuperJuice (Berri Ltd, Australia)
1054 SuperJuice Greenzone, containing apple, orange an 47±3 250 mLpineapple juice
1055 SuperJuice Immune, containing apple juice, 47±3 250 mLpineapple juice and guava puree
1056 SuperJuice Kickstart, containing apple juice, 39±3 250 mLblueberry puree and banana pureeTomato juice
1057 Tomato juice, low sodium, President's Choice® Blue 23±6 250 mL
1058 Tomato juice, no added sugar (Campbell's Soup 33±3 250 mLCompany, Camden, USA)
1059 Tomato juice, canned, no added sugar 38±4 250 mL(Berri Ltd, Australia)mean of three studies 31 250 mL
INFANT FORMULA AND WEANING FOODSFormula
1060 55±6 100 mL
1061 35±5 100 mL
1062 30±6 100 mL1063 36±6 100 mL
Weaning Foods1064 Apple baby food (Czech Republic) 46±5 1201065 95±13 87
Robinsons First Tastes from 4 months(Nutricia, Wells, UK)
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM Oh-Mega j Orange
MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
InfasoyTM, soy-based, milk-free (Wyeth Nutritionals,Baulkham Hills, NSW, Australia)8
KaricareTM gold starter formula with omega plusLCP oils (Nutricia, Auckland, New Zealand)8
Nan-1TM infant formula with iron (Nestlé, Australia)8
S-26TM infant formula (Wyeth Nutritionals, Australia)8
FarexTM baby rice, 7 g cereal with 80 g water(Heinz Wattie's Ltd., Malvern, Australia)8
1066 56±8 751067 59±8 751068 59±6 75
Heinz for Baby from 4 months(Heinz Wattie's Ltd, Australia)
1069 67±11 1201070 65±13 120
Porridge/Gruel (Semper Foods AB, Sweden)1071 Gruel (wholemeal wheat, rye, rice, wheat and oat flour), 47 250
1072 Porridge (rice & wheat flour), apple-pear flavored, 46 250
1073 Porridge (wholemeal wheat, oat, rice & wheat flour), 51 250
1074 Porridge (rice and wheat flour), made with 54 250
1075 51 250
LEGUMES AND NUTSBaked Beans
1076 Baked Beans, canned (Canada) 40±3 1501077 Baked Beans, Heinz Vegetarian baked haricot beans 40 150
1078 Baked Beans in Cheesy Tomato sauce 44±4 150(HJ Heinz, Australia)
1079 Baked Beans in Barbecue sauce (HJ Heinz, Australia) 47±4 1501080 Baked Beans in Ham sauce (HJ Heinz, Australia) 53±4 1501081 Baked Beans in Mild Curry sauce (HJ Heinz, Australia) 49±5 1501082 Baked Beans in Sweet Chilli sauce (HJ Heinz, Australia) 46±3 1501083 Baked Beans in Tomato sauce (HJ Heinz, Australia) 40±5 1501084 Baked Beans in Tomato sauce, canned, reheated in 57±7 150
microwave for 1.5 min (HJ Heinz, Australia)Beans, dried, boiled
1085 37 150Blackeyed beans/peas (Cowpeas), boiled
1086 Blackeyed beans (Canada) 33±4 1501087 52 150
1088 38 150
Butter Beans1089 36±3 150
1090 Butter beans, dried, soaked overnight, 26±7 150boiled 50 min (UK)
1091 Butter beans, dried, soaked overnight, cooked in 28±7 150salted water (South Africa)
1092 Butter beans (Canada) 36±4 150
Apple, apricot and banana cereal8
Creamed rice porridge8
Rice pudding8
Chicken and noodles with vegetables, strained8
Sweetcorn and rice8
made with whole milk and water24
made with whole milk and water24
fruit flavored, made with whole milk and water24
whole milk and water24
Rice porridge, made with whole milk and water24
(HJ Heinz Company, Dandenong, VIC, Australia)11
Beans, dried, type NS (Italy)24
Blackeyed peas (Vigna unguiculata),boiled (Nigeria)11,14
Blackeyed peas (Vigna unguiculata), boiled,consumed with 4.24 g salt (Nigeria)11,14
Butter beans, canned, drained, Edgell'sTM brand(Simplot Australia, Cheltenham, Australia)8
mean of four studies 32±3 1501093 31±5 150
Chickpeas (Garbanzo beans, Bengal gram), boiled1094 10 150
boiled 35 min (Philippines)1095 Chickpeas (Canada) 36±5 1501096 38±3 150
1097 Chickpea Hommus dip, Chris' Traditional brand 22±5 30
1098 37±5 150
Haricot/Navy beans1099 Haricot/Navy beans, boiled (Canada) 31±6 1501100 Haricot/Navy beans (King Grains, Canada) 39 1501101 Haricot beans, home-cooked, soaked overnight, 23 150
(HJ Heinz, Australia)Kidney Beans
1102 14 150soaked, boiled 17 min (Philippines)
1103 19 1501104 25 150
soaked 20 min, boiled 70 min (Sweden)1105 Kidney beans (Canada) 29±8 150
mean of four studies 22±3 1501106 34 1501107 Kidney beans, dried, soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, 70±11 150
1108 20 150overnight, cooked 45 min (Philippines)
1109 Dark Red Kidney beans, canned in brine, drained, 43±5 150
1110 36±4 150
1111 Red Kidney beans, dried, soaked overnight, 51±5 150boiled 60 min (UK)Lentils
1112 Lentils, type NS (Canada) 29±3 1501113 42±5 150
1114 Lentils, green, dried, boiled (Australia) 37±3 1501115 Lentils, red, split, dried, boiled 25 min (UK) 21±7 1501116 Marrowfat peas, dried, boiled (Canada) 47±3 150
Mung beans1117 31 150
boiled 20 min (Philippines)
Cannellini beans, canned, drained, Edgell'sTM brand(Simplot Australia, Cheltenham, Australia)8
Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum Linn), dried, soaked,
Chickpeas, canned, drained, Edgell'sTM brand(Simplot Australia, Australia)8
(Capitol Chilled Foods Pty Ltd, ACT, Australia)8
Four bean mix, canned, drained, Edgell'sTM brand(Simplot Australia, Australia)8
boiled 1h in water, baked in tomato sauce 2 h11
Kidney/white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn),
Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) (India)Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), red,
Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), autoclaved
steamed 1 h (India)14
Black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn), soaked
Edgell'sTM brand (Simplot Australia, Australia)8
Red Kidney beans, canned, drained, Edgell'sTM brand(Simplot Australia, Australia)8
Lentils, brown, canned, drained, Edgell'sTM brand(Simplot Australia, Australia)8
Mung bean (Phaseolus areus Roxb), soaked,
1118 Mung bean, fried (Australia) 53±8 1501119 Mung bean, germinated (Australia) 25±4 1501120 Mung bean, pressure cooked (Australia) 42±5 1501121 22 150
boiled 45 min (Philippines)Pinto beans
1122 33 1501123 38±3 150
(Capital Foods Pty Ltd, Australia)Soya beans
1124 Soya beans, dried, boiled (Canada) 15±5 1501125 Soya beans, dried, boiled (Australia) 20±3 1501126 Soya beans, canned (Canada) 14±2 1501127 14±3 150
1128 Split peas, yellow, dried, soaked overnight, 25±6 150boiled 55 min (UK)
MEAL REPLACEMENT & WEIGHTMANAGEMENT PRODUCTS
1129 29±10 250 mL1130 Chocolate weight management bar 29±4 31
(Shaklee Corporation, Pleasanton, CA, USA)1131 23±5 250 mL1132 39±8 250 mL1133 Hazelnut & Apricot bar (Dietworks, 42±7 50
South Yarra, Australia)1134 28±5 250 mL
with water (Indevex AB, Sweden)1135 Juice Plus+® Complete meal replacement powder, 35±5 250 mL
Dutch chocolate flavor (Australia)1136 Juice Plus+® Complete meal replacement powder, 32±4 250 mL
French vanilla flavor (Australia)
(Nestlé, Australia)1137 36±6 2801138 Honey Soy Beef with Wholemeal Noodles, reheated 53±4 2801139 Burmese Vegetable Curry & rice, reheated 49±6 2801140 Chicken Pomodoro, reheated 46±8 280
Salt Lake City, UT, USA)1141 45±4 501142 26±3 2501143 30±4 401144 32±4 401145 Lemon weight management bar 23±4 31
(Shaklee Corporation, USA)1146 32±8 50
Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan Linn. Huth.), soaked,
Pinto beans, steamed (USA)11,14
Refried Pinto beans, Casa FiestaTM brand
Soya beans, canned in brine, drained, Edgell'sTM brand(Simplot Australia, Australia)7
Chocolate, lactose-free, weight management drink (UK)24
Chocolate weight management drink (UK)24
Chocolate weight management drink (UK)24
InZoneTM nutritious beverage powder, prepared
Lean CuisineTM frozen convenience meals
French style chicken with rice, reheated8
L.E.A.NTM products (Usana Inc.,
L.E.A.N FibergyTM bar, Harvest OatNutrimealTM, drink powder, Dutch ChocolateL.E.A.N (Life long) NutribarTM, Peanut CrunchL.E.A.N (Life long) NutribarTM, Chocolate Crunch
Lemon weight management bar (UK)24
1147 43±7 501148 Peanut Butter weight management bar 22±4 31
(Shaklee Corporation, USA)1149 28±5 250 mL
prepared with water (Indevex AB, Sweden)1150 10±6 250 mL
1151 28±5 250 mLwith water (Indevex AB, Sweden)SlimFast® weight management productsSlimFast® bars
1152 SlimFast® chocolate caramel meal replacement bar 54±3 50(SlimFast Foods Ltd, Slough, Berks, UK)
1153 SlimFast® chocolate meal replacement bar 27±3 50(SlimFast Foods Ltd, UK)
1154 SlimFast® Chocolate Muesli snack bar 49±6 50(SlimFast Foods Ltd, UK)SlimFast® beverages
1155 SlimFast® Double Chocolate meal replacement powder, 36±4 50prepared with skim milk (SlimFast Foods Ltd, UK)
1156 SlimFast® French Vanilla ready-to-drink shake 37±5 250 mL(Slim Fast Foods Company, Englewood, NJ, USA)
1157 SlimFast® meal replacement powder, prepared 35±6 250 mLwith skim milk (Unilever Australasia, Australia)
1158 SlimFast® Strawberry Supreme ready-to-drink shake 33±3 250 mL(SlimFast Foods Ltd, UK)SlimFast® meals
1159 SlimFast® Garden vegetable soup with 20±2 250 mLpeppers and croutons (SlimFast Foods Ltd, UK)
1160 SlimFast® Pasta Florentina meal (SlimFast Foods, UK) 53±5 2501161 Tony Ferguson's Meal Replacement Shake, 22±2 250 mL
all flavors, prepared with water (Australia)Worldwide Sport Nutrition reduced-carbohydrateproducts (2000 formulations) (Worldwide SportNutritional Supplements Inc., Largo, FL, US)
1162 14±3 35
1163 29±3 501164 23±3 50
1165 30±4 801166 38±4 801167 22±4 801168 43±4 801169 40±4 80
1170 25±3 55
Malt toffee weight management bar (UK)24
ProvideTM nutritious beverage powder,
ReduceXSTM Chocolate Deluxe formulated mealreplacement powder, prepared with water (Australia)8
SICCON D2TM nutritious beverage powder, prepared
Designer chocolate, sugar-free8
Burn-itTM bars
Chocolate deluxe8
Peanut butter8
Pure-proteinTM bars
Chewy choc-chip8
Chocolate deluxe8
Peanut butter8
Strawberry shortcake8
White chocolate mousse8
Pure-proteinTM cookies
Choc-chip cookie dough8
1171 42±5 551172 37±7 55
MIXED MEALS AND CONVENIENCE FOODS1173 53±12 3001174 Berrynice Yoghurt Crunch (low fat yoghurt, 43±5 216
honey toasted oats, strawberries and blueberries)(McDonald's Australia Ltd, Australia)Burgers
1175 66±10 128sauce on a burger bun)(McDonald's Australia Ltd, Australia)
1176 Hamburger (beef patty, ketchup, pickle, onion and 66±8 95mustard on a burger bun)(McDonald's Australia Ltd, Australia)
1177 Lean beef burger (lean beef patty, tomato, mixed 66±4 164lettuce, cheese, onion and sauce on a burger bun)(McDonald's Australia Ltd, Australia)
1178 66±3 186mayonnaise on a burger bun)(McDonald's Australia Ltd, Australia)
1179 Vege Burger (vegetable patty, lettuce, tomato and 59±8 100sweet chilli sauce on a burger bun) (Australia)
1180 Cannelloni, spinach and ricotta (UK) 15±4 3001181 Chicken korma and peshwari rice, prepared meal 44±6 300
(Finest, UK)1182 Chicken korma and rice, convenience meal 45±9 300
(Healthy Living, UK)1183 Chicken nuggets, frozen, reheated in 46±4 100
microwave oven 5 min (Savings,Grocery Holdings, Tooronga, Australia)
1184 55±6 100chilli sauce (McDonald's, Australia)
1185 Chicken tikka masala and rice, convenience meal 34±7 300(Healthy Living, UK)
1186 Chilli beef noodles, prepared convenience meal 42±4 300(Finest, UK)
1187 Chilli con carne, made from haricot beans (Australia) 34±9 3001188 55±7 300
(Healthy Living, UK)1189 Chow mein, chicken, convenience meal 47±7 300
(Serves One, UK)
(Unilever Australiasia, Epping, NSW, Australia)1190 Wholegrain Pasta & Sauce, Cheesy, prepared 37±5 200
with water, reduced-fat milk & margarine1191 Wholegrain Pasta & Sauce, Creamy Carbonara, 39±4 200
prepared with water, reduced-fat milk & margarine1192 Wholegrain Pasta & Sauce, Creamy Sun-dried Tomato, 43±6 200
Coconut8
Peanut butter8
Beef and ale casserole, convenience meal (Finest, UK)8
Fillet-O-FishTM burger (fish patty, cheese and tartare
McChickenTM burger (chicken patty, lettuce,
Chicken McNuggetsTM consumed with sweet Thai
Chow mein, chicken, convenience meal8
ContinentalTM Wholegrain Pasta & Sauce
prepared with water, reduced-fat milk & margarine1193 Wholegrain Pasta & Sauce, Parmesan and Cracked 33±5 200
Pepper, prepared with water, reduced-fat milkand margarine
1194 Cottage pie (UK) 65±8 3001195 Cumberland fish pie (UK) 40±5 3001196 Cumberland pie (UK) 29±6 3001197 Dates, Khalas (Rutab, soft early ripened) (90 g), 37±5 215
eaten with full-fat plain yoghurt (125 g)(United Arab Emirates)
1198 Dates, Khalas (Tamer, dark brown commercial) (60 g), 29±4 185eaten with full-fat plain yoghurt (125 g)(United Arab Emirates)
1199 Dumpling, containing meat and shallots (China) 28±3 1001200 Fajitas, chicken (UK) 42±14 3001201 Greek lentil stew with a bread roll, home made 40±5 360
(Australia)1202 Instant mashed potato (McCain, McCain Foods, USA), 66 100
eaten with 62 g cheese and 16 g butter (Canada)1203 Kidney beans, (canned) with bacon and tomatoes 36±8 250
(Australia)1204 Kidney beans, (cooked from dried beans) with bacon 21±9 250
and tomatoes (Australia)1205 35±8 300
(Finest, UK)Lasagne
1206 Lasagne, beef (frozen) (UK) 47±7 3001207 Lasagne, meat (Healthy Living, chilled, UK) 28±4 3001208 Lasagne, type NS (Finest, UK) 34±8 3001209 Lasagne, type NS (UK) 25±5 3001210 Lasagne, vegetarian (UK) 20±6 3001211 Lentil and cauliflower cury with rice (Australia) 60±10 3001212 Lentil and cheese pie (Australia) 25±8 3001213 Lentils and vegetables, steamed for 10 min then boiled 35 200
for 10 min consumed with an orange (Chile)1214 Mushroom stroganoff with rice (UK) 26±6 3001215 Parboiled rice (Uncle Bens Converted, Mars, USA) 27 100
consumed with 68 g cheese and 14 g butter (Canada)1216 Pasta bake, tomato and mozzarella (UK) 23±4 300
Pasta eaten with other foods1217 Fusilli pasta twists (Tesco Stores Ltd, UK), boiled 28±3 -
10 min in salted water, served with canned tuna (UK)1218 Fusilli pasta twists (Tesco Stores Ltd, UK), boiled 27±4 -
10 min in salted water, served with cheddar cheese (UK)1219 Fusilli pasta twists (Tesco Stores Ltd, UK), boiled 40±5 -
10 min in salted water, served with chilli con carne (UK)1220 Spaghetti, beans & vegetables steamed for 25 min, 54 200
consumed with an orange (Chile)1221 Pies, beef, party size (Farmland, 45±6 100
Grocery Holdings, Australia)
Lamb moussaka, prepared convenience meal8
Pizza1222 Pizza, Super Supreme, pan (11.4% fat) 36±6 100
(Pizza Hut, Sydney, NSW, Australia)1223 Pizza, Super Supreme, thin and crispy (13.2 % fat) 30±4 100
(Pizza Hut, Australia)1224 Pizza, Vegetarian Supreme, thin and crispy (7.8 % fat) 49±6 100
(Pizza Hut, Australia)1225 Stone Baked Whole Wheat Pizza - Vegetable, Pesto 54±4 100
(Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)Potato with added ingredients
1226 Potato, Estima (50 g), microwaved 6 min then 62±6 139baked 10 min, served with baked beans (89 g) (UK)
1227 Potato, Estima (50 g), microwaved 6 min then 76±7 112baked 10 min, served with canned tuna (62 g) (UK)
