Copper porphery and skarn ores,Bingham Copper Mine, Utah

Sillitoe 2010 Gruen et al 2010Bingham Mine

Robb (2005) An Introduction to Ore Forming Processes

Fig 2.17 Robb (2005) An Introduction to Ore Forming Processes

Fig 2.7 Robb (2005) An Introduction to Ore Forming Processes

Granodiorite

“First boiling” occurs wheredecompression releases waterfrom magma. “Second boiling”occurs where crystallizationreleases water from magma.

Li et al 2010 Parkes Porphery Deposit, Australia

Fig 2.17 Robb (2005) An Introduction to Ore Forming Processes

Robb (2005) An Introduction to Ore Forming Processes

Mt Davidson,18 Ma granodiorite plutonComstock Lode,Virginia City, NV

http://www.raremaps.com/maps/medium/19435.jpg

http://www.raremaps.com/maps/medium/19435.jpg

Castor et al 2005

Castor et al 2005

Castor et al 2005

USGS Scientific Investigations 2010-5070-C

USGS Scientific Investigations 2010-5070-B

USGS Scientific Investigations 2010-5070-B

USGS Scientific Investigations 2010-5070-B

Figure 9-11 Kessler (1994)Mineral Resources, Economics,And the Environment

SomeBase MetalOre Models Volcanigenic

MassiveSulfides

Rhyolite

Andesite orOther Units

MassiveSulphides:Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu

Feeder Stock:FeS & FeCuSLow in Zn, Pb,Ag & Au

Volcanogenic Massive Sulfides

VMS deposits are a major source of copper and zinc, sometimes associated with minor deposits of lead and gold. They occur at thecontact between igneous “basement” and overlying volcanic orsedimentary units.

Rio Tinto Mining District, Nerva, Spain

Open Pit Mine, Rio Tinto, Spain

Iberian Pyrite Belt

Tornos 2006

Tornos 2006

General Stratigrapy Mine Stratigraphy

Tornos 2006

Tornos 2006

WHOI Hydrothermal Vents Video