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Philosophical Foundations of Education
Janeth G. ConcepcionJoy R. Tolosa
Activity
Given the following situation/instances, as a
teacher, which do you prefer or focus more? Write the
letter of your choice.
Set I:5 items
A B
1. The teachers decided what is most important for the students to learn and place little emphasis on students’ interest.
1. The teachers help students define their own essence and they are given a wide variety of options from whish/what subject matter to choose.
A B
2. more on academic content of education
2. more on vocational courses of education
A B
3. The teachers focus heavily on students’ achievement test scores, longer school day, more challenging books, more core requirement
3. The teachers focus/encourage individual’s creativity, potentials and imagination
A B
4. Teachers should instill the traditional approach to education
4. Teachers show a strong rejection of the traditional approach to education
A B
5. Math and Natural Sciences
5. Humanities, Philosophy and arts for aesthetics expression
Set 2:5 items
A B1. Education develops the individual spiritually, mentally and morally.
1. Provide an education that could produce individuals who can meet their principal needs and give direction to individual’s basic potentialities and talents.
Aims of Education
A B2. Philosophy, Theology, Values Education, Christian Living, GMRC (essential for mental, moral and spiritual development)
2. Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, Poetry
( acquisition of research skills, library skills, critical thinking skills, application of principles
Curriculum
A B3. meditation, reading, question and discussion
3. scientific methods
Methods of Teaching
A B4. chief source of inspiration, knowledge and information
4. develop initiative and ability to control their experiences
Role of Teachers
A B5. develops moral character of a person
5. develops concepts and principles through scientific methods
Role of School
Common sense
Science
Philosophy
Three Levels of Knowledge natural to man:
Philosophy
“philo” – friend of or
love of
“sophia” - wisdom
Etymology
- The introduction of the terms "philosopher" and "philosophy" has been ascribed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras.
- The ascription is said to be based on a passage in a lost work of Herakleides Pontikos, a disciple of Aristotle.
- "Philosopher" was understood as a word which contrasted with "sophist" (from sophoi).
- Traveling sophists or "wise men" were important in Classical Greece, often earning money as teachers, whereas philosophers are "lovers of wisdom" and not professionals.
Other Definitions of Philosophy
It is the science that seeks to organize and systematize all fields
of knowledge as a means of understanding and interpreting
the totality of reality.
Good
Other Definitions of Philosophy
It is the attempt to give a reasoned conception of
the universe and of man’s place in it.
Montagne
Other Definitions of Philosophy
A complete philosophy includes a world view or reasoned
conception of the whole cosmos, or a life-view or doctrine of values, meanings and purposes of human
life.
Leighton
Other Definitions of Philosophy
It is a search for a comprehensive view of nature, an attempt at a
universal explanation of the nature of things.
Weber
Summing up, philosophy is a systematic and logical explanation of the nature, existence, purposes and relationships of things, including human beings, in the universe.
Main Branches of Philosophy
Metaphysics- origin
and essence of things
Epistemology
- deals with
knowledge and
with ways of
thinkingLogic
- systemati
c treatment
of the relation of ideas
What is Educational Philosophy?
- is a branch of general philosophy and is concerned with the
interpretation of education in relation to general philosophy.
Functions of Educational Philosophy
1. It focuses the attention of teachers and laymen alike on the values and objectives which the school should aim to achieve.
2. It provides a basis for criticism of the school system and of the educational process.
Functions of Educational Philosophy
3. It sets the procedure to be followed in the reconstruction of the educational program.
4. It helps the educator to organize and analyze educational objectives.
1. Provides the teacher with a basis for making his decisions concerning his work.
Importance of Philosophy of Education to Teachers
2. Helps the teacher to develop a wide range of interests, attitudes and values concomitant to his professional life as a teacher.
3. Makes the teacher more aware of his own life and work and makes him more dynamic, discriminating, critical and mentally alert.
Importance of Philosophy of Education to Teachers
4. Philosophy of education saves time, money and effort.
Oriental/Eastern Philosophies
Philosophy Origin Philosophies
Confucianism Confucius, China
The “Golden Rule”
Taoism China “Harmony with Nature”
Buddhism Buddha, Japan
“Enlightenment through Meditation”
Shintoism Shotoku,Japan
Behaves in the Kami No Michi
Oriental/Eastern Philosophies
Philosophy Origin Philosophies
Hinduism India “Dharma”
Modern Hinduism
Gandhi and Tagore
“Ahimsa”
Buddhism Siddharta Gautama, India
Eightfold path
Islam Mohammed One God, Polygamy
Filipino PhilosophiesPhilosopher Philosophy
Jose Rizal • His Educational Legacy for Today’s Society• “Education is indispensable to the task of nation building and must occupy a top priority”.•“Without education and liberty – no reform is possible.”• “Beside the duty of man to seek his own perfection, thereis the desire innate in man to cultivate his intellect.”