1228 Potato, Estima (50 g), microwaved 6 min then baked 39±5 11210 min, served with cheddar cheese (62 g) (UK)
1229 Potato, Estima (50 g), microwaved 6 min then baked 75±7 11310 min, served with chilli con carne (63 g) (UK)
1230 Potato noodles with meat (China) 17±3 300
meals (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)1231 Barley Risotto with Herbed Chicken (entree) 38±4 3001232 4-Bean Salad, low-fat 13±3 1001233 Cauliflower-Topped Shepherd's Pie (entree) 21±4 3001234 Chicken Curry with Vegetables (entree) 26±8 3001235 Deluxe Cheddar Macaroni & Cheese Dinner 34±6 601236 Ginger-Glazed Salmon (entree) 41±3 3001237 Lentil and Bean Vegetable Patties 54±5 1131238 Linguine with Shrimp Marinara (entree) 40±6 3001239 Penne with Roasted Vegetables (entree) 39±5 3001240 Rotini with Chicken Pesto (entree) 57±4 3001241 3-Rice Bayou Blend Rice & Beans Sidedish 44±4 501242 4-Rice Pilaf Rice & Beans Sidedish 46±5 501243 Rice & Lentils Espana Sidedish 49±5 501244 Sesame Ginger Chicken with Vegetables (entree) 44±8 3001245 Tomato and Herb Chicken (entree) 29±5 3001246 Vegetable Ancient Grain Vegetable Patties 54±3 1131247 Vegetarian Chili 39±6 3001248 Yellow Curry Chicken (entree) 25±5 3001249 Sausages and mash potato, prepared 61±7 300
convenience meal (UK)1250 Sirloin chop with mixed vegetables and mashed 66±12 360
potato, homemade (Australia)1251 Shepherds pie, prepared convenience meal (UK) 66±9 3001252 Spaghetti bolognaise, home made (Australia) 52±9 3601253 48±12 300
convenience meal (Finest, UK)1254 Stuffed bun, with shallots and meat, steamed (China) 39±4 100
Sushi
and Feta Cheese, President's Choice® Blue MenuTM
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM convenience
Steak and ale with cheddar mash potato8
1255 48±8 1001256 Sushi, roasted sea algae, vinegar and rice (Japan) 55 1001257 Sweet and sour chicken with noodles, prepared 41±7 300
convenience meal (Serves One, UK)1258 Tandoori chicken masala & rice convenience meal 45±5 300
(Finest, UK)White bread with accompaniments
1259 Chicken Tandoori Deli Choice white French roll 78±7 270(tandoori chicken, tomato, lettuce, cucumber, mint &yoghurt sauce on a roll) (McDonald's Australia)
1260 Chicken Tandoori Deli Choice Multigrain roll 67±6 270(tandoori chicken, tomato, lettuce, cucumber, mint &yoghurt sauce on a roll) (McDonald's Australia)
1261 Turkey & Cranberry Deli Choice Multigrain roll 63±5 200(turkey, lettuce, cranberry sauce, cheese andmayonnaise on a roll) (McDonald's Australia)
1262 White wheat flour bread, butter, cheese, regular milk 55 200
1263 White wheat flour bread, butter, yoghurt and 39 200
1264 White bread roll with cheese (UK) 50±5 1001265 White bread (Rustico Panem, Panem, Verona, Italy), 78 36
(Burro Galbani, Cademartori, Lodi, Italy)1266 White bread (Rustico Panem, Panem, Verona, Italy), 20 36
1267 White bread (Rustico Panem, Panem, Verona, Italy), 20 36
1268 White bread consumed with margarine, eggs and 58±13 -orange juice
1269 White bread (30 g), toasted, served with 50±6 81baked beans (51 g) (Hovis, UK)
1270 White bread (30 g), toasted, served with cheddar 35±2 66cheese (36 g) (Hovis, UK)
1271 White Bread (Wonder Bread, Interstate Bakeries) 74 170(140 g), consumed with 30 g raw almonds (Canada)
1272 White Bread (Wonder Bread, Interstate Bakeries) 44 200(140 g), consumed with 60 g raw almonds (Canada)
1273 White bread (Wonder Bread, Interstate Bakeries), 39 160(100 g), consumed with 60 g raw, unblanched almonds(California Almonds, USA)
1274 White Bread (Wonder Bread, Interstate Bakeries) 31 230(140 g), consumed with 90 g raw almonds (Canada)
NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT PRODUCTS1275 23±4 237 mL
Evansville, USA)1276 12±3 250 mL
(Nutricia N.V., Netherlands)
Sushi, salmon ('I Love Sushi', Sydney, Australia)8
and fresh cucumber (Sweden)8
pickled cucumber (Sweden)8
consumed with 35 g butter11,14
eaten with 35 g Mazola corn oil (CDC, Milan, Italy)11,14
eaten with 35 g olive oil (Olio Sagra, Lucca, Italy)11,14
Choiced m TM, vanilla (Mead Johnson Nutritionals,
Diasip®, diabetes-specific enteral formula8
1277 17±4 250 mLformula (Nutricia N.V., Netherlands)
1278 22±7 250 mL(Fresenius Kabi AG, Germany)
1279 61±13 237 mLInternational Inc, Madison, USA)
1280 50±8 237 mLNSW, Australia)
1281 48±3 237 mL1282 43±3 38
(Abbott Australasia)1283 51±5 250 mL
prepared with water (Abbott Nutrition International)1284 40±4 237 mL1285 36±4 113
(Abbott Laboratories Inc, Ashland, USA)1286 25±8 250 mL1287 Glucerna Chocolate Graham nutritional 20±2 50
supplement bar (Ross Nutrition, Canada)1288 Glucerna, diabetes-specific enteral formula 15±3 250 mL
(Abbott Laboratories Inc, USA)Glucerna enteral nutritional supplement, vanilla
1289 19±4 250 mL(Abbott Nutrition International)
1290 20±4 250 mL(Abbott Nutrition International)
1291 26±2 250 mL1292 31±2 250 mL
mean of four studies 24±3 250 mL1293 16±3 250 mL
(Abbott Nutrition International)1294 Glucerna SR, diabetes-specific enteral formula 23±5 250 mL
(Abbott Laboratories Inc., USA)1295 25±3 250 mL1296 48±3 237 mL1297 59±6 250 mL
(Abbott Nutrition International)1298 26±5 250 mL
(Novartis Consumer Health SA, Switzerland)1299 25 250 mL1300 Nutridrink Multifiber, containing 2.3 g fiber/100 mL 22 250 mL
1301 28±10 250 mL(Nutricia N.V., Netherlands)
1302 34±8 250 mL(Nutricia N.V., Netherlands)
Diason®/Nutrison Diabetes, diabetes-specific enteral8
Diben®, diabetes-specific enteral formula8
Enercal PlusTM, made from powder (Wyeth-Ayerst
EnsureTM, vanilla (Abbott Australasia, Kurnell,
EnsureTM, vanilla (Abbott Australasia)EnsureTM bar, chocolate fudge brownie
EnsureTM Hospital, nutritional supplement powder,
Ensure PlusTM, vanilla (Abbott Australasia)Ensure PuddingTM, old fashioned vanilla
Fortimel® enteral formula (Nutricia N.V., Netherlands)8
GlucernaTM, vanilla flavor8
GlucernaTM, vanilla flavor8
GlucernaTM, vanilla flavor (Ross Nutrition, Canada)GlucernaTM, vanilla (Abbott Laboratories Inc., USA)8
Glucerna Select, enteral nutritional supplement8
InslowTM (Abbott Nutrition International -Japan)8
JevityTM (Abbott Australasia)JevityTM HiCal, enteral nutritional supplement
Novasource Diabet®, diabetes-specific enteral formula8
Nutridrink (Nutricia N.V., Netherlands)9
(Nutricia N.V., Netherlands)9
Nutrison Mutli fiber® enteral formula8
Nutrison Standard® enteral formula8
1303 49±8 237 mL(Ross Nutrition, USA)
1304 54±5 237 mL(Abbott Nutrition International)
1305 55±5 237 mL(Abbott Nutrition International)
1306 34±3 237 mL
1307 16±4 237mL(Novartis, Auckland, New Zealand)
1308 40±8 237 mL(Novartis, New Zealand)
1309 47±9 237 mLhoney consistency (Novartis, New Zealand)
1310 54±7 237 mLnectar consistency (Novartis, New Zealand)
1311 31±4 250 mLBristol Myers Squibb, Rydalmere, Australia)
1312 33±4 250 mLfrom powdered mix (Mead Johnson, Australia)
1313 27±3 250powdered mix (Mead Johnson, Australia)
1314 27±5 250 mLInternational - Japan)
1315 55±5 237 mLvanilla flavor (Abbott Nutrition International)
1316 40 237 mLEvansville, IN, USA)
NUTSCashew nuts
1317 22±5 501318 25±6 501319 25±12 501320 27±6 501321 27±9 50
mean of five foods 25±1 501322 Mixed nuts and raisins (UK) 21±5 501323 Mixed nuts, roasted and salted (UK) 24±10 50
Peanuts1324 7±4 50
PASTA and NOODLES1325 Buckwheat noodles (China) 59±1 1801326 Buckwheat noodles, instant (China) 53±2 1801327 Corn pasta, gluten-free (Orgran Natural Foods, 68±7 180
Carrum Downs, VIC, Australia) (2007)
Promote with fiberTM nutritional supplement
ProsureTM, ready-to-drink supplement, vanilla flavor
ProsureTM, ready-to-drink supplement, vanilla flavor
Resource DiabeticTM, French vanilla (NovartisNutrition Corp., Young America, USA)8
Resource DiabeticTM, Swiss chocolate
ResourceTM fruit beverage, peach flavor
ResourceTM thickened orange juice,
ResourceTM thickened orange juice,
SustagenTM, Dutch Chocolate (Mead Johnson,
SustagenTM Hospital with extra fiber, drink made
SustagenTM Instant Pudding, vanilla, made from
TapionTM nutritonal supplement (Abbott Nutrition
TwoCal HNTM, high nitrogen nutritional supplement,
UltracalTM with fiber (Mead Johnson,
Cashew nuts, salted (Coles Supermarkets, Australia)8
Cashew nuts (UK)8
Cashew nuts, organic, roasted and salted (UK)8
Cashew nut halves (UK)8
Cashew nuts, roasted and salted (UK)8
Peanuts, crushed (South Africa)8
1328 Corn pasta, gluten-free 78±10 180(Orgran Natural Foods, Australia)Fettucine, egg
1329 Fettucine, egg (Australia) 32±4 1801330 Fettucine, egg (Mother Earth Fine Foods, 47±6 180
Rowville, Australia)Fusilli pasta twists
1331 Fusilli pasta twists (Tesco Stores Ltd, UK), 61±9 180boiled 10 min in salted water (UK)
1332 Fusilli pasta twists, dry pasta, boiled in 10 min 54±11 180in unsalted water (UK)
1333 Fusilli pasta twists, tricolour, dry pasta, 51±11 180boiled 10 min in unsalted water (UK)
1334 Fusilli pasta twists, wholewheat, dry pasta, boiled 55±8 18010 min in unsalted water (UK)mean of four studies 55±2 180
1335 Gluten-free pasta, maize starch, boiled 8 min (UK) 54 1801336 Gnocchi, type NS (Latina, Pillsbury Australia Ltd, 68±9 180
Mt. Waverley, Australia)Instant noodles
1337 Instant 'two-minute' noodles, Maggi® 46±5 180(Nestlé, Australia) (1995)
1338 Instant 'two-minute' noodles, Maggi® 48±8 180(Nestlé, Auckland, New Zealand)
1339 Instant 'two-minute' noodles, Maggi®, all flavors 52±7 180(Nestlé Australia) (2005)
1340 Instant noodles, all flavors (Woolworths Limited, 52±5 180Australia)mean of four studies 50±2 180Lasagne pasta sheets, boiled for 10 min
1341 Lasagne sheets, dry pasta, boiled in unsalted water 55±8 180(Value, UK)
1342 Lasagne, egg, dry pasta, boiled in unsalted water (UK) 53±9 1801343 Lasagne, egg, verdi, dry pasta, boiled in 52±6 180
unsalted water (UK)mean of three studies 53 180Linguine
1344 Thick, durum wheat, white, fresh (Sweden) 43 1801345 Thick, fresh, durum wheat flour, 0.6% w/w 48 180
monoglycerides, boiled 8 min (Sweden)1346 Thin, durum wheat (Sweden) 49 1801347 Thin, fresh, durum wheat flour, 0.6% w/w 61 180
monoglycerides, boiled 3 min (Sweden)1348 Thin, fresh, durum wheat with 39% w/w egg, (Sweden) 45 1801349 Thin, fresh, with 0.6% w/w monoglycerides and 53 180
30% w/w egg, boiled 3 min (Sweden)mean of four studies 52±3 180
1350 Mung bean noodles (Longkou beanthread), 39±9 180dried, boiled (Yantai cereals, China)
1351 Proti pasta, protein-enriched, boiled in water 28±1 180
(Vital Nature Inc, San Antonio, TX, USA)1352 Ravioli, durum wheat flour, meat filled, boiled (Australia) 39±1 180
Rice noodles/pasta1353 Rice noodles, dried, boiled (Thai World, 61±6 180
Bangkok, Thailand)1354 Rice noodles, freshly made, boiled 40±4 180
(Sydney, NSW, Australia)1355 Rice noodles made from IR42 (high amylose) 41 180
rice flour, boiled for 22 min (Philippines)1356 Rice pasta, gluten-free (Freedom Foods, Australia) 51 1801357 Rice pasta, brown, boiled 16 min 92±8 180
(Rice Grower's Co-op, Australia)1358 Rice and maize pasta, gluten-free, Ris'O'Mais 76±6 180
(Orgran Foods, Australia)Spaghetti
1359 Spaghetti, gluten-free, rice and Hi-Maize 51±5 180(high-amlyose) flour (Freedom Foods, Australia)
1360 Spaghetti, gluten-free, rice and split pea, 68±9 220canned in tomato sauce
1361 Spaghetti, 75% durum wheat flour and 25% chickpea 41 180flour boiled 10 min (Rio Dulce SA, Guadalajara, Spain)
1362 Spaghetti, soy (Revival Soy®, Physicians 47±7 180
Spaghetti, white or type NS, boiled 10-15 min1363 White, boiled for 10 min (Rio Dulce SA, 51 180
Guadalajara, Spain)1364 White, durum wheat, boiled 10 min in salt water 58 180
1365 White, durum wheat flour, boiled 12 min 47 180(Starhushalls, Kungsornen AB, Jarna, Sweden)
1366 White, durum wheat flour, 0.6% w/w monoglycerides, 53 180boiled 12 min (Sweden)
1367 White, boiled 15 min in salted water 44±3 180(Unico, Concord, ON, Canada)
1368 100% durum semolina spaghetti, boiled 15 min 41 180(Unico, Canada)mean of six studies 49±3 180Spaghetti, white or type NS, boiled 20 min
1369 White, durum wheat, boiled 20 min (Australia) 58±7 180Spaghetti, white, boiled
1370 White (France) 39 1801371 White (Nishin Shokuhin, Japan) 46 1801372 White (Unico, Canada) 48±3 1801373 White (Vetta, Greens Foods, Glendenning, Australia) 49±7 1801374 White (Canada) 50±8 180
mean of five studies 46±2 180Spaghetti, white, durum wheat semolina(Panzani, Marseilles, France)
1375 Boiled in 0.7% salted water for 11 min 59±15 1801376 Boiled in 0.7% salted water for 16.5 min 65±15 180
Pharmaceuticals, Inc, USA)8
(Barilla, Parma, Italy)15
1377 Boiled in 0.7% salted water for 22 min 46±10 180mean of three cooking times 57 180Spaghetti, wholemeal, boiled
1378 Wholemeal (Canada) 42±4 1801379 45±5 180
spaghetti (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)1380 Wholemeal pasta, dark durum wheat, boiled 10 min in 58 180
salted water (Melia Ltd, Raisio, Finland)1381 Spirali, durum wheat, white, boiled to al dente texture 43±10 180
(Vetta, Australia)1382 Split pea and soya pasta shells, gluten-free 29±6 180
(Orgran Foods, Australia)1383 Tagliatelle, egg pasta, boiled in water for 7 min (UK) 46±6 1801384 Tagliatelle, egg, boiled (Sainsbury's, UK) 54±5 1801385 Udon noodles, plain, reheated 5 min (Fantastic, 62±8 180
1386 35±7 1801387 Wheat noodle, dried (China) 46±2 1801388 Wheat noodle, fresh (China) 82±7 180
SNACK FOODS AND CONFECTIONERY1389 Brownies, containing coconut flour (Philippines) 42 501390 Chick Pea chips (Freedom Foods, Australia) 44±7 501391 Chocolate crinkles, containing coconut flour 43 50
(Philippines)Chocolate, dark
1392 Chocolate, dark, Dove® (M&M/Mars, USA) 23±3 501393 Chocolate, dark with raisins, peanuts and jam 44±5 50
(Czech Republic)Chocolate, milk, plain
1394 34±5 501395 Chocolate, milk (Cadbury's Confectionery, 49±6 50
Ringwood, Australia)1396 Chocolate, milk, Dove® (Mars Confectionery, 45±8 50
Ballarat, Australia)1397 Chocolate, milk (Nestlé, Sydney, NSW, Australia) 42±8 50
mean of four studies 43±3 50Chocolate, milk, artificially sweetened
1398 Chocolate candy, sugar free, Dove® 23±3 50
1399 Chocolate, white, Milky Bar® (Nestlé, Australia) 44±6 501400 21±3 30
1401 Combos Snacks Cheddar Cheese Crackers 54±6 50(M&M/Mars, USA)
1402 Combos Snacks Cheddar Cheese Pretzels 52±6 50(M&M/Mars, USA)Corn chips
1403 42±4 50
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM Whole Wheat
Windsor Gardens, SA, Australia)8
Vermicelli, white, boiled, VettaTM (Australia)
Chocolate, milk, plain with sucrose (Belgium)8
(M&M/Mars, USA)8
CocoaviaTM Chocolate Covered Almonds(M&M/Mars, USA)8
Corn chips, plain, salted (DoritosTM original,
Smith's Snack Food Co., Australia) (1998)1404 72 50
Smith's Snack Food Co., Australia) (1985)Chips or Crisps, made from flaxseed, corn or rice
(Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)1405 Flaxseed Tortilla chips, Sea Salt 45±6 501406 Flaxseed Tortilla chips, Spicy 34±5 501407 Japanese Tamari Rice & Corn Crisps 91±6 501408 Japanese Wasabi & Honey Rice & Corn Crisps 82±7 501409 Thai Curry Rice & Corn Crisps 84±6 501410 Fruit and nut mix (Finest, UK) 15±3 50
Fruit Bars1411 Apple Fruit Bar, fat-free, President's Choice® Blue 90±13 40
1412 Apricot and Almond bar (UK) 34±6 301413 Apricot filled fruit bar (pureed dried apricot filling 50±8 50
in wholemeal pastry) (Mother Earth, New Zealand)1414 Apricot & Yoghurt Healtheries Simple Bar, wheat 40±5 50
and gluten-free (Aussie Bodies Pty. Ltd., Australia)1415 Berry & Yoghurt Healtheries Simple Bar, wheat 51±4 50
and gluten free (Aussie Bodies Pty. Ltd., Australia)1416 Berrylicious Trim Bar 46±4 50
(Aussie Bodies Pty. Ltd., Australia)1417 Blackberry Sour Buzz dried fruit leather, Sunripe 35±5 30
School Straps (Windsor Farm Foods, Australia)1418 70±8 40
(Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)1419 Fruit & Yogurt Apple Cinnamon Chewy Bars (Soy), 34±3 40
(Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)1420 Fruit & Yogurt Cranberry Blueberry Bars (Soy), 33±2 40
(Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)1421 61±11 301422 Raspberry Fruit bar, fat-free, President's Choice® 74±11 40
1423 Real Fruit Bars, strawberry (Uncle Toby's, Australia) 90±12 301424 Roll-Ups®, processed fruit snack 99±12 30
(Uncle Toby's, Australia)1425 Strawberry fruit leather (Stretch Island Fruit 29±4 30
1426 Strawberry & Wildberry dried fruit leather, Sunripe 40 30school straps (Windsor Farm Foods, Australia)Gelato
1427 Gelati, sucrose-free frozen dessert, chocolate flavor 37±5 100(Alba Foods, Newtown, Australia)
1428 Gelati, sucrose-free frozen dessert, vanilla flavor 39±4 100(Alba Foods, Newtown, Australia)
Corn chips, plain, salted (DoritosTM original,
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM
MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
Fig Fruit bar, President's Choice® Blue MenuTM
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM
Heinz KidzTM Fruit Fingers, banana (HJ Heinz, Australia)
Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
CompanyTM, Washington, USA)
Ice cream and cone1429 44±7 100
cream eaten with a plain cone(Wendy's Supa Sundaes Pty Ltd, Australia)
1430 55±6 110ice cream eaten with a waffle cone(Wendy's Supa Sundaes Pty Ltd, Australia)
1431 Jelly, made from commercial jelly crystals, 53±6 120Raspberry Razzle flavor(Aeroplane Jelly Company, West Ryde, Australia)Jelly beans
1432 Jelly beans, assorted colors (Allen's, Nestlé, Australia) 80±8 301433 Jelly beans, assorted colors (Savings, 76±6 30
Grocery Holdings, Tooronga, Australia)1434 Kudos Milk Chocolate Granola bar with M&M's Milk 52±4 50
Chocolate Mini Baking Bits (M&M/Mars, USA)1435 Kudos Whole-Grain bars, chocolate chip 62±8 50
(M&M/Mars, Hackettstown, USA)1436 Kudos Milk Chocolate Granola bars, 45±6 50
Peanut Butter flavor (M&M/Mars, USA)1437 Licorice, soft (Coles Supermarkets, Australia) 78±11 301438 Life Savers®, peppermint candy (Nestlé, Australia) 70±6 301439 M & M's®, peanut (Mars Confectionery, Australia) 33±3 30
Mars Bar®1440 Mars Bar® (Mars Confectionery, Australia) 62±8 601441 Mars Bar® (M&M/Mars, USA) 68±12 601442 Marshmallows (Candy Lane, Australia) 62±6 301443 Milky Way® bar (M&M/Mars, USA) 62±8 601444 Milky Way® Lite bar (M&M/Mars, USA) 45±5 451445 Muesli bar, crunchy, containing dried apricot 61±7 30
(Uncle Toby's, Australia)1446 32 301447 Nutella®, chocolate hazelnut spread (Ferrero 33±4 20
Australia, Milson's Point, NSW, Australia) (1997)1448 Nutella®, chocolate hazelnut spread 30±4 20
(Ferrero Australia, Australia) (2003)1449 Nutella®, chocolate hazelnut spread 25±4 20
(Ferrero Australia, Australia) (2007)mean of three studies 29 20
1450 Pirate's Booty, aged white cheddar extruded snack, 70±5 20made from corn and rice (Robert's American Gourmet,Sea Cliff, NY, USA)
Popcorn1451 Microwave Popping Corn, butter flavor, President's 72±8 20
1452 Microwave Popping Corn, natural flavor, President's 58±8 20
1453 Popcorn (China) 55±1 20
ChocolloTM, low-fat chocolate flavored ice
ChocolloTM, low-fat chocolate flavored
Nougat, Jijona (La Fama, Spain)9
Choice® Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
Choice® Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
1454 Popcorn, plain, cooked in microwave oven 55±7 20(Green's Foods, Glendenning, NSW, Australia)
1455 Poppin Microwave Popcorn, butter flavor 62±8 20
1456 Poppin Lite Microwave Popcorn, butter flavor, 67±8 20
1457 Popcorn, plain, cooked in microwave oven 89 20(Uncle Toby's, Australia)mean of seven studies 65±5 20
1458 70±2 50Potato crisps
1459 Potato crisps, plain, salted (Canada) 51±7 501460 Potato crisps, plain, salted (Arnott's, Australia) 57 501461 Potato crisps (China) 60±2 50
mean of three studies 56 501462 66±8 50
Tomato Basil Vegetable Sticks(Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)Pretzels
1463 Pretzels, oven-baked, traditional wheat flavor 83±9 30(Parker's, Smith's Snack Food Co., Australia)
1464 Pretzels, oven-baked, traditional wheat flavor, 97% 84±6 30fat free (Parker's, Smith's Snack Food Co., Australia)
1465 Puffed rice squares (Czech Republic) 77±5 301466 Skittles® (Mars Confectionery, Australia) 70±5 50
Snack bars1467 Chewy Chocolate Chip & Marshmallow Granola Bar, 78±6 26
(Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)1468 Chewy Cranberry Apple Granola Bar, 58±5 26
(Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)1469 Chocolate Healtheries Simple bar, wheat and gluten 35±3 50
free (Aussie Bodies Pty. Ltd., Australia)1470 47±5 50
1471 63±7 50(M&M/Mars, USA)
1472 33±5 501473 33±7 50
(ExtendBar, USA)1474 41±6 50
(ExtendBar, USA)1475 32±5 501476 Granola bar, containing coconut flour (Philippines) 46 501477 Munch Peanut Butter bar (M&M/Mars, USA) 27±5 501478 59 501479 52±4 50
(Green's Foods, Australia)8
50% reduced fat (Green's Foods, Australia)8
Pop TartsTM, double choc (Kellogg's, Australia)
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM Original and
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM
Chocolate Raspberry ZingTM bar (Revival Soy®,Physicians Pharmaceuticals, Inc., USA)7
CocoaviaTM Chocolate Almond Snack bar
CocoaviaTM Cripsy Chocolate Bar (M&M/Mars, USA)ExtendBarTM Apple Cinnamon Delight Bar
ExtendBarTM Chocolate Delight Bar
ExtendBarTM Peanut Delight Bar (ExtendBar, USA)
Oat bar, made from oat flour and bran starch (Canada)9
Peanut Butter Chocolate PalTM bar (Revival Soy®,
1480 60% Whole Wheat Fig Fruit bar, President's 72±6 50
(Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)1481 Slimfast® Meal Options bar, rich chocolate brownie 64±13 50
(SlimFast Foods Co, West Palm Beach, USA)1482 Snack bar, Apple Cinnamon (Con Agra Inc., 40±8 50
Omaha, NE, USA)1483 Snack bar, Peanut Butter and Choc-Chip 37±6 50
(Con Agra Inc., USA)1484 Trim bar, Chocorama 31±3 50
(Aussie Bodies Pty. Ltd., Australia)1485 Trim Bar, Mocha flavor (Aussie Bodies 25±3 50
Pty. Ltd., Australia)Snickers Bar®
1486 Snickers Bar® (Mars Confectionery, Australia) 41±5 601487 Snickers Bar® (M&M/Mars, USA) 43±4 601488 68 60
mean of three studies 51 60Soy Joy Fruit & Soy Bar® (Otsuka PharmaceuticalCo Ltd, Tokyo, Japan)
1489 Apple Soy Joy Bar 19±2 301490 Apricot Soy Joy Bar 27±4 301491 Chocolate Orange Soy Joy Bar 41±7 301492 Mango Coconut Soy Joy Bar 28±2 301493 Plum + Fe Soy Joy Bar 25±3 301494 Plum + Folic acid Soy Joy Bar 27±2 301495 Raisin Almond Soy Joy Bar 28±4 301496 Sanzashi Soy Joy Bar 29±5 301497 Strawberry Soy Joy Bar 33±2 301498 87±8 50
(Revival Soy®,Physicians Pharmaceuticals, Inc., USA)1499 Tropical fruit and nut mix (Finest, UK) 49±7 501500 74±5 50
rice and corn (Smith's Snackfood Co., Australia)1501 Twix® Cookie Bar, caramel (M&M/Mars, USA) 44±6 601502 Yummiees lollies (Allseps Pty. Ltd., Australia) 43±3 15
SPORTS (ENERGY) BARS1503 Clif bar, Chocolate Brownie Energy bar 57±6 65
(Clif Bar Inc., Berkeley, USA)1504 Performance Chocolate Energy bar (Power Bar, USA) 53±6 65
Power Bar® (Powerfood Inc., Berkeley, USA)1505 Power Bar®, chocolate 58±5 651506 53 651507 Ironman PR bar®, chocolate (PR Nutrition, 39 65
SmartZone Nutrition Bar (Hershey's FoodCorporation, Hershey, PA, USA)
Physicians Pharmaceuticals, Inc., USA)8
Choice® Blue MenuTM
Snickers Bar® (M&M/Mars, USA)9
SunshineTM soy protein chips, lightly salted8
TwistiesTM, cheese-flavored, extruded snack,
Power Bar®, chocolate9
San Diego, CA, USA)9
1508 SmartZone Chocolate flavor 11±4 501509 SmartZone Chocolate flavor 16±3 501510 SmartZone Crunchy Blueberry flavor 15±3 501511 SmartZone Crunchy Chocolate Brownie flavor 23±5 501512 SmartZone Crunchy Chocolate Caramel flavor 16±4 501513 SmartZone Crunchy Chocolate Peanut Butter flavor 14±3 501514 SmartZone Crunchy Key Lime flavor 14±3 501515 SmartZone Peanut Butter flavor 18±2 50
Snickers® Marathon Energy Bar(M&M/Mars, USA)
1516 Chewy Chocolate Peanut flavor 36±5 501517 Cookies & Creme flavor 50±4 501518 Multi Grain Crunch flavor 50±4 501519 Peanut Butter flavor 34±5 50
Snickers® Marathon Low Carb LifestyleEnergy Bar (M&M/Mars, USA)
1520 Chocolate Fudge Brownie flavor 20±4 501521 Peanut Butter flavor 21±4 50
Snickers® Marathon Nutrition Bar(M&M/Mars, USA)
1522 Dark Chocolate Crunch flavor 49±6 251523 Honey & Roasted Almond flavor 41±3 25
Snickers® Marathon Protein Performance Bar(M&M/Mars, USA)
1524 Caramel Nut Rush flavor 26±3 501525 Chocolate Nut Burst flavor 32±4 50
SoLo GI Nutrition Bar (New Era Nutrition Inc,Alberta, Canada)
1526 SoLo GI Berry Bliss Nutrition bar 29±5 501527 SoLo GI Chocolate Charger Nutrition bar 28±2 501528 SoLo GI Lemon Lift Nutrition bar 29±5 501529 SoLo GI Mint Mania Nutrition bar 23±3 501530 SoLo GI Peanut Power Nutrition bar 27±4 50
SoLo GI Snack Bar (New Era Nutrition Inc,Alberta, Canada)
1531 SoLo GI Berry Bliss Snack bar 29±5 251532 SoLo GI Chocolate Charger Snack bar 28±2 251533 SoLo GI Lemon Lift Snack bar 29±5 251534 SoLo GI Mint Mania Snack bar 23±3 251535 SoLo GI Peanut Power Snack bar 27±4 251536 VO2 Max Chocolate Energy bar (M&M/Mars, USA) 49±8 651537 ZonePerfect Nutrition bar, Double Chocolate flavor 44±7 50
(Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, USA)
SOUPS1538 Barley Vegetable Instant soup, low-fat, 41±3 250
(Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)1539 35±4 250
Soupreme (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
</TD< tr>
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM
Carrot soup, President's Choice® Blue MenuTM
1540 46±6 2501541 69±14 2501542 Chicken & Vegetable with wholegrain pasta, Country 43±3 250
1543 Garden vegetable soup with peppers and croutons, 20±2 250SlimFast® (SlimFast Foods Ltd, Slough, Berks, UK)
1544 Indian Lentil Instant soup, low-fat, 62±7 250
(Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)1545 Lentil, ready-to-serve, President's Choice® Blue 57±9 250
Minestrone1546 Minestrone, condensed, prepared with water 48±6 250
(Campbell's Soup Company, Camden, NJ, USA)1547 Minestrone, Traditional, Country Ladle® 39±3 250
1548 Minestrone & Pasta Instant soup, low-fat, 54±3 250
(Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)mean of three studies 47 250
1549 Mushroom Barley, ready-to-serve, President's Choice® 45±10 250
1550 Pasta & Fagioli soup, ready-to-serve, President's 52±8 250
1551 76±7 250pumpkin, cream, potatoes (Heinz Wattie's Ltd, Australia)
1552 Spicy Black Bean Instant soup, low-fat, President's 57±5 250
1553 Spicy Black Bean with Vegetables soup, 46±5 250
(Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)1554 Spicy Thai Instant soup, low-fat, President's Choice® 56±4 250
1555 Tomato soup, condensed, prepared with water 52±4 250(Campbell's Soup Company, Camden, NJ, USA)
1556 47±5 250Soupreme (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
1557 60±12 2501558 Vegetable Couscous Instant soup, low-fat, President's 57±4 250
1559 Vegetarian Chili Instant soup, low-fat, President's 36±4 250
1560 41±4 250Soupreme (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
SUGARS AND SYRUPSBlue Agave cactus nectar, high-fructose
Chicken and mushroom soup (UK)24
Chicken and mushroom soup (UK)24
Ladle® (Campbell's Soups, Homebush, NSW, Australia)8
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM
MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
(Campbell's Soups, Australia)8
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM
Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
Choice® Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)Pumpkin Soup, creamy, Heinz® Very SpecialTM, with
Choice® Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
President's Choice® Blue MenuTM
Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
Tomato & Herb, President's Choice® Blue MenuTM
Vegetable soup (UK)24
Choice® Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
Choice® Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)Winter Squash, President's Choice® Blue MenuTM
</TD< tr>
1561 Organic Agave Cactus Nectar, light, 90% fructose 11±1 10
1562 Organic Agave Cactus Nectar, light, 97% fructose 10±1 10
1563 Premium Agave nectar (Sweet Cactus Farms, USA) 19±4 10mean of three studies 13 10Fructose
1564 25 g portion (Sweeten Less, Maximum Nutrition Inc., 11 10
1565 50 g portion (Sweeten Less, Canada) 12 101566 50 g portion (China) 23±1 10
mean of three studies 15 10Glucose
1567 50 g portion (dextrose) 96 101568 50 g portion (Bio-Health, Dawson Traders Ltd., 96 10
Toronto, Canada)1569 50 g portion (Canada) 100 101570 102±9 10
North Ryde, NSW, Australia)1571 103 101572 50 g portion (dextrose) 111 101573 114 10
mean of seven studies 103±3 10Glucose consumed with American ginseng
1574 25 g glucose (Glucodex) 40 min before 76 10
Glucose consumed with gum/fiber1575 46 g Glucose + 15 g apple and orange fiber extract 79±3 10
(FITA, Chatswood, NSW, Australia)(total carbohydrate content of drink = 50 g)
1576 50 g Glucose + 14.5 g guar gum 62 101577 50 g Glucose + 14.5 g oat gum (78% oat β-glucan) 57 101578 85 101579 86 101580 Golden Syrup (Australia) 63±6 25
Honey1581 35±4 251582 44±4 251583 46±3 251584 48±3 251585 Capilano Premium Honey, blend of eucalypt & floral 51±3 25
honeys (Capilano Honey Limited, QLD, Australia)1586 52±5 251587 Pure (Capilano Honey Ltd., Richlands, Qld, Australia) 58±6 251588 Leabrook Farms Yellow box honey 60±4 25
(Spring Gully Foods Pty Ltd, SA, Australia)1589 Commercial Blend (38% fructose) (WA blend, 62±3 25
(Western Commerce Corp., City of Industry, CA, USA)8
(Western Commerce Corp., USA)8
Toronto, Canada)8
50 g portion (GlucodinTM glucose tablets, Boots,
25 g portion (Bio-Health, Canada)8
100 g portion (Bio-Health, Canada)8
(Panax quinquefolius L.)