Apolinario Mabini • “Individuals must develop his faculties of the intellect and the will, to master his talents – contribute to the cause of justice and ommon good human progress.
Educational Philosophies
1. Idealism2. Realism3. Pragmatism4. Essentialism5. Progressivism6. Reconstructionism7. Existentialism
1. Idealism
- is a term with several related meanings. It comes via idea from the Greek idein (ἰδεῖν), meaning "to see". The term entered the English language by 1796.
Examples of Idealism:
Utopia- Thomas More
Cultural Revolution- Maoism
Marxism
Examples of Idealism:
Leninism
Socialism
Thinkers
Plato Socrates
Rene Descartes
Assumptions- Emphasize the importance of mind,
soul and spirit.- Believes in refined wisdom. Based on
the view that reality is a world within a person’s mind.
- Schools exist to sharpen the mind and intellectual processes.
- One of the oldest school of thoughts with its origin traced back to Plato’s ideas.
Role of Teachers
- Transmitter of knowledge- Chief source of inspiration,
knowledge and information- Creator of educational
environment (teacher-centered).
- Excellent mentally, morally and spiritually
- A reserved person/conversant
Models/Strategies- Lecture-Discussion
Method- Excursion- Question Method- Project Method- Informal Dialectic- Meditation- Reading
Educational Aim -To develop the
individual spiritually, mentally, and
morally.- Education develops the
individual spiritually, mentally and morally
Curriculum Emphasis• Subject Matter of mind: - literature - history - philosophy - mathematics -arts
-Christian Living -Values Education -GMRC
• Role of School- A thinking institution- Promotes high cognitive
level of education- Promotes cultural learning- Develops moral character
of a person
Realism
AristotleHarris Broudy
John Comenius
John Locke
Johann Henrich Pestalozzi
Jean Jacques Roseau
• Assumptions- Reality is what we
observe.- Experience exists only
in the physical world.- Mind is like a mirror
receiving images only from the physical world.
• Role of Teachers- Help develop initiative
and ability to control experiences.
- Help realize that they can enter into the meaning of their experiences
- The students would be taught factual information for mastery.
• Models/Strategies- The use of Scientific
Methods- Defining the problem- Observing factors related
to problem- Hypothesizing- Testing the hypothesis
• Educational Aim- Gives direction and form to
individual’s basic potentialities.
- Determines the direction of the individual’s inherited tendencies.
- Provide an education that could produce a good individual and a good society by meeting 4 principal needs of an individual.
1. Aptitude needs2. Self-determination needs3. Self-realization needs.4. Self-integration needs
4 principal needs of an individual
• Curriculum Emphasis- Study habits- Research skills- Library skills- Evaluation- Observation- Experimentation-Analytical and critical thinking-Natural science-Literature-Poetry-Natural science-Social Science
Role of School
• Further develops discipline• Utilizes pupil activity through instruction• Regards the pupils as more superior than
other objects• Develops concepts and principles
through scientific methods
Pragmatism/Experimentalism
Thinkers
John DeweyCharles Sanders Peirce
Pragmatism
William James
Richard Rorty
• Assumptions- Conservative philosophy- Primarily an American
philosophy.- Focuses on reflective
thinking. The knowledge process, the relationship of ideas into action.
- Encourages people to find processes that work in order to attain desired goals.
- Makes use of experience as a source of knowledge
• Role of Teachers
- Keeps order in the class
- Facilitates group work
- Encourages and offers suggestions, questions and help in planning
- Curriculum planner.
• Models/Strategies• Experimental
Methods–Statement of the
problem–Hypothesizing–Investigating or
data gathering–Testing hypothesis
–Forming conclusions–Creative and
constructive projects–Field trips–Laboratory work–Activity-centered–Student-centered
activities
• Educational Aim-For social efficiency.- Train the students to
continuously and actively quest for information and production of new ideas needed to adjust to the ever-changing society.
• Curriculum Emphasis- Creation of new social
order- Integrated and based on
the problem of society (NCBTS based).
- Subjects are interdisciplinary.
- Combined academic and vocational disciplines.
Role of School
• A miniature society• Gives child balance and genuine experience in
preparation for democratic living• A place where ideas are tested, implemented
and restructured• An agency for transmitting heritage• A specialized environmentalist established to
enculturate the young people.
EssentialismEducational essentialism is an
educational philosophy whose adherents believe that children should learn the traditional basic subjects and that these should be learned thoroughly and rigorously. An essentialist program normally teaches children progressively, from less complex skills to more complex.
Thinkers
Karl Popper Plato
John Stuart Mill William Bagley
• Assumptions- Assumes that values are embedded
in the universe waiting to be discovered and understood.
- Learning is relatively static, since there is only one way to understand the world that is already written in the book (textbook approach to learning).
- Study of knowledge and skills based on the book is imperative to become productive member of the society.
• Role of Teachers- Base the lesson to
the book.- Prepare well-
organized lesson to prove that he is an authority of instruction.
• Models/Strategies- Deductive method- Drill method- Recitation-Memorization
• Educational Aim- Provide sound
training of the fundamental skills.
- Develop individual to perform justly, skillfully and magnanimously.
• Curriculum Emphasis
- Natural science and Math
Progressivism
• Educational progressivism is the belief that education must be based on the principle that humans are social animals who learn best in real-life activities with other people.Progressivists, like proponents of most educational theories, claim to rely on the best available scientific theories of learning
• Most progressive educators believe that children learn as if they were scientists, following a process similar to John Dewey's model of learning: 1) Become aware of the problem. 2) Define the problem. 3) Propose hypotheses to solve it. 4) Evaluate the consequences of the hypotheses from one's past experience. 5) Test the likeliest solution.
Progressivism
Thinkers
John Dewey
William Heard Kilpatrick
• Assumptions• Exactly opposite of perennialism.• Assumes that the world changes.• Learner must be taught to be
independent, self-reliant thinker, learn to discipline himself, be responsible for the consequences of his actions.
• Emphasize on the concept of progress which asserts that human beings are capable of improving and perfecting their environment.
• Curriculum must be derived from the needs and interests of the students.
• Role of Teachers- Acts as a resource person- Guide or facilitator of learning
(student-centered).- Teaches students how to learn and
become active problem solvers.- Teachers provide experiences that
will make students active and not passive.
• Models/Strategies- Cooperative learning
strategies- Reflective strategies- Problem solving
strategies
• Educational Aim-To provide the learner
the necessary skills to be able to interact with his ever changing environment.
• Curriculum Emphasis- Activity and experience
centered on life functions.- 4 H’s (health, head, heart and
hand)
Reconstructionism
Thinkers
Theodore Brameld
George Sylvester Counts
Reconstructionism
Thinkers
Ivan IllichPaulo Reglus Neves Freire
• Assumptions- Man to a significant degree plan and
control his society.- Society is in need of constant
reconstruction.- Social change involves a
reconstruction of education and the use of education in reconstructing society.
- Mankind has the intellectual, technological, and moral potential to create a world civilization of abundance, health and human capacity.
• Role of Teachers- Lead the learners in designing
programs for social, educational, practical and economic change.
- Primary agent of social change.- Initiates lively discussions on
controversial issues, political and educational.
- Enables the learners to critically examine their cultural heritage.
• Models/Strategies- Community-based
projects-Problem-oriented method
Educational Aim- Education is based on the
quest for better society.- Education enlivens the
students’ awareness of different societal problems.
• Curriculum Emphasis- Stresses learning that enable the
individual to live in a global milieu.
- Controversial national and international issues.
- Emphasis on social sciences and social research methods; examination of social, economic and political problems.
- Focused on present and future trends.
Role of School
• Primary agent of social change• Venue for airing opinions/ideas• Critical examination of cultural heritage• Center of controversy/problem solving
Existentialism
Soren Aabye Kierkegaard
Jean-Paul Sartre
Thinkers
Existentialism
- strong rejection of the traditional, essentialist approach to education
- Vocational education is needed more as means of teaching students about themselves
• Assumptions- Man has no fixed nature and he
shapes his being as he lives.- Man exists of his own choice.- Reality is what you experience.- School exists to discover and
expand society we live in. Students study social experiments and solve problems.
- Existence precedes essence.
• Role of Teachers- Good provider of experiences.- Effective questioner.- Mental disciplinarian.- Creates an atmosphere for active
interaction.- Discuss the different situations
based on each individual experiences.
- To help students define their own essence by exposing them to various path they may take in life.
• Models/Strategies- Inquiry Approach- Question-Answer Method
• Educational Aim- To train an
individual for significant and meaningful existence.
• Curriculum Emphasis- Subject-centered.- Arts for aesthetic
expression- Humanities for ethical
values.- Philosophy
References
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealism• http://saicebrian.wordpress.com/
2009/11/22/philosophical-foundation-of-education/
JANETH G. CONCEPCION JOY R. TOLOSA