3 g dried ginseng8,27
100 g Glucose + 20 g acacia gum15,28
75 g Glucose + 4.24 g salt (Nigeria)11,14
Yellow box (46% fructose) (Australia)8
Stringy Bark (52% fructose) (Australia)8
Red Gum (35% fructose) (Australia)8
Iron Bark (34% fructose) (Australia)8
Yapunya (42 % fructose) (Australia)8
1590 64±5 251591 Clover honey, ratio of fructose: glucose, 1.09 69±8 25
(Vazza Farms, Hermiston, OR, USA)1592 Commercial Blend (28% fructose) (NSW blend, 72±6 25
1593 Buckwheat honey, ratio of fructose:glucose, 1.12 73±6 25(Vazza Farms, USA)
1594 Cotton honey, ratio of fructose:glucose, 1.03 74±7 25(Gene Brandi Apiaries, Los Banos, CA, USA)
1595 Honey, NS type (China) 74±4 251596 Tupelo honey, ratio of fructose:glucose, 1.54 74±8 25
(Tropical Blossom Honey Co, Edgewater, FL, USA)1597 87±8 25
mean of seventeen types of honey 61±3 25Lactose
1598 50 g portion (China) 46±1 101599 48 10
Maltose1600 50 g portion (Canada) 105±12 101601 50 g portion (China) 105±2 101602 Maple flavored syrup (Cottee's Foods, Australia) 68±5 251603 Maple syrup, pure Canadian (Queen Foods, Australia) 54±6 25
Sucrose1604 50 g portion (Redpath Sugars, Toronto, Canada) 58 101605 50 g portion (Japan) 60 101606 60 101607 50 g portion (South Africa) 65±9 101608 65 101609 50 g portion (China) 84±4 10
mean of six studies 65±4 10
VEGETABLES1610 Broad beans, frozen, reheated in microwave 63±9 80
Green peas1611 51±6 801612 54±14 80
Pumpkin1613 51±6 801614 66±4 80
boiled 30 min (Jamaica)1615 Pumpkin, boiled in salted water (South Africa) 75±9 80
mean of three studies 64 80Sweet corn
1616 Sweet corn, 'Honey & Pearl' variety (New Zealand) 37±12 801617 Sweet corn on the cob, boiled 20 min 48 80
(Sydney, Australia)
Capilano Honey Ltd., Australia)8
Salvation Jane (32% fructose) (Australia)8
Capilano Honey Ltd., Australia)8
Honey, NS (Canada)8
25 g portion (BDH, Poole, UK)8
25 g portion (Redpath Sugars, Canada)8
100 g portion (Redpath Sugars, Canada)15
(Logan Farm Pty Ltd, Australia)8
Pea, frozen, boiled (Canada)8
Pea, green (Pisum Sativum) (India)14
Butternut pumpkin, boiled (Australia)8
Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata), peeled, cubed,
1618 Sweet corn (China) 55±2 801619 Sweet corn, boiled (USA) 60 801620 Sweet corn (South Africa) 62±5 80
mean of five studies 52±5 80
Root vegetablesCarrots
1621 Carrots, raw, diced (Australia) 35±5 801622 Carrots, raw, ground (Australia) 39±1 801623 33±5 801624 49±2 80
mean of four studies 39±4 801625 94±11 120
frozen, thawed and reheated for 1 min1626 52±5 80
PotatoBaked potato
1627 Potato, white with skin, baked (UK) 69±5 1501628 83±6 150
baked 45 min (Jamaica)1629 Pontiac, peeled and baked (Australia) 93±11 1501630 Potato, white without skin, baked (UK) 98±8 150
mean of four foods 86±6 150Baked, Russet Burbank potatoes
1631 Russet, baked without fat (USA) 111 150Boiled potato
1632 Asterix, peeled, boiled 30 min (Sweden) 78 1501633 Asterix, peeled, boiled 30 min, served with 15.4 g 92 150
sunflower oil (Ica Handlarna, Solna, Sweden)1634 Charlotte, peeled, quartered, boiled 15 min (UK) 66±5 1501635 Charlotte, boiled (UK) 81±11 1501636 Desiree, peeled, boiled 35 min (Australia) 101±15 1501637 Estima, peeled, quartered, boiled 15 min (UK) 66±5 1501638 59±4 150
boiled 30 min (Jamaica)1639 King Edward potato, peeled, quartered, 75±10 150
boiled 15 min in unsalted water (UK)1640 Marfona potato, peeled, quartered, boiled 15 min 56±3 150
in unsalted water (UK)1641 Maris Piper potato, peeled, quartered, boiled 15 min 85±4 150
in unsalted water (UK)1642 Nicola potato, peeled, quartered, boiled 15 min (UK) 59±7 1501643 Nicola potato, unpeeled, boiled whole for 15 min 58±3 150
(Australia)1644 Pontiac, peeled, boiled whole for 30 min (Australia) 56 1501645 Pontiac, peeled, boiled 35 min (Australia) 88±9 1501646 Sava, peeled, boiled 21-30 min (Sweden) 118 1501647 Sebago, peeled, boiled 35 min (Australia) 87±7 150
Boiled/cooked, white/Type NS1648 Type NS, boiled (China) 66±1 150
Carrots, peeled, boiled (Sydney, NSW, Australia)8
Carrots, peeled, diced boiled (Sydney, NSW, Australia)8
Cassava (Manihot esculenta), peeled, boiled 30 min,
Parsnips, peeled, boiled (Australia)8
Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum), peeled,
Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum), peeled, cubed,
1649 Type NS, boiled in salted water (India) 76 1501650 Red potatoes, boiled with skin on in salted water 89±7 150
for 12 min (Canada)1651 Potato, white, boiled (UK) 96±10 150
mean of four studies 82±7 150Boiled potato cooked then cooled
1652 Sava, peeled, boiled 21-30 min, refrigerated 24 h, 88 150consumed cold (Sweden)
1653 Sava, peeled, boiled 21-30 min, refrigerated 24 h, 67 150consumed cold with white vinegar (28 g)and olive oil (8 g) (Sweden)
1654 Type NS, boiled in salted water, refrigerated, 23 150reheated (India)
1655 Potato, red, cubed, boiled in salted water 12 min, 56±5 150stored overnight in refrigerator, consumed cold(Canada)
Canned potatoes1656 New, canned, heated in microwave 3 min (Mint Tiny 65±9 150
French Fries1657 French fries (Ica Handlarna, Solna, Sweden), 54 150
1658 French Fries, baked 15 min (OreIda Golden Fries, 64±6 150H.J. Heinz Co, Pittsburgh, PA, USA)
1659 Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum), peeled, fried in 70±6 150vegetable oil (Jamaica)Instant Mashed potato
1660 Instant (Idahoan Foods, Lewisville, ID, USA) 79±7 1501661 Instant (Canada) 80±13 1501662 Instant (Edgell's Potato Whip, Edgell's, Australia) 86 1501663 Instant (Idahoan Foods, Lewisville, ID, USA) 88±8 1501664 Instant (Idahoan Foods, Lewisville, ID, USA), 92±4 150
prepared with water1665 Instant (Idahoan Foods, Lewisville, ID, USA) 97±6 150
mean of six studies 87±3 150Instant mashed potato consumed with added fat
1666 Mashed potato, instant (Farmland, Australia) 71±10 150consumed with 30 g Sunola oil (80% MUFA oil)
1667 Mashed potato, instant (Farmland, Australia) 74±10 150consumed with 36.5 g butter (69% saturated fat)
1668 Mashed potato, instant (Farmland, Australia) 68±8 150consumed with 30 g sunflower oil (64% PUFA oil)Mashed potato
1669 Type NS (South Africa) 71±10 1501670 Type NS (China) 73±3 1501671 Type NS (France) 83 150
mean of three studies 76 1501672 Desiree potato, mashed (UK) 102±13 1501673 Pontiac, peeled, cubed, boiled 15 min, mashed 91±9 150
TatersTM, Edgell'sTM brand, Cheltenham, Australia)
baked at 250oC for 9 min
(Australia)Microwaved potato
1674 Estima, microwaved 6 min then baked 10 min (UK) 93±8 1501675 Pontiac, peeled and microwave on high 79±9 150
for 6-7.5 min (Australia)1676 Prince Edward Island white potato, cooked in 73±5 150
microwave for 18 min (Canada)1677 Russet Burbank potato, unpeeled, cooked in 77±9 150
microwave for 18 min (Canada)New Potato
1678 New (Canada) 70±8 1501679 New, unpeeled and boiled 20 min (Australia) 78±12 1501680 New potato, boiled (UK) 80±15 150
mean of three studies 76 150Steamed potato
1681 Potato, NS type, steamed (China) 62±2 1501682 65±11 150
1683 California white potatoes, cubed, 72±8 150roasted in soybean oil (Canada)Sweet potato, cooked
1684 44 1501685 46±5 150
boiled 30 min (Jamaica)1686 Sweet potato, orange flesh, peeled, cut into pieces, 61±6 150
boiled for 8 min (Australia) (2006)1687 Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand) 77±12 1501688 94±8 150
baked 45 min (Jamaica)1689 76±7 150
fried in vegetable oil (Jamaica)1690 82±5 150
on preheated charcoal (Jamaica)1691 Sweet potato, orange (China) 77±4 1501692 Sweet potato, purple skin white flesh, peeled, 75±5 150
cut into pieces, boiled for 8 min (Australia) (2006)mean of nine studies 70±6 150Tapioca
1693 70±10 250Taro
1694 Taro (China) 48±5 1501695 54 1501696 Taro, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) 56±12 150
mean of three studies 53 150Yam
1697 Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) 35±5 1501698 Yam (China) 54±2 1501699 Yam, steamed (China) 51±4 1501700 74 150
mean of four studies 54±8 150
Potato (Solanum Tuberosum), peeled, steamed 1 h(India)14
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), boiled(Australia)Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), peeled, cubed,
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), peeled,
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), peeled,
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), peeled, roasted
Tapioca (Manihot Utilissima), steamed 1 h (India)14
Taro (Colocasia esculenta) peeled, boiled (Australia)
Yam (Dioscorea spp.), boiled (Nigeria)11,14
1701 74 150
1702 61±5 150boiled 30 min (Jamaica)
1703 Lucea Yam, peeled, cubed, boiled 30 (Jamaica) 74±7 1501704 Lucea Yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal 77±5 150
(Jamaica)
1705 Negro yam, peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) 73±4 1501706 Negro yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal 73±6 150
(Jamaica)
1707 Round leaf yellow yam, peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min 68±3 150(Jamaica)
1708 Round leaf yellow yam, peeled, roasted on preheated 80±7 150charcoal (Jamaica)
1709 Sweet yam, peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) 79±4 1501710 Sweet yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal 82±7 150
(Jamaica)
1711 White yam, peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) 75±6 1501712 White yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal 80±6 150
(Jamaica)
INDIGENOUS OR TRADITIONAL FOODS OFDIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPSAFRICAN
1713 Brown beans (South Africa) 24±8 50 (dry)1714 34 -
(Cameroon)1715 12±1 150
eaten with fish, tomato and onion sauce (Ghana)1716 56±3 100
eaten with fish, tomato and onion sauce (Ghana)1717 Gram dhal soaked overnight, cooked in salted water 5±3 50 (dry)
(South Africa)1718 48 -
1719 52 -
1720 Maize meal porridge, unrefined, 71±6 50 (dry)maize-meal:water = 1:3 (South Africa)
1721 Maize meal porridge, refined, 74±7 50 (dry)maize-meal:water = 1:3 (South Africa)
1722 M'fino/Morogo, wild greens (South Africa) 68±8 1201723 46 -1724 40±4 120 (raw)
Yam (Dioscorea spp.), boiled, consumed with4.24 g salt (Nigeria)11,14
Coco yam (Xanthosoma spp.), peeled, cubed,
Yam, Lucea (Dioscorea rotundata)
Yam, Negro (Dioscorea rotundata)
Yam, Round leaf yellow (Dioscorea cayenensis)
Yam, Sweet (Dioscorea alata)
Yam, White (Dioscorea alata)
FooFoo corn (Zea mays) and ndole (vegetable soup)14
Ga kenkey, prepared from fermented cornmeal (Zea mays)
Gari, roasted cassava dough (Manihot utilissima)
Kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) stew and plantain14
(Musa paradisiaca) (Cameroon)Koki beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and cassava14
(Manihot esculenta) (Cameroon)
Rice (Oriza sativa) and tomato soup (Cameroon)14
Unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) eaten with fish,
tomato and onion sauce (Ghana)1725 34±3 150
tomato and onion sauce (Ghana)1726 66 150
and onion sauce (Ghana)1727 50 -
ARABIC AND TURKISH1728 Dates, Khalas (Rutab, soft early ripened) (90 g), 37±5 215
eaten with full-fat plain yoghurt (125 g)(United Arab Emirates)
1729 Dates, Khalas (Tamer, dark brown commercial) (60 g), 29±4 185eaten with full-fat plain yoghurt (125 g)(United Arab Emirates)
1730 Hummus (chickpea salad dip) 6±4 301731 Lebanese bread (white, unleaved), hummus, 86±12 120
falafel and tabbouleh1732 Stuffed grapevine leaves (rice and lamb stuffing 30±11 100
with tomato sauce)
ASIAN1733 Broken rice, white, cooked in rice cooker 86±8 150
(Lion foods, Bangkok, Thailand)1734 Butter rice, warm white rice and butter (Japan) 79 1501735 Curry rice (Japan) 67 1501736 Curry rice with cheese (Japan) 55 1501737 Glutaminous rice flour, instant, served warm with 65 100
roasted ground soybean (Japan)1738 Glutinous rice, white, cooked in rice cooker 94±6 150
(Bangsue Chia Meng Rice Co., Bangkok, Thailand)1739 Glutinous rice, type NS (Esubi Shokuhin, Japan) 86 1501740 Glutinous rice ball with cut glutinous cake 48 75
(mochi) (Japan)1741 Glutinous rice cake with dried sea algae (Japan) 83 751742 Jasmine rice, white, cooked in rice cooker 109±10 150
(Golden World Foods, Bangkok, Thailand)1743 Lotus root powder (China) 33±6 151744 Low-protein white rice with dried sea algae (Japan) 70 1501745 Lychee, canned in syrup, drained 79±8 120
(Narcissus brand, China)1746 Mung bean noodles, dried, boiled (China) 39±9 1801747 Non-glutaminous rice flour, served warm with drink 68 100
(Yamato Nousan, Japan)1748 Rice cracker, plain (Sakada, Japan) 91 301749 Rice gruel with dried algae (Satou Co Ltd., Japan) 81 2501750 Rice noodles, dried, boiled (Thai World, 61±6 180
Bangkok, Thailand)1751 Rice noodles, fresh, boiled (Sydney, NSW, Australia) 40±4 1801752 Roasted rice ball (Satou Co Ltd., Japan) 77 75
White rice (Oryza sativa), boiled, eaten with fish,
Yam (Dyscoria species) eaten with fish, tomato
Yam (Dioscorea species) and groundnut14
(Arachis hypogaea) soup (Cameroon)
1753 Salted rice ball (Satou Co Ltd., Japan) 80 751754 Soba noodles, instant, reheated in hot water, 46 180
served with soup (Japan)1755 48±8 1001756 Sushi, roasted sea algae, vinegar and rice (Japan) 55 1001757 Udon noodles, fresh, reheated (Fantastic brand, 62±8 180
1758 Udon noodles, instant, with sauce and fried 48 180bean curd (Nishin Shokuhin, Japan)
1759 White rice, dried sea algae and milk, 57 300eaten together (Japan)
1760 White rice, dried sea algae and milk 56 300(milk eaten before rice) (Japan)
1761 White rice, dried sea algae and milk 55 300(milk eaten after rice) (Japan)mean of three types 56 300
1762 White rice with dried fish strip (okaka) (Japan) 79 1501763 White rice with fermented soybean (natto) (Japan) 56 1501764 White rice with instant miso soup 61 150
(soybean paste soup) (Japan)1765 White rice with low-fat milk (Japan) 69 3001766 White rice and non-sugar yoghurt (yoghurt eaten 59 150
before rice) (Japan)1767 White rice and non-sugar yoghurt eaten 58 150
together (Japan)1768 White rice with pickled vinegar and cucumber 63 150
(pickled food eaten before rice) (Japan)1769 White rice with pickled vinegar and cucumber 61 150
(pickled food eaten with rice) (Japan)1770 White rice topped with raw egg and soy sauce (Japan) 72 1501771 White rice with roasted ground soybean (Japan) 56 1501772 White rice with salted dried plum (umeboshi) (Japan) 80 1501773 White rice with sea algae rolled in sheet of toasted 77 150
sea algae (Japan)
ASIAN INDIAN1774 49 75 (dry)
roasted bread made from bajra flour1775 70±11 120
1776 48 1501777 Bengal gram dhal, chickpea 11 1501778 43±10 150
Chapatti1779 Chapatti, bajra 49 -1780 Chapatti, barley 48 -1781 59 -1782 Chapatti, flour from malted wheat, moth bean 66±9 60
Sushi, salmon ('I Love Sushi', Sydney, Australia)8
Windsor Gardens, SA, Australia)8
Bajra (Penniseteum typhoideum), eaten as
Banana, (Musa sapientum), Nendra variety,unripe, steamed 1 h14
Barley (Hordeum vulgare)
Black gram, (Phaseolus mungo), soaked 12 h,stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h14
Chapatti, maize (Zea mays)
(Phaseolus aconitifolius) and bengal gram
1783 Chapatti, flour made from popped wheat, moth bean 40±8 60and bengal gram
1784 Chapatti, flour from roller dried wheat, moth bean 60±9 60and bengal gram
1785 Chapatti, wheat flour, thin, with green gram 44±3 200
Cheela (thin savoury pancake made from legumeflour batter)
1786 42±1 1501787 36±1 150
fermented batter1788 45±1 1501789 38±1 150
fermented batter1790 Dosai (parboiled and raw rice, soaked, ground, 55±2 150
fermented and fried) with chutney1791 38±14 150
1792 51±11 150
1793 Idli (parboiled and raw rice with black dhal, soaked, 60±2 250ground, fermented, steamed) with chutney
1794 Lentil and cauliflower curry with rice (Australia) 60±10 3601795 68±10 150
1796 Pongal (rice and roasted green gram dhal, 45±2 250pressure cooked)
1797 Poori (deep-fried wheat flour dough) with 57±1 150potato palya (mashed potato)
1798 Porridge, made from scoured wheat, consumed with 39 100Bengal gram, green gram and black gram
1799 Porridge, made from decorticated finger millet, eaten 65 100with Bengal gram, green gram and black gram
1800 Porridge, made from popped rice (aralu), consumed 76 100with Bengal gram, green gram and black gram
1801 Porridge, made from expanded rice (puri), consumed wi 74 100
1802 19 1501803 70±10 2501804 Upittu (roasted semolina and onions, cooked in water) 69±4 150
AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL1805 8 50
1806 46 751807 47 501808 43 301809 8 50
(Cicer arietinum)
(Phaseolus aureus) dhal
Cheela, bengal gram (Cicer arietinum)Cheela, bengal gram (Cicer arietinum),
Cheela, green gram (Phaseolus aureus)Cheela, green gram (Phaseolus aureus),
Green gram, (Phaseolus aureus), soaked 12 h,stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h14
Horse gram, (Dolichos biflorus) soaked 12 h,stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h14
Millet/Ragi, (Eleucine coracana), dehusked,soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h14
Rajmah, Phaseolus vulgaris (India)Tapioca (Manihot utilissima), steamed 1h14
Acacia aneura (mulga seed) roasted,wet ground to paste8
Acacia coriacea, desert oat seed bread8
Araucaria bidwillii (bunya tree nut), baked 10 min8
Bush honey, sugar bag8
Castanospermum austral (blackbean seed), sliced,
1810 34 150
1811 40±2 50
PACIFIC ISLANDERS1812 68 120
Banana/plantain, green1813 Green banana, boiled (New Zealand) 38±10 1201814 68±6 1201815 Roti/chappati (Fiji) 59±5 60
Sweet Potato1816 44 1501817 Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand) 77±12 1501818 63±5 150
Taro1819 54 1501820 Taro, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) 56±12 1501821 Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) 35±5 150
PIMA INDIAN1822 16±1 1001823 91 301824 40±5 1501825 70 301826 36±3 2501827 38 601828 31±3 2501829 29±3 250
SOUTH AMERICAN1830 72 1001831 81 100
(25% amylose)1832 Arepa, made from dehulled high-amylose 44 100
1833 Arepa, made from white corn meal flour (Venezuela) 54 1001834 Arepa, made from white corn meal flour, supplemented 60 100
with 20% stabilised rice bran (Venezuela)1835 Corn tortilla (Mexico) 52 501836 Corn tortilla, served with refried mashed pinto beans 39 100
and tomato sauce (Mexico)1837 Corn tortilla, fried, with mashed potato, fresh tomato 78 100
and lettuce (Mexico)1838 Ground beef served with rice and an orange (Chile) 31±9 3001839 Lentil soup, pureed consumed with an orange (Chile) 49±9 3001840 47 50
soaked 1 wk, pounded and baked8
Dioscorea bulbifera (cheeky yam), peeled, sliced,soaked 2 d, baked 15 min8
Macrozamia communis (cycad palm seed), sliced,soaked 1 wk, pounded, baked8
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) (Australia)8
Plantain (Musa AAB) (Fiji)
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) (Australia)
Tannia (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) (Fiji)
Taro (Colocasia esculenta) peeled, boiled (Australia)
Acorns (Quercus emoryi, stewed with venison8
Cactus jam (Stenocereus thurberi)Corn hominy (Zea mays)8
Fruit Leather (Stenocereus thurberi)Lima beans broth (Phaseolus lunatus)8
Tortilla (Zea mays and Olneya tesota)White teparies broth (Phaseolus acutifolius)8
Yellow teparies broth (Phaseolus acutifolius)8
Arepa, corn bread cake, made with corn flour (Mexico)14
Arepa, made from ordinary dehulled dent corn flour12,31
(70%) corn flour12,31
Pinhao, Brazilian Parana Pine seeds (Araucaria
in 1 L of water (Brazil)1841 Pinhao, without coat, cooked for 1h in 1L of water 43 50
(Brazil)1842 Pinto beans, boiled in salted water (Mexico) 14 1501843 Spaghetti served with beef tomato sauce 42±7 300
and an orange (Chile)1844 Spaghetti served with pressure-cooked white beans 77±14 300
and an orange (Chile)1845 Wheat tortilla (Mexico) 30 501846 Wheat tortilla served with refried pinto beans and 28 100
tomato sauce (Mexico)
WEST INDIAN/CARIBBEAN1847 60±9 120
frozen, thawed and reheated for 1 min1848 94±11 120
frozen, thawed and reheated for 1 min
1849 Dasheen, peeled, boiled 30 min, refrigerated, 77±10 150reheated for 1 min
1850 Dasheen, peeled, boiled 30 min, crushed, refrigerated, 66±6 150reheated for 1 min
1851 Dasheen, peeled, boiled 30 min, uncrushed (whole), 75±12 150refrigerated, reheated for 1 min
1852 Dasheen, peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) 72±5 150mean of four foods 73±2 150
1853 61±10 150peeled, boiled 30 min, refrigerated, reheated for 1 min
1854 Green banana, peeled, boiled 10 min (Jamaica) 37±5 1201855 Green banana, peeled, fried in vegetable oil (Jamaica) 35±3 1201856 Green banana/plantain, boiled 23 min, frozen, 65±11 120
thawed and reheated for 1 min1857 39±4 120
boiled 10 min (Jamaica)1858 40±3 120
in vegetable oil (Jamaica)1859 66±2 120
boiled 10 min (Jamaica)1860 90±6 120
in vegetable oil (Jamaica)1861 71±8 150
boiled 30 min, refrigerated, reheated for 1 min1862 Irish potato, peeled, boiled 30 min, crushed 66±7 1501863 Irish potato, peeled, boiled 30 min, uncrushed (whole), 66±10 150
refrigerated, reheated for 1 minmean of three foods 68 150
1864 Sadha roti (leavened wheat-based bread) 65±9 -1865 60±5 150
angustifolia) with coat, cooked for 1.5 h
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), peeled, boiled 26 min,
Cassava (Manihot esculenta), peeled, boiled 30 min,
Dasheen (Colocasia esculenta)
Eddoe (Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum),
Green banana/plantain (Musa sapientum)
Green plantain (Musa paradisiaca), peeled,
Green plantain (Musa paradisiaca), peeled, fried
Ripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca), peeled,
Ripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca), peeled, fried
Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum), peeled,
Tannia (Xanthosoma sagittifolium), peeled,
boiled 30 min, refrigerated, reheated for 1 min1866 Tannia, peeled, boiled 30 min, crushed, refrigerated, 52±5 150
reheated for 1 min1867 Tannia, peeled, boiled 30 min, uncrushed (whole), 50±8 150
refrigerated, reheated for 1 minmean of three foods 54 150Yam
1868 61±5 150boiled 30 min (Jamaica)
1869 74±7 150boiled 30 (Jamaica)
1870 Lucea yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal 77±5 150(Jamaica)
1871 73±4 150boiled 30 (Jamaica)
1872 Negro yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal 73±6 150(Jamaica)
1873 68±3 150peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica)
1874 Round leaf yellow yam, peeled, roasted on preheated 80±7 150charcoal (Jamaica)
1875 79±4 150boiled 30 min (Jamaica)
1876 Sweet yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal 82±7 150(Jamaica)
1877 62±6 150refrigerated, reheated for 1 min
1878 White yam, peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) 75±6 1501879 White yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal 80±6 150
(Jamaica)
Footnotes1. NS, not specified; AUC, area under the curve. Serving sizes in grams unless otherwise specified.2. Mean ± SEM. Two GI values are shown for each food - one in which glucose sugar was used as the reference food3. Estimated by multiplying the food's listed GI value with glucose as the reference food by the listed g carbohydrate 4. Sydney University's Glycemic Index Research Service (Human Nutrition Unit, University of Sydney, Australia), un5. Glycemic Index Laboratories, Inc. (Toronto, Canada), unpublished observations, 2004 - 2007.6. International Diabetes Institute (Melbourne, Australia), unpublished observations, 2006 - 2007.7. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 10 g carbohydrate.8. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 25 g carbohydrate.9. GI calculated from the 120 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food fo10. V Lang (Danone Vitapole Company, Le Plessis-Robinson, France), unpublished observations, 1996-2000.11. GI calculated from the 180 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food f12. GI calculated by using a mathematical formula based on results from an in vitro starch hydrolysis assay.13. White rice was used as the reference food, but glucose was also tested and had a GI of 122. The observed GI was m14. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 75 g carbohydrate.15. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 100 g carbohydrate.16. B Spratt (George Westons Foods, Australia), unpublished observations, 2007.17. Values based on 0.5 g carbohydrate/kg body weight.
Coco yam (Xanthosoma spp.), peeled, cubed,
Lucea yam (Dioscorea rotunda), peeled, cubed,
Negro yam (Dioscorea rotundata), peeled, cubed,
Round leaf yellow yam (Dioscorea cayenensis),
Sweet yam (Dioscorea alata), peeled, cubed,
White yam (Dioscorea alata), peeled, boiled 30 min,
18. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 70 g carbohydrate.19. Glycemic Index Symbol Program: http://www.gisymbol.com.au; Accessed 30 August 2007.20. GI value included in original article determined from AUC measured over 180 min for only 4 time points (0, 60, 1221. J Dzieniszewski, J Ciok (National Food and Nutrition Institute, Poland), unpublished observations, 1996-2001.22. J Brand-Miller, S Holt (University of Sydney, Australia), and V Lang (Danone Vitapole Company, Le Plessis-Robi23. C Dalaudier (Nairn's Oatcakes Ltd, Scotland), unpublished observations, 2007.24. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 30 g carbohydrate.25. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 20 g carbohydrate.26. Potato used as the reference food with a GI fixed at 80. The GI of the test food was calculated by expressing the27. GI calculated from the 90 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food fo28. GI calculated from the 150 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food f29. GI included in original article determined from AUC measured 120 min for only 4 time points (0, 30, 60 and 120 mi30. GI included in original article determined from AUC measured 240 min for only 6 time points (0, 30, 60, 120, 180 31. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 45 g carbohydrate.32. Ordinary corn flour arepa was used as the reference food.
Glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) values determined in subjects Food Number and Item Serve
(Glucose Size= 100) g
BAKERY PRODUCTSCakes
1880 Angel food cake (Loblaw's, Toronto, Canada) 67 501881 Carrot cake, prepared with coconut flour (Philippines) 39 601882 Pound cake (Sara Lee Canada, Bramalea, Canada) 54 531883 Sponge cake, plain (Canada) 46±6 631884 Croissant (Food City, Toronto, Canada) 67 571885 Crumpet (Dempster's Corporate Foods Ltd., 69 50
Etobicoke, Canada)1886 Doughnut, cake type (Loblaw's, Canada) 76 471887 Flan cake (Weston's Bakery, Toronto, Canada) 65 70
Muffins1888 Blueberry muffin (Culinar Inc., Canada) 59 571889 Bran muffin (Culinar Inc., Grandma Martin's Muffins, 60 57
Aurora, Canada)1890 Carrot muffin (Culinar Inc., Canada) 62 571891 102 571892 49 571893 Oatmeal, muffin, made from mix (Quaker Oats Co. 69 50
of Canada, Peterborough, Canada)Pancakes
1894 Pancakes, prepared with coconut flour (Philippines) 51 801895 Pan de sal (sweet bread roll), containing coconut 68 80
flour (Philippines)1896 Pastry (Canada) 59±6 571897 Waffles, Aunt Jemima (Quaker Oats Co. of Canada) 76 35
BEVERAGES
GI2
Corn muffin, low-amylose4
Corn muffin, high-amylose4
1898 Lucozade®, original (sparkling glucose drink) 95±10 250 mL(Glaxo Wellcome Ltd., Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK)Sports drinks
1899 Allsport®, orange (PepsiCo Inc., Somers, NY, USA) 53±4 250 mL1900 Cytomax®, orange (Cytosport, Concordia, CA, USA) 62±7 250 mL1901 Gatorade®, orange flavor, US formula 89±12 250 mL
(Gatorade, Chicago, IL, USA)1902 GatorLode®, orange flavor 100±9 250 mL
(Gatorade, Chicago, IL, USA)1903 Poweraid®, orange (Coca-Cola Company, 65±5 250 mL
Atlanta, GA, USA)1904 XLR8®, orange flavor (Softpac Industries Inc., 68±7 250 mL
Plymouth, Minn, USA)
BREADS1905 Bagel, white, frozen (Lender's Bakery, Montreal, Canad 72 70
Baguette, white1906 Baguette, white, plain (France) 95±15 301907 Classic French baguette (prepared with wheat flour, 83±6 30
ascorbic acid, water, salt & 50 g yeast) (France)1908 Classic French baguette (prepared with wheat flour, 78±17 30
ascorbic acid, water, salt & 50 g yeast) (France)1909 French bread, fermented with leaven (France) 80±18 301910 French bread, fermented with yeast (France) 81±35 301911 Traditional French baguette (prepared with wheat 69±5 30
flour, water, salt and 20 g yeast) (France)1912 Bread stuffing, Paxo (Campbell Soup Co Ltd., 74 30
Toronto, Canada)Barley Breads
1913 Coarse barley kernel bread, 75% kernels 27 301914 Barley kernel bread, 50% kernels (Canada) 43 301915 Barley flour bread, 100% barley flour (Canada) 67 301916 Hamburger bun (Loblaw's, Toronto, Canada) 61 301917 Kaiser rolls (Loblaw's, Canada) 73 301918 Melba toast, Old London (Best Foods Canada Inc., 70 30
Etobicoke, Canada)Gluten-free bread
1919 Gluten-free white bread, unsliced 71 30(gluten-free wheat starch) (UK)
1920 Gluten-free white bread, sliced 80 30(gluten-free wheat starch) (UK)
1921 Gluten-free fiber-enriched, unsliced (gluten-free 69 30wheat starch, soya bran) (UK)
1922 Gluten-free fiber-enriched, sliced (gluten-free 76 30wheat starch, soya bran) (UK)Rye kernel (pumpernickel) bread
1923 Rye kernel bread (Pumpernickel) (Canada) 41 301924 Wholegrain pumpernickel (Holtzheuser Brothers Ltd., 46 30
Toronto, Canada)1925 Wholemeal rye bread (75% rye flour with 25% cracked 54 30
rye grains) (Schilstad bread, Aarhus, Denmark)1926 Rye kernel bread, Pumpernickel (80% kernels) (Canada 55 301927 Cocktail, sliced (Kasselar Food Products, 55 30
Toronto, Canada)1928 Pumpernickel bread (Canada) 56 301929 Cocktail, sliced (Kasselar Food Products, Canada) 62 30
mean of seven studies 53±3 30Wholemeal rye bread
1930 Wholemeal rye bread (Canada) 41 301931 Wholemeal rye bread (Canada) 62 301932 Wholemeal rye bread (Canada) 63 301933 Wholemeal rye bread (Canada) 66 30
mean of four studies 58±6 30Specialty rye breads
1934 Bürgen® Dark/Swiss rye (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) 74±6 301935 Klosterbrot wholemeal rye bread 67 30
(Dimpflmeier Bakery Ltd., Canada)1936 Light rye (Silverstein's Bakery, Toronto, Canada) 68 301937 Linseed rye (Rudolph's Specialty Bakery Ltd., 55 30
Toronto, Canada)1938 Sourdough rye (Canada) 57 301939 Volkornbrot, wholemeal rye bread 56 30
(Dimpflmeier Bakery Ltd., Canada)Wheat BreadsCracked wheat kernel (bulgur) bread
1940 50% cracked wheat kernel (Canada) 58 301941 75% cracked wheat kernels (Canada) 48 30
White wheat flour bread1942 70 301943 White flour (Dempster's Corporate Foods Ltd., Canada) 71 301944 White flour (Canada) 71 301945 White flour (Israel) 78±5 30
mean of four studies 73±2 301946 White wheat flour bread, hard, toasted (Italy) 73 301947 White Turkish bread (Turkey) 87 30
White bread, fiber-enriched1948 White, high-fiber (Dempster's Corporate 67 30
Foods Ltd., Canada)1949 White, high-fiber (Weston's Bakery, Toronto, Canada) 69 30
White bread with enzyme inhibitors1950 White bread + acarbose (200 mg) (Mexico) 18 301951 White bread roll + 3 mg trestatin (pancreatic 48 30
1952 29 30White bread with soluble fiber
1953 41 30(Mexico)
White flour (USA)5
alpha-amylase inhibitor) (Switzerland)6,7
White bread roll + 6 mg trestatin (Switzerland)6,7
White bread + 15 g psyllium fiber (Plantago psyllium)
White bread with Sunfibre (Cyamoposis tetragonolobus) (Indian cluster guar beans)
1954 White bread with 3 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 53 30(Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Yokaichi Mie, Japan)
1955 White bread with 5 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 49 30(Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Yokaichi Mie, Japan)
1956 White bread with 10 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 47 30(Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan)
1957 White bread with 15 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 37 30(Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan)
1958 White bread with 5 g Sunfibre, viscosity 2 39 30(Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan), viscosity 2White bread consumed with fiber drink
1959 White bread consumed with 5 g Sunfibre (Taiyo 46 -Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan) dissolved in 250 mL water
1960 White bread consumed with 10 g Sunfibre (Taiyo 41 -Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan) dissolved in 250 mL water
1961 White bread consumed with 10 g insoluble dextrin 48 -(Matsutani Chemical Industry Co. Ltd, Japan)in 250 mL water
1962 White bread with 10 g inulin (Orafti, Tienen, Belgium) 46 -in 250 mL waterWholemeal (whole wheat) wheat flour bread
1963 52 301964 Wholemeal flour (Canada) 64 301965 Wholemeal flour (Canada) 65 301966 Wholemeal flour (Canada) 67 301967 Wholemeal flour (Canada) 67 301968 Wholemeal flour (Canada) 69 301969 Wholemeal flour (Canada) 69 301970 Wholemeal flour (Canada) 71 301971 71 301972 73 301973 Wholemeal flour (Kenya) 87 30
mean of eleven studies 69± 2 301974 Wholemeal Turkish bread 49 30
Specialty wheat breads1975 Bürgen® Mixed Grain (Tip Top Bakeries, 69±6 30
Chatswood, NSW, Australia)1976 84±8 301977 Multigrain loaf, containing coconut flour (Philippines) 65 301978 64 -1979 Whole-wheat snack bread (Ryvita Co Ltd., 74 30
Poole, Dorset, UK)1980 Middle Eastern flatbread 97±29 301981 Pita bread, white (Canada) 57 301982 Pita bread, white (Sainsbury's, UK) 67±16 301983 Pita bread, white (Value, UK) 69±20 301984 Wheat flour flatbread (India) 66±9 301985 Amaranth : wheat (25:75) flour flatbread (India) 66±10 301986 Amaranth : wheat (50:50) flour flatbread (India) 76±20 30
Wholemeal flour (Canada)3
Wholemeal flour (Denmark)6,7
Wholemeal flour (USA)4
MolenbergTM (Goodman Fielder, New Zealand)
Semolina bread (Kenya)5
BREAKFAST CEREALS1987 50 30
(Kellogg's Inc., Etobicoke, Canada)1988 97±19 30
eaten with milk and non-nutritive sweetener (India)1989 58 301990 47 301991 58 301992 74 301993 75 30
1994 83 30
1995 72±16 301996 86 301997 92 301998 Cornflakes (Kellogg's, France) 93±16 301999 Cornflakes (Kellogg's, MI, USA) 132±33 30
mean of five studies 95±10 302000 Cornflakes, high-fiber (Presidents Choice, 74 30
2001 66 2502002 74 250
2003 87 302004 30 122005 71 302006 67 302007 80 30
2008 66 302009 60 30
Oat bran2010 50 102011 Oat bran, raw 59 102012 Oat Bran (Quaker Oats Co, Peterborough, ON, Canada) 60 10
mean of three studies 56 102013 Oat bran crisp (Natureal® GI-crisp, Finn Cereal, 79 30
2014 Oat bran flour (Natureal® GI-flour, Finn Cereal, 40 30
Porridge made from rolled oats2015 Porridge (Canada) 62 2502016 Porridge (Canada) 69 250
All-BranTM, high-fiber, extruded wheat bran cereal
Amaranth (Amaranthus esculentum) popped,
Bran BudsTM (Kellogg's Inc., Canada)9
Bran Buds with psyllium (Kellogg's Inc., Canada)9
Bran ChexTM (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Toronto, Canada)9
CheeriosTM (General Mills Inc., Etobicoke, Canada)9
Corn BranTM (Quaker Oats Co. of Canada,Peterborough, Canada)9
Corn ChexTM (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)9
CornflakesTM
CornflakesTM (Kellogg's, Auckland, New Zealand)CornflakesTM (Kellogg's Inc., Canada)CornflakesTM (Kellogg's, USA)4
Sunfresh Ltd., Toronto, Canada)9
Cream of WheatTM (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)9
Cream of WheatTM, Instant(Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)9
CrispixTM (Kellogg's Inc., Canada)9
Fruitful LiteTM (Hubbards, Auckland, New Zealand)Golden GrahamsTM (General Mills Inc., Canada)9
GrapenutsTM (Post, Kraft General Foods Inc., Canada)9
GrapenutsTM Flakes (Post, Kraft General Foods Inc.,Canada)9
LifeTM (Quaker Oats Co., Canada)9
Muesli, No Name (Sunfresh Ltd., Toronto, Canada)9
Oat bran, raw (Quaker Oats Co., Canada)9
Vantaa, Finland)10,11
Vantaa, Finland), consumed mixed with cold water10,11
2017 75 250mean of three studies 69 250Instant Porridge
2018 Quick Oats (Quaker Oats Co., Canada) 65 2502019 66 2502020 71 302021 67 302022 49 302023 89 302024 82 302025 83 302026 Sultana Bran (Healthy Living, UK) 90±17 302027 82 302028 65±18 302029 76 302030 Wheat flakes, enriched with extruded oat-bran 36 30
concentrate (8.1% β-glucan) (Canada)2031 74 30
2032 Juicy cereal bar (stavnata tycinka FIT, Usovsko, 85±16 30Czech Republic)
2033 Wheat flake bar, containing frutcose and extruded 30 30oat bran concentrate (6.5% β-glucan) (Canada)
CEREAL GRAINSAmaranth
2034 97±19 30eaten with milk and non-nutritive sweetener (India)BarleyPearl Barley
2035 Barley, pearled (Canada) 22 1502036 Barley (Canada) 22 1502037 Barley (Canada) 27 1502038 Barley, pearled (Canada) 29 150
mean of four studies 25±2 1502039 37 1502040 Barley, cracked (Malthouth, Tunisia) 50 150
Buckwheat2041 Buckwheat (Canada) 49 1502042 Buckwheat (Canada) 51±10 1502043 Buckwheat (Canada) 63 150
mean of three studies 54 150Corn/Maize
2044 Maize meal porridge/gruel (Kenya) 109 -Cornmeal
2045 Cornmeal, boiled in salted water 2 min 68 150(McNair Products Co. Ltd., Toronto, Canada)
2046 Cornmeal + margarine 69 150
Porridge (USA)4
One Minute Oats (Quaker Oats Co., Canada)9
Pro StarsTM (General Mills Inc., Canada)9
Puffed Wheat (Quaker Oats Co., Canada)9
Red River Cereal (Maple Leaf Mills, Toronto, Canada)9
Rice ChexTM (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)9
Rice KrispiesTM (Kellogg's Inc., Canada)9
Shredded WheatTM (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)9
TeamTM (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)9
Thank GoodnessTM (Hubbards, New Zealand)TotalTM (General Mills Inc., Canada)99
WeetabixTM, plain flaked wheat biscuits(Weetabix of Canada Ltd., Thornhill, Canada)9
Amaranth (Amaranthus esculentum) popped,
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) (India)
(McNair Products Co. Ltd., Canada)Sweet corn
2047 Sweet corn, cooked (Israel) 52±7 1502048 Sweet corn (Canada) 59±11 1502049 60 150
mean of three studies 57 1502050 Sweet corn, whole kernel, canned, diet-pack, drained 46 150
2051 Sweet corn, frozen, reheated in microwave 47 150(Green Giant Pillsbury Ltd., Toronto, Canada)
2052 Taco shells, cornmeal-based, baked (Old El Paso 68 20Foods Co., Toronto, Canada)Couscous
2053 Couscous, boiled 5 min (Near East Food Products Co., 61 150Leominster, MA, USA)
2054 Couscous, boiled 5 min (Tunisia) 69 150Millet
2055 Millet, boiled (Canada) 71±10 1502056 Millet flour porridge (Kenya) 107 -
Rice, white2057 69±15 150
Rice, boiled white, type NS2058 Type NS, boiled (France) 43 1502059 Type NS, eaten alone (France) 45 1502060 Type NS, boiled (France) 47 1502061 Type NS (Canada) 51 1502062 Type NS (France) 52 1502063 Type NS (Canada) 56 1502064 Type NS (Pakistan) 69 1502065 Type NS (Kenya) 112 150
mean of eight studies 59±8 150Long grain, boiled
2066 Long grain, boiled 5 min (Canada) 41 1502067 Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc., Toronto, Canada) 55 1502068 Long grain, boiled 25 min (Surinam) 56±2 1502069 Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc., Canada) 57 1502070 Long grain, boiled 15 min 58 1502071 Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc., Canada) 60 1502072 Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc., Canada) 60 1502073 Long grain, nonglutinous (non waxy) rice variety 71 150
RD 21/23 (low amylose), boiled (Thailand)mean of eight studies 57±3 150Rice, specialty rices
2074 Cajun Style, Uncle Ben's® (Effem Foods Ltd., 51 150Bolton, Canada)
2075 Garden Style, Uncle Ben's® 55 150(Effem Foods Ltd., Canada)
2076 Glutinous (waxy) rice, low-amylose, boiled (Thailand) 75 -2077 Long Grain and Wild, Uncle Ben's® 54 150
(Effem Foods Ltd., Canada)
Sweet corn (USA)5
(Featherweight, USA)5
White (Oryza sativa), boiled (India)
2078 Mexican Fast and Fancy, Uncle Ben's® 58 150(Effem Foods Ltd., Canada)
2079 Saskatchewan wild rice (Canada) 57 150Rice, white low-amylose
2080 White, low-amylose, boiled (Turkey) 17 150Rice, white high-amylose
2081 Bangladeshi rice variety BR16 (28% amylose) 37 1502082 Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, white, long-grain 39 150
(27% amylose), boiled 17.5 minJaponica rice enriched with Sunfibre
2083 Japonica rice with 3 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 54 150(Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan)
2084 Japonica rice with 5 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 54 150(Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan)Milled, white, high amylose rice
2085 Milled (white), high amylose (IR42) rice, 61 150boiled 22 min (Philippines)
2086 Milled (white), high amylose (IR42) rice, 59 150boiled 22 min (Philippines)
2087 Milled (white), high amylose (IR42) rice, 61 150boiled 22 min (Philippines)Rice, brown
2088 50±19 1502089 Brown, high amylose (IR42) rice, boiled 30 min 39 150
(Philippines)Instant/puffed rice
2090 Instant rice, white, boiled 1 min (Canada) 46 150Parboiled rice
2091 Parboiled rice (Canada) 48 1502092 72 1502093 Converted, white, Uncle Ben's® 45 150
2094 Converted, white, long grain, boiled 20-30 min, 50 150Uncle Ben's® (Masterfoods USA)
2095 39 1502096 Boiled, 12 min (Denmark) 42 1502097 Boiled, 12 min (Denmark) 43 1502098 Boiled, 12 min (Denmark) 46 1502099 Long grain, boiled 5 min (Canada) 38 1502100 61 1502101 Long grain, boiled 15 min (Canada) 47 1502102 Long grain, boiled 25 min (Canada) 46 150
mean of twelve studies 48±3 1502103 Parboiled rice, eaten as part of a traditional 99 -
Parboiled, low-amylose2104 Bangladeshi rice variety BR2, parboiled 51 150
(12% amylose)
(Cyamoposis tetragonolobus) (soluble fiber)
Brown (Oryza Sativa), boiled (South India)6
Parboiled rice (USA)5
(Effem Foods Ltd., Canada)5
Boiled, 12 min (Denmark)4
Long grain, boiled, 10 min (USA)4
Indian meal (India)6
Parboiled, high-amylose2105 Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, parboiled 35 150
(28% amylose)2106 Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, traditionally parboiled 32 150
(27% amylose)2107 Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, pressure parboiled 27 150
(27% amylose)2108 Bangladeshi rice variety BR4, parboiled 33 150
(27% amylose)mean of four studies 32±2 150Rye, whole kernels
2109 Rye, whole kernels (Canada) 29 50 (dry)2110 Rye, whole kernels, pressure cooked (15 psi) 34 50 (dry)
30 min in 2 L water (Canada)2111 Rye, whole kernels (Canada) 39 50 (dry)
mean of three studies 34 50 (dry)WheatWheat, whole kernels
2112 Wheat, whole kernels (Canada) 42 50 (dry)2113 Wheat, whole kernels, pressure cooked (15 psi) 44 50 (dry)
30 min in 2 L water (Canada)2114 Wheat, whole kernels (Canada) 48 50 (dry)
mean of three studies 45 50 (dry)2115 63 50 (dry)2116 90 50 (dry)
Semolina2117 55±9 150
with water (India)2118 Semolina, steamed and gelatinised (India) 54±13 150
Cracked wheat (bulgur/bourghul)2119 Bulgur, boiled (Canada) 46 1502120 Bulgur, boiled in 800 mL water 20 min (Canada) 46 1502121 Bulgur, boiled (Canada) 46 1502122 Bulgur, boiled 20 min (Canada) 46 1502123 Bulgur, boiled 20 min (Canada) 53 150
mean of five studies 47±1 150
COOKIESArrowroot
2124 Arrowroot (McCormicks's, Interbare Foods, 63 25Toronto, Canada)
2125 Arrowroot plus (McCormicks's, Canada) 62 252126 Chocolate chip cookies, containing coconut flour 50 25
(Philippines)Digestives
2127 Digestives (Canada) 55 252128 Digestives, Peak Freans (Nabisco Ltd., 62 25
Toronto, Canada)2129 Digestives, gluten-free (maize starch) (Nutricia 58 25
Dietary Care Ltd., Redish, Stockport, UK)
Wheat, type NS (India)11
Wheat, type NS (India)6
Semolina, roasted at 105oC then gelatinised
2130 Golden Fruit (Griffin's Foods Ltd., 77±25 25Auckland, New Zealand)
2131 Graham Wafers (Christie Brown & Co., 74 25Toronto, Canada)
2132 Highland Oatcakes (Walker's Shortbread Ltd., 57 25Aberlour-on-Spey, Scotland)
2133 Macaroons, prepared with coconut flour 33 30(Philippines)
2134 Oro (Saiwa, Italy) 67±17 402135 Vanilla Wafers (Christie Brown & Co., Canada) 77 25
CRACKERS2136 Breton wheat crackers (Dare Foods Ltd., 67 25
Kitchener, Canada)Rye crispbread
2137 Rye crispbread (Canada) 63 252138 Rye crispbread (Ryvita Company Ltd., UK) 63 252139 High-fiber rye crispbread (Ryvita Company Ltd., 59 25
Poole, Dorset, UK)2140 Premium Soda Crackers (Christie Brown & Co., Canada 74 252141 Stoned Wheat Thins (Christie Brown & Co., Canada) 67 25
DAIRY PRODUCTS AND ALTERNATIVESIce cream, Regular/NS
2142 Ice cream, NS (Canada) 36±8 502143 62 502144 Ice cream, chocolate flavored (USA) 68±15 502145 80 50
mean of four studies 62±9 50Milk, full-fat
2146 24 250 mL2147 40 250 mL2148 25 250 mL2149 60±18 250 mL
Yoghurt2150 Yoghurt, type NS (Canada) 36±4 2002151 45±16 2002152 51±18 200
Soy-based dairy product alternatives2153 Tofu-based frozen dessert, chocolate with 115±14 50
high-fructose (24%) corn syrup (USA)
FRUIT AND FRUIT PRODUCTSApples, raw
2154 Apple, NS (Denmark) 28 1202155 32±4 1202156 Apple, NS (Canada) 34 1202157 40 1202158 Apple, NS (Italy) 44 120
Ice cream, NS (USA)15
Ice cream (half vanilla, half chocolate) (Italy)16
Full-fat (Italy)16
Full-fat (USA)15
Milk, Full-fat + 20 g wheat bran (Italy)16
Probiotic drink, pink grapefruit (UK)4
Yoghurt, Strawberry (Healthy Living Light, UK)4
Yoghurt, low-fat, toffee (UK)4
Apple, Braeburn (New Zealand)4
Apple, NS (USA)15
mean of five studies 36±3 120Apricots
2159 Apricots, raw, NS (Italy) 57 1202160 Apricots, canned in light syrup (Riviera, Aliments 64 120
Caneast Foods, Montreal, Canada)2161 Apricots, dried (Wasco foods, Montreal, Canada) 32 60
Banana, raw2162 Banana (Canada) 46 1202163 Banana (Israel) 49±6 1202164 Banana (Italy) 58 1202165 Banana (Canada) 58 1202166 51 1202167 30 1202168 Banana, slightly under-ripe 42 120
2169 48 1202170 52 120
mean of nine studies 48±3 1202171 Cherries, raw, sour (Canada) 22 1202172 40 1202173 Dates, dried (Australia) 103±21 602174 Dates, NS type (Israel) 62±4 602175 Fruit Cocktail, canned (Delmonte Canadian 55 120
Canners Ltd., Hamilton, Canada)2176 Grapefruit, raw (Canada) 25 120
Grapes, raw2177 Grapes, NS (Canada) 43 1202178 Grapes, NS (Italy) 49 1202179 47±4 120
Mango, raw2180 41 1202181 60±16 120
Oranges, raw2182 Oranges, NS (Denmark) 31 1202183 Orange, NS (Israel) 47±5 1202184 Oranges, NS (Italy) 48 1202185 Oranges (Sunkist, Van Nuys, CA, USA) 48 1202186 Oranges NS (Canada) 51 120
mean of five studies 45±4 120Papaya/Paw paw, raw
2187 60 1202188 60±16 120
Peach, raw2189 Peach, raw (Canada) 28 1202190 Peach, raw (Italy) 56 1202191 Peach, canned in light syrup (Delmonte, 52 120
Canadian Canners Ltd., Canada)Pear, raw
Banana, ripe (all yellow) (USA)15
Banana, under-ripe (Denmark)7,17
(yellow with green sections) (USA)15
Banana, over-ripe (yellow flecked with brown) (USA)15
Banana, over-ripe (Denmark)7,17
Chico (Zapota zapotilla coville), raw (Philippines)4
Kiwi fruit, Hayward (New Zealand)4
Mango (Mangifera indica) (Philippines)4
Mango, ripe (Mangifera indica) (India)6
Papaya/Paw paw, raw (Carica papaya) (Philippines)4
Paw paw (papaya), ripe (India)6
2192 Pear, raw, NS (Canada) 33 1202193 34±4 1202194 Pear, Bartlett, raw (Canada) 41 1202195 Pear, raw, NS (Italy) 42 120
mean of four studies 38±2 1202196 Pear, canned in pear juice, Bartlett (Delmonte, 44 120
Canadian Canners Ltd., Canada)2197 51 120
Plum, raw2198 Plum, raw, NS (Canada) 24 1202199 Plum, raw, NS (Italy) 53 1202200 Raisins (Israel) 66±6 60
FRUIT JUICESApple juice
2201 41 250 mL2202 Apple juice, unsweetened (Allens, Toronto, Canada) 41 250 mL2203 Grapefruit juice, unsweetened 48 250 mL
(Sunpac, Toronto, Canada)2204 Orange juice, reconstituted from 57±6 250 mL
2205 Pineapple juice, unsweetened (Dole Packaged 46 250 mLFoods, Toronto, Canada)
LEGUMES AND NUTS2206 Baked beans, canned haricot/navy beans 56 150
in tomato sauce (Libby, McNeill & Libby,Chatham, Canada)
2207 20 1502208 Blackeyed beans/peas (Cowpeas), boiled (Canada) 50 150
Butter Beans2209 Butter beans, dried, soaked, cooked 1.25 h 29±8 150
(South Africa)2210 Butter beans, dried, boiled + 5 g sucrose 30±2 150
(South Africa)2211 Butter beans, dried, boiled + 10 g sucrose 31±2 150
(South Africa)2212 Butter beans, dried, boiled + 15 g sucrose 54±4 150
(South Africa)Chickpeas (Garbanzo beans, Bengal gram), boiled
2213 Chickpeas, dried, boiled (Canada) 31 1502214 Chickpeas (Canada) 33 1502215 Chickpeas, canned in brine (Lancia-Bravo 42 150
Foods Ltd., Toronto, Canada)2216 Chickpeas, curry, canned (Canasia Foods Ltd., 41 150
Scarborough, Canada)Haricot/Navy beans
2217 Haricot/Navy beans, pressure cooked at 15 psi 29 150for 25 min (King Grains, Toronto, Canada)
Pear, Winter Nellis, raw (New Zealand)4
Pineapple (Ananas comosus), raw (Philippines)4
Apple juice, unsweetened (USA)15
frozen concentrate (USA)15
Beans, dried, boiled, type NS (Italy)16
2218 Haricot/Navy beans, dried, boiled (Canada) 30 1502219 Haricot/Navy beans, pressure cooked at15 psi 59 150
for 25 min (King Grains, Canada)mean of three studies 39 150Kidney Beans
2220 23 1502221 Kidney beans, dried, boiled (France) 23±1 1502222 Kidney beans, dried, boiled (Canada) 42 1502223 Kidney beans (Canada) 46 150
mean of four studies 34±6 1502224 Kidney beans, canned (Lancia-Bravo 52 150
Foods Ltd., Canada)Lentils
2225 28 150Lentils, green
2226 Lentils, green, dried, boiled (Canada) 22 1502227 Lentils, green, dried, boiled (France) 30±15 1502228 Lentils, green, canned in brine 52 150
(Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada)Lentils, red
2229 Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) 18 1502230 Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) 21 1502231 Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) 31 1502232 Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) 32 150
mean of four studies 26±4 1502233 Lima beans, baby, frozen, reheated in microwave 32 150
oven (York, Canada Packers, Toronto, Canada)2234 31 1502235 Peas, dried, boiled (Australia) 22 150
Pinto beans2236 Pinto beans, dried, boiled (Canada) 39 1502237 Pinto beans, canned in brine 45 150
(Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada)2238 Romano beans (Canada) 46 1502239 Split peas, yellow, boiled 20 min 32 150
(Nupack, Mississauga, Canada)
MEAL REPLACEMENT & WEIGHTMANAGEMENT PRODUCTS
2240 Boost®, vanilla flavor (Mead Johnson, 53±4 250 mLEvansville, Ind, USA)
2241 Boost High-Protein®, vanilla flavor (Mead Johnson, 59±9 250 mLEvansville, Ind, USA)
2242 73±17 250 mL2243 GatorPro®, chocolate flavor (Gatorade, 89±8 250 mL
Chicago, IL, USA)2244 Met-RX ®, vanilla (Met-RX substrate 58±16 250 mL
Technology Inc., Irvine, CA, USA)2245 Optifuel (Twin Laboratories Inc, 78±8 250 mL
Ronkonkowa, NY, USA)
Kidney beans (USA)4
Lentils, type NS (USA)4
Marrowfat peas, dried, boiled (USA)4
Chocolate soya weight management drink (UK)16
MIXED MEALS AND CONVENIENCE FOODS2246 Fish Fingers (Canada) 38±6 1002247 Kugel (Polish dish containing egg noodles, sugar, 65±6 150
cheese and raisins) (Israel)Pizza
2248 Pizza, cheese (Pillsbury Canada Ltd., Toronto, Canada) 60 1002249 Pizza, plain baked dough, served with parmesan 80 100
cheese and tomato sauce (Italy)2250 Sausages, NS type (Canada) 28±6 1002251 Stirfried vegetables with chicken and boiled 73±17 360
white rice, home made (Australia)2252 White boiled rice, grilled beefburger, 27 440
cheese, and butter (France)2253 White boiled rice, grilled beefburger, 22 440
cheese and butter (France)White bread with accompaniments
2254 Classic French Baguette with 10 g butter and 59±16 1002 slices of ham (25 g) (France)
2255 White bread with butter (Canada) 59 1002256 White bread with Haricot/navy beans (Canada) 42 1002257 White bread with Haricot/navy beans (Canada) 54 1002258 White bread with butter and skim milk cheese 62 100
(Canada)2259 White bread with skim milk cheese (Canada) 55 1002260 White/wholemeal wheat bread with 51 100
peanut butter (Canada)2261 White/wholemeal wheat bread with 67 100
peanut butter (Canada)
NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT PRODUCTS2262 50±16 250 mL2263 75±10 250 mL
Columbus, Ohio, USA)2264 Nutridrink® enteral formula 61±19 250 mL
2265 Nutridrink Multi Fibre® enteral formula 53±19 250 mL
NUTSPeanuts
2266 13±6 502267 23 50
PASTA and NOODLES2268 Capellini (Primo Foods Ltd., Toronto, Canada) 45 1802269 Instant noodles (Mr Noodle, Vancouver, Canada) 47 180
Mung bean noodles2270 Lungkow beanthread noodles (National Cereals, 26 180
Biosorb® drink, standard (Nutricia N.V., Netherlands)4
EnsureTM, vanilla flavor (Abbott Laboratories,
(Nutricia N.V., Netherlands)4
(Nutricia N.V., Netherlands)4
Peanuts (Canada)4
Peanuts (Mexico)4
Oils & Foodstuffs, Qingdao & Guangdong, China)2271 Mung bean noodles, boiled (Thailand) 45 1802272 Imitation mung bean noodles, boiled (Thailand) 51 -
Macaroni2273 Macaroni, plain, boiled 5 min 45 180
(Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada)2274 Macaroni, plain, boiled (Turkey) 48 1802275 56 180
mean of three studies 50 1802276 Macaroni and Cheese, boxed (Kraft General 64 180
Foods Inc., Don Mills, Ontario, Canada)Rice noodles/pasta
2277 Rice noodles made from IR42 (high amylose) 45 -rice flour, boiled for 22 min (Philippines)
2278 Rice noodles made from IR42 (high amylose) 46 -rice flour, boiled for 22 min (Philippines)
2279 Rice vermicelli, Kongmoon (National Cereals, 58 180Oils & Foodstuffs, China)Spaghetti
2280 Spaghetti, homemade, durum wheat, 59 180no monoglyceride, boiled 6 min (Denmark)
2281 Spaghetti, protein enriched, boiled 7 min 27 180(Catelli Plus, Catelli Ltd., Montreal, Canada)Spaghetti, white, boiled 5 min
2282 Boiled 5 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) 32 1802283 Boiled 5 min (Canada) 34 1802284 Boiled 5 min (Canada) 40 1802285 Boiled 5 min (Middle East) 44 180
mean of four studies 38±3 180Spaghetti, white or type NS, boiled 10-15 min
2286 White, durum wheat, boiled 12 min (Denmark) 34 1802287 Boiled 15 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) 32 1802288 Boiled 15 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) 36 1802289 Boiled 15 min (Canada) 41 180
mean of four studies 36±2 1802290 Spaghetti, Durum wheat, boiled 20 min (USA) 64±15 180
Spaghetti, white, boiled2291 White (Denmark) 33 1802292 34 1802293 38 1802294 White (Israel) 42±7 1802295 White (Canada) 42 1802296 White (Italy) 42 1802297 White (Canada) 45 1802298 White (Canada) 48 180
mean of eight studies 41±2 1802299 32 1802300 Star Pastina, white, boiled 5 min 38 180
(Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada)2301 Tortellini, cheese (Stouffer, Nestlé, Don Mills, Canada) 50 180
Macaroni, boiled (Italy)7
White, durum wheat (Catelli Ltd, Montreal, Canada)5
White (Australia)5
Spaghetti, wholemeal, boiled (Australia)5
2302 Wheat (egg) noodles, boiled (Thailand) 57 -
SNACK FOODS AND CONFECTIONERY2303 Brownies, containing coconut flour (Philippines) 43 502304 90±16 50
Food Co, Chatswood, NSW, Australia)2305 Chocolate crinkles, containing coconut flour 54 50
(Philippines)2306 Chocolate, milk, plain, low-sugar 35±16 50
2307 74 50(Old El Paso Foods Co., Canada)
2308 Granola bar, containing coconut flour (Philippines) 50 502309 Juicy cereal bar (Stavnata Tycinka FIT, 85±16 30
Usovsko, Czech Republic)
SPORTS (ENERGY) BARS2310 Clif bar, Cookies & Cream flavor 101±6 65
(Clif Bar Inc, Berkeley, CA, USA)2311 MET-Rx Bar, vanilla flavor 74±12 65
(Met-Rx Sibstrate Technology Inc, Irvine, CA, USA)2312 Power bar®, chocolate (Powerfood Inc, 83±11 65
Berkeley, CA, USA)2313 PR-bar, Cookies 'N Cream flavor 81±12 65
(Twin Laboratories Inc, Ronkonkowa, NY, USA)
SOUPS2314 Black Bean soup (Wil-Pack Foods, 64 250
San Pedro, CA, USA)2315 Green Pea, canned (Campbell Soup Co Ltd., 66 250
Toronto, Canada)2316 Lentil, canned (Unico, Concord, Canada) 44 2502317 Noodle soup (traditional Turkish soup 1 250
with stock and noodles)2318 Split Pea (Wil-Pak Foods, USA) 60 2502319 Tarhana soup (traditional Turkish soup with 20 -
wheat flour, yoghurt, tomato, peppers)2320 Tomato soup (Canada) 38±9 250
SUGARS, SYRUPS, AND SUGAR ALCOHOLSFructose
2321 50 g portion 20±5 102322 50 g portion 21 102323 50 g portion (Sigma Chemical Company, 24 10
2324 25 10mean of four studies 23±1 10Glucose
2325 85 10
Burger RingsTM, barbeque-flavored (Smith's Snack
with maltitol (Belgium)4
Corn chips, NachipsTM
St. Louis, MO, USA)15
25 g portion, fed with oats19
50 g portion (dextrose)5
2326 92 102327 93 102328 50 g portion 96 10
mean of four studies 92±2 10Glucose consumed with American ginseng
2329 25 g glucose (Glucodex solution, Rougier Inc., 78 10
2330 25 g glucose (Glucodex) 40 min 80 10
2331 103±5 10(CSIR Biochemical Unit, New Delhi, India)Glucose consumed with a mixed meal
2332 30 g glucose with 150 g grilled beefburger, 55 25030 g cheese, 10 g butter (total meal contained50 g carbohydrate) (France)
2333 30 g glucose with 150 g grilled beefburger, 57 25030 g cheese, 10 g butter (total meal contained50 g carbohydrate) (France)
2334 25 g glucose with 30 g oat bran flour (Natureal® 80 10
2335 32 25Lactose
2336 43 102337 48 10
Sucrose2338 58 102339 50 g portion 59±10 102340 50 g portion 60 102341 64 102342 82 102343 110±21 10
mean of six studies 72±8 10Sugar alcohols and sugar-replacement compounds -GI values based on the assumption that theircarbohydrate is available
2344 2±1 102345 32±3 10
Lactitol2346 -1±7 102347 3±1 10
Litesse2348 25 g Litesse II, bulking agent with polydextrose and 7±2 10
2349 25 g Litesse III ultra, bulking agent with polydextrose 4±2 10
25 g portion, fed with oats19
50 g portion5
(Panax quinquefolius L.)
Chambly, Quebec) with 3 g dried ginseng4,11
after 3 g dried ginseng4,11
100 g Glucose + 20 g cellulose20
GI-flour, Finn Cereal, Vantaa, Finland)4
Locust honey (Romania)4,11
50 g portion (Sigma Chemical Company, USA)15
25 g portion, fed with oats19
50 g portion (Sigma Chemical Company, USA)15
25 g portion, fed with oats19
30 g portion16
25 g portion4
Isomalt (Sudzucker AG, Mannheim, Germany)21
Isomaltulose, PalatinoseTM
(Sudzucker AG, Mannheim, Germany)21
25 g lactitol5,22
25 g lactitol MC (Danisco sweeteners, Surrey, UK)22
sorbitol (Danisco Sweeteners, UK)22
and sorbitol (Danisco Sweeteners, UK)22
2350 Lycasin® HBC, syrup containing 50-55% maltitol, 47±10 105-8% sorbitol and 35-40% hydrogenated
2351 Lycasin® HBC, syrup containing 50-55% maltitol, 25±6 105-8% sorbitol and 35-40% hydrogenated
Maltitol-based sweeteners or bulking agents2352 26 102353 25 g Malbit CR (87% maltitol) (Cerestar, 30±12 10
2354 25 g Maltidex 100 (> 72% maltitol) 44±11 10
2355 Maltitol and Sucrose mixture (25 g Maltitol + 46 10
2356 25 g Malbit CH (99% maltitol) 73±29 10
2357 25 g Maltidex 200 (50% maltitol) 89±28 10
2358 Tagatose sugar replacement, Gaio® 3±1 10
Xylitol2359 7±7 102360 8±2 10
VEGETABLES2361 79±16 80
Green peas2362 Pea, cooked (Israel) 35±4 802363 39 80
Sweet corn2364 Sweet corn, cooked (Israel) 52±7 1502365 Sweet corn (Canada) 59±11 802366 60 80
mean of three studies 57 802367 Sweet corn, whole kernel, diet-pack, Featherweight, 46 80
2368 Sweet corn, frozen, heated in microwave (Green 47 80Giant, Pillsbury Canada Ltd., Toronto, Canada)Root vegetables
2369 64±16 80Carrots
2370 16 802371 92±20 802372 Carrots, peeled, boiled, ground to smooth paste 60±17 80
(Australia)2373 Cassava, boiled, with salt (Kenya, Africa) 46 1002374 97±19 80
oligo-scaccharides (lab 2212, Roquette, France)21
oligo-scaccharides (lab 2212, Roquette, France)21
Maltitol, 50 g portion (Japan)21
Vilvoorde, Belgium)22
(Cerestar, Vilvoorde, Belgium)22
25 g Sucrose) (Japan)21
(Cerestar, Vilvoorde, Belgium)22
(Cerestar, Vilvoorde, Belgium)22
(Arla Foods, Germany)21
25 g xylitol22
25 g Xylitol C (Danisco Sweeteners, UK)22
Broad beans (Canada)4
Pea, frozen, boiled (Canada)4
Sweet corn, boiled (USA)5
canned, drained, heated (USA)5
Beetroot (Canada)4
Carrots, raw (Romania)4,11
Carrots, NS (Canada)4
Parsnips (Canada)4
PotatoBaked potato
2375 Ontario, white, baked in skin (Canada) 60 150Baked, Russet Burbank potatoes
2376 Russet, baked without fat (Canada) 56 1502377 78 1502378 94 150
mean of three studies 76 150Boiled potato
2379 Desiree, peeled, quartered, boiled 15 min in 77±17 150unsalted water (UK)
2380 Maris Peer potato, peeled, quartered, boiled 15 min 94±16 150in unsalted water (UK)
2381 Nardine, boiled (New Zealand) 70±17 1502382 Ontario, white, peeled, cut into cubes, boiled in 58 150
salted water 15 min (Canada)2383 Prince Edward Island, peeled, cubed, boiled in 63 150
salted water 15 min (Canada)Boiled/cooked, white/Type NS
2384 Type NS (Kenya, Africa) 24 1502385 41 1502386 Potatoes (Germany) 49 1502387 White, boiled (Canada) 54 1502388 Type NS, boiled 19 min (Denmark) 56 1502389 Potatoes, white (Italy) 61 1502390 Type NS, peeled, boiled (Lebanon) 85 150
mean of seven studies 53±7 150Boiled potato cooked then cooled
2391 54 150(Lebanon)Canned potatoes
2392 Prince Edward Island, canned, heated in microwave 61 150(Avon, Cobi Foods Inc., Port Williams, Canada)French Fries
2393 French fries, frozen, reheated in microwave 75 150(Cavendish Farms, New Annan, Canada)Instant Mashed potato
2394 Instant (France) 74±12 1502395 Instant (Carnation Foods Co. Ltd., Manitoba, Canada) 86 1502396 Instant (Canada) 88 1502397 Instant (UK) 95±16 150
mean of four studies 86±4 150Mashed potato
2398 Type NS (Canada) 67 1502399 Ontario, white, peeled, cubed, boiled 15 min, 73 150
mashed (Canada)2400 Prince Edward Island, peeled, cubed, boiled 15 min 73 150
mashed (Canada)mean of three studies 71 150Microwaved potato
Russet, baked without fat, 45-60 min (USA)5
Russet, baked without fat (USA)5
White, cooked (Romania)4,11
Type NS, peeled, boiled and then cooled to 26oC
2401 82 150New Potato
2402 New (Canada) 47 1502403 New (Canada) 54 150
Steamed potato2404 Potato dumplings (60% white potatoes, 40% white 52 150
wheat flour, boiled in salted water), consumed witholive oil, tomato sauce and parmesan cheese (Italy)Sweet potato
2405 Sweet potato, NS (Canada) 48±6 1502406 Sweet potato, peeled, cubed, boiled in salted water 59 150
15 min (Canada)2407 Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand) 78±6 150
mean of three studies 62 150Swede
2408 72±8 150Tapioca
2409 Tapioca boiled with milk (General Mills Canada Inc., 81 250Etobicoke, Canada)
2410 93±2 250Yam
2411 Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) 25±4 1502412 Yam (Canada) 51±12 150
INDIGENOUS OR TRADITIONAL FOODSOF DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPSAFRICAN
2413 Cassava, boiled, with salt (Kenya) 46 1002414 Ga Kenkey, prepared from fermented cornmeal 44±6 150
2415 49±3 100
2416 41±5 120 (raw)2417 Maize meal porridge/gruel (Kenya) 109 50 (dry)2418 Millet flour porridge/gruel (Kenya) 107 -2419 40±6 1502420 65±7 150
ARABIC AND TURKISH2421 Kibbeh saynieh (made with lamb and burghul) 61±16 1202422 Majadra (Syrian, lentils and rice) 24±5 2502423 Middle Eastern flatbread 97±29 302424 Moroccan Couscous (stew of semolina, 58±9 250
chickpeas, vegetables)2425 Tarhana soup (wheat flour, yoghurt, 20 -
tomato, green pepper)2426 Turkish bread, white wheat flour 87 302427 Turkish bread, whole wheat 49 302428 Turkish noodle soup 1 250
Type NS, microwaved (USA)4
Swede (rutabaga) (Canada)4
Tapioca, boiled (India)6
(Zea mays) (Ghana)23
Gari, roasted cassava dough (Manihot utilissima)(Ghana)23
Green plantain (musa paradisiaca), boiled (Ghana)23
White rice (Oryza sativa), boiled (Ghana)23
White yam (Dyscoria species) (Ghana)23
ASIAN2429 Lungkow beanthread (National Cereals, 26 180
Oils & Foodstuffs, Qingdao & Guangdong, China)2430 Rice vermicelli, Kongmoon (National Cereals, China) 58 1802431 Stirfried vegetables, chicken and rice, 73±17 360
home made (Australia)
ASIAN INDIAN2432 97±19 30
eaten with milk and non-nutritive sweetener2433 Appam (thin pancake made from fermented 90±4 250
rice flour batter with tender coconut)
2434 55±13 75 (dry)roasted bread made from bajra flour
2435 67 75 (dry)2436 37 150
Chapatti2437 Chapatti, amaranth-wheat (25:75) composite flour, 66±10 60
served with bottle gourd and tomato curry2438 Chapatti, amaranth-wheat (50:50) composite flour, 76±20 60
served with bottle gourd amd tomato curry2439 Chapatti, baisen (Pakistan) 27 1652440 67 -2441 Chapatti, barley 37 -2442 64 -2443 Chapatti, wheat, served with bottle gourd 66±9 60
and tomato curry2444 Chapatti, wheat flour, thin, with green gram 81±4 200
2445 Dhokla, leavened, fermented, steamed cake; 35±4 100dehusked chickpea and wheat semolina
2446 Dhokla, leavened, fermented, steamed cake; 31±6 150dehusked chickpea and wheat semolina
2447 Dosai (parboiled and raw rice, soaked, ground, 77±3 150fermented and fried) with chutney
2448 Green gram, whole with varagu 57±6 80 (dry)
2449 Green gram dhal with varagu, pressure cooked 78±12 78 (dry)2450 Idiappam (steamed rice flour dough with 86±4 250
2451 Idli (parboiled and raw rice + black dhal, soaked, 77±2 250ground, fermented, steamed) with chutney
2452 Jowar, roasted bread made from Jowar flour 77±8 70 (dry)
2453 Laddu (popped amaranth, foxtail millet, roasted 24±4 50legume powder, fenugreek seeds) in hot sweet syrup
2454 Laddu (popped amaranth, foxtail millet, roasted 29±4 50legume powder, fenugreek seeds) in hot sweet syrup
Amaranth (Amaranthus esculentum), popped,
eaten with Bengal gram curry6
Bajra (Penniseteum typhoideum), eaten as
Bajra (Penniseteum typhoideum)Barley (Hordeum vulgare)
Chapatti, bajra (Pennisetum typhoideum)
Chapatti, maize (Zea mays)
(Phaseolus aureus) dhal
(Paspalum scorbiculatum), pressure cooked
tender coconut) eaten with Bengal gram curry6
(Sorghum vulgare)
2455 84 70 (dry)2456 104±13 70 (dry)
as roasted bread2457 Pongal (rice and roasted green gram dhal, 90±3 250
pressure cooked)2458 Poori (deep-fried wheat flour dough) with 82±2 150
potato palya (mashed potato)2459 Puttu (rice flour, steamed with tender coconut) 79±4 250
2460 69±15 150and tomato currySemolina
2461 55±9 67 (dry)2462 76±6 67 (dry)2463 46±12 71 (dry)
2464 62±20 71 (dry)
2465 54±7 71 (dry)
2466 68±8 76 (dry)2467 Upittu (roasted semolina and onions, cooked in water) 67±3 1502468 Uppuma kedgeree (millet, legumes, fenugreek seeds; 18±3 150
roasted and cooked in water)2469 Uppuma kedgeree (millet, legumes, fenugreek seeds; 19±3 150
roasted and cooked in water)2470 68±8 76 (dry)
ISRAELI2471 Melawach (dough made from white wheat flour 61±10 115
and butter, fried)2472 Melawach 71±7 1152473 31±6 130
fiber (soluble)2474 Melawach + 15 g maize cob fiber (insoluble) 59±10 1302475 72±10 130
PACIFIC ISLANDERS2476 Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand) 78±6 1502477 Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) 25±4 150
PIMA INDIAN2478 25±3 60
SOUTH AMERICAN2479 Black Beans 30 1502480 Brown beans 38 1502481 Burrito (made from scrambled eggs, tomato, onions, vegeat 37±4 -2482 Burrito (made from scrambled eggs, tomato, onions, vegea 29±3 -2483 Chilaquiles (casserole made from corn tortilla, vegetabl 51±9 -
Millet/Ragi (Eleucine coracana)6
Millet/Ragi (Eleucine coracana) flour eaten
eaten with Bengal gram curry6
Rice (Oryza Sativa), boiled served with bottle gourd
Semolina (Triticum aestivum), steamedSemolina (Triticum aestivum), pre-roastedSemolina (Triticum aestivum) with fermented blackgram dhal (Phaseolus mungo)Semolina (Triticum aestivum) with fermentedgreen gram dhal (Phaseolus aureus)Semolina (Triticum aestivum) with fermentedbengal gram dhal (Cicer arietum)Varagu (Paspalum scorbiculatum), pressure cooked
Varagu (Paspalum scorbiculatum), pressure cooked
Melawach + 15 g locust bean (Ceratonia siliqua)
Melawach + 15 g lupin (Lupinus albus) fiber
Mesquite cakes (Prosopis velutina)4
2484 Chilaquiles (casserole made from corn tortilla, vegetabl 35±8 -
2485 Nopales (prickly pear cactus) 7 1002486 Quesadillas (made from low-fat cheese, avocado, boiled p 36±3 -2487 Quesadillas (made from low-fat cheese, avocado, boiled p 25±4 -
Footnotes1. NS, not specified; AUC, area under the curve. Serving sizes in grams unless otherwise specified.2. Mean ± SEM. Two GI values are shown for each food - one in which glucose sugar was used as the reference food3. Estimated by multiplying the food's listed GI value with glucose as the reference food by the listed g carbohydrate 4. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 25 g carbohydrate.5. GI calculated from the 180 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food fo6. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 75 g carbohydrate.7. GI calculated from the 240 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food fo8. GI value included in original article determined from AUC measured over 3 h for only 4 time points (0, 1, 2, and 3 h)9. GI corrected for added milk and adjusted to represent a 50 g carbohydrate portion size.10. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 12.5 g carbohydrate.11. GI calculated from the 120 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food f12. GI value included in original article determined from AUC measured over 3 h for only 5 time points (0, 30, 60, 12013. Wheat chapatti was used as the reference food and given a GI of 100. The GI of the test food was measured by e14. M Champ (INRA, France) and V Lang (Danone Vitapole Company, France), unpublished observations, 1998.15. GI calculated from the 300 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food f16. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 30 g carbohydrate.17. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 20 g carbohydrate.18. Sydney University's Glycemic Index Research Service (Human Nutrition Unit, University of Sydney, Australia), u19. GI for sugars calculated from the glycemic response for a meal of sugar and rolled oats minus the glycemic respon20. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 100 g carbohydrate.21. Total weight of the test food was 50 g, whereas the reference food contained 50 g available carbohydrate. The 22. Total weight of the test food was 25 g, whereas the reference food contained 25 g available carbohydrate. The 23. Eaten as part of a mixed meal with fish, tomato, and onion sauce.24. GI value included in original article determined from AUC measured over 2 h for only 5 time points (0, 30, 60, 90 25. GI value included in original article determined from AUC measured over 2 h for only 4 time points (0, 30, 60 and
Revised International Table of Glycemic Index (GI) and Glycemic Load (GL) Values—2008
This is the definitive table for both the glycemic index and the glycemic load. I am able to reproduce it here courtesy of the author, Professor Jennie Brand-Miller of the University of Sydney. It is based on a table in different format but no more foods published December 2008 in Diabetes Care. However, only the abstract is free online there.
This table includes the glycemic index and glycemic load of more than 2,480 individual food items. Not all of them, however, are available in the United States. They represent a true international effort of testing around the world.
The glycemic index (GI) is a numerical system of measuring how much of a rise in circulating blood sugar a carbohydrate triggers–the higher the number, the greater the blood sugar response. So a low GI food will cause a small rise, while a high GI food will trigger a dramatic spike. A list of carbohydrates with their glycemic values is shown below. A GI is 70 or more is high, a GI of 56 to 69 inclusive is medium, and a GI of 55 or less is low.
The glycemic load (GL) is a relatively new way to assess the impact of carbohydrate consumption that takes the glycemic index into account, but gives a fuller picture than does glycemic index alone. A GI value tells you only how rapidly a particular carbohydrate turns into sugar. It doesn't tell you how much of that carbohydrate is in a serving of a particular food. You need to know both things to understand a food's effect
The carbohydrate in watermelon, for example, has a high GI. But there isn't a lot of it, so watermelon's glycemic load is relatively low. A GL of 20 or more is high,
Foods that have a low GL almost always have a low GI. Foods with an intermediate or high GL range from
Both GI and GL are listed here. The GI is of foods based on the glucose index–where glucose is set to equal 100. The other is the glycemic load, which is the glycemic index divided by 100 multiplied by its available carbohydrate
My previous glycemic index page, which this page supplants, was based on the 2002 table published in the . That in turn supplanted my original glycemic lists page, which was based on
I know that some people would prefer the relative simplicity of a list of just the most common American foods. You can find such a list at http://www.mendosa.com/common_foods.htm.
The average GI of 62 common foods derived from multiple studies by different laboratories
If you are looking for a relatively simple description of the glycemic index, please see my article titled "The Glycemic Index" at http://www.mendosa.com/gidigest.htm.
may not be copied to any other Web site or publication.
Before asking about the glycemic index or glycemic load, please refer to my main Glycemic Index page.
29
28
30
28
20
29
23
28
23
32
20
32
15
2428
Footnotes1. NS, not specified; AUC, area under the curve. Serving sizes in grams unless otherwise specified.2. Mean ± SEM. Two GI values are shown for each food - one in which glucose sugar was used as the reference food3. Estimated by multiplying the food's listed GI value with glucose as the reference food by the listed g carbohydrate 4. Sydney University's Glycemic Index Research Service (Human Nutrition Unit, University of Sydney, Australia), un5. Glycemic Index Laboratories, Inc. (Toronto, Canada), unpublished observations, 2004 - 2007.6. International Diabetes Institute (Melbourne, Australia), unpublished observations, 2006 - 2007.7. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 10 g carbohydrate.8. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 25 g carbohydrate.9. GI calculated from the 120 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food fo10. V Lang (Danone Vitapole Company, Le Plessis-Robinson, France), unpublished observations, 1996-2000.11. GI calculated from the 180 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food f12. GI calculated by using a mathematical formula based on results from an in vitro starch hydrolysis assay.13. White rice was used as the reference food, but glucose was also tested and had a GI of 122. The observed GI was m14. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 75 g carbohydrate.15. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 100 g carbohydrate.16. B Spratt (George Westons Foods, Australia), unpublished observations, 2007.17. Values based on 0.5 g carbohydrate/kg body weight.
18. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 70 g carbohydrate.19. Glycemic Index Symbol Program: http://www.gisymbol.com.au; Accessed 30 August 2007.20. GI value included in original article determined from AUC measured over 180 min for only 4 time points (0, 60, 1221. J Dzieniszewski, J Ciok (National Food and Nutrition Institute, Poland), unpublished observations, 1996-2001.22. J Brand-Miller, S Holt (University of Sydney, Australia), and V Lang (Danone Vitapole Company, Le Plessis-Robi23. C Dalaudier (Nairn's Oatcakes Ltd, Scotland), unpublished observations, 2007.24. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 30 g carbohydrate.25. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 20 g carbohydrate.26. Potato used as the reference food with a GI fixed at 80. The GI of the test food was calculated by expressing the27. GI calculated from the 90 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food fo28. GI calculated from the 150 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food f29. GI included in original article determined from AUC measured 120 min for only 4 time points (0, 30, 60 and 120 mi30. GI included in original article determined from AUC measured 240 min for only 6 time points (0, 30, 60, 120, 180 31. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 45 g carbohydrate.32. Ordinary corn flour arepa was used as the reference food.
Glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) values determined in subjects
perserve
199
15171713
1731
1714
20301424
1124
1510
GL3
-
0--
Footnotes1. NS, not specified; AUC, area under the curve. Serving sizes in grams unless otherwise specified.2. Mean ± SEM. Two GI values are shown for each food - one in which glucose sugar was used as the reference food3. Estimated by multiplying the food's listed GI value with glucose as the reference food by the listed g carbohydrate 4. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 25 g carbohydrate.5. GI calculated from the 180 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food fo6. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 75 g carbohydrate.7. GI calculated from the 240 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food fo8. GI value included in original article determined from AUC measured over 3 h for only 4 time points (0, 1, 2, and 3 h)9. GI corrected for added milk and adjusted to represent a 50 g carbohydrate portion size.10. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 12.5 g carbohydrate.11. GI calculated from the 120 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food f12. GI value included in original article determined from AUC measured over 3 h for only 5 time points (0, 30, 60, 12013. Wheat chapatti was used as the reference food and given a GI of 100. The GI of the test food was measured by e14. M Champ (INRA, France) and V Lang (Danone Vitapole Company, France), unpublished observations, 1998.15. GI calculated from the 300 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food f16. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 30 g carbohydrate.17. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 20 g carbohydrate.18. Sydney University's Glycemic Index Research Service (Human Nutrition Unit, University of Sydney, Australia), u19. GI for sugars calculated from the glycemic response for a meal of sugar and rolled oats minus the glycemic respon20. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 100 g carbohydrate.21. Total weight of the test food was 50 g, whereas the reference food contained 50 g available carbohydrate. The 22. Total weight of the test food was 25 g, whereas the reference food contained 25 g available carbohydrate. The 23. Eaten as part of a mixed meal with fish, tomato, and onion sauce.24. GI value included in original article determined from AUC measured over 2 h for only 5 time points (0, 30, 60, 90 25. GI value included in original article determined from AUC measured over 2 h for only 4 time points (0, 30, 60 and