COPING, RESILIENCE AND STRESS AMONG SINGLE MOTHERS IN … · 2020-07-14 · (2011) view the coping strategy as a specific action that helps improve an individual. Coping strategy

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International Journal of Management (IJM) Volume 11, Issue 6, June 2020, pp. 1859-1871, Article ID: IJM_11_06_170

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/issues.asp?JType=IJM&VType=11&IType=6

ISSN Print: 0976-6502 and ISSN Online: 0976-6510

DOI: 10.34218/IJM.11.6.2020.170

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COPING, RESILIENCE AND STRESS AMONG

SINGLE MOTHERS IN TERENGGANU,

MALAYSIA

Jasmi Abu Talib, Zakaria Mohamad, Nurul Atiqah Ab Raji,

Zuhda Husain, Raba’Aton Adawiah Mohd Yusof, Fazliyaton Ramley,

Mazidah Mohd Dagang, Marhaini Mohd Noor

School of Social and Economic Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia.

*Corresponding Author: [email protected], Co-Authors: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

This study aims to determine the coping strategies, resilience and stress among

single mothers. The data was collected through surveys using three sets of

questionnaires which were Perceived Stress Questionnaire, Connor-Davidson

Resilience Scale and Coping Strategies Inventory. The research samples included 328

single mothers in the Kuala Nerus District of Terengganu, Malaysia where purposive

sampling was applied. The result of this study shows that there is negative relationship

between resilience and stress. The analysis also shows that there were three different

coping strategies which were problem-centred behavior, avoidance behavior and

social support behavior as a result of a positive significant relationship with stress.

Problem-centred behavior, avoidance behavior and resilience are predictor factors

for stress. Therefore, resilience and action among single mothers must be increased or

improved to enable them to cope with stress. A few recommendations were proposed

based on the findings of this study.

Key words: Stress, resilience, action, single mother, problem-centred behavior

Cite this Article: Jasmi Abu Talib, Zakaria Mohamad, Nurul Atiqah Ab Raji,

Zuhda Husain, Raba’Aton Adawiah Mohd Yusof, Fazliyaton Ramley, Mazidah Mohd

Dagang, Marhaini Mohd Noor, Coping, Resilience and Stress among Single Mothers

in Terengganu, Malaysia, International Journal of Management, 11(6), 2020,

pp. 1859-1871.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/issues.asp?JType=IJM&VType=11&IType=6

1. INTRODUCTION

Single mothers have been a part of the community for a long time; however it has been quite a

discussion when it comes to women and families. It is accustomed that the community

discusses more about single mothers than single fathers (Choi, 2010; Choi & Jackson, 2011;

Doherty & Craft, 2011). The status as a single mother presents a great challenge for these

women to go on with a life they have never imagined. Single mothers encounter numerous

Coping, Resilience and Stress among Single Mothers in Terengganu, Malaysia


conflicts in their daily lives which include stigma, the community, self or role conflicts,

complications with their own children and families. Normally after a divorce or separation,

single mothers tend to gain more responsibilities that were once shared with their partners

rather than single fathers. This indirectly causes single mothers to take on double roles and it

may cause more pressure (Siti Rafiah & Sakinah 2013, Zakaria et al,.2020). Single mothers

not only manage their families, instead they juggle their families’ finances, monitor their

children’s development, education and whereabouts (Zaini, 2014). Issues arise when a spouse

is left with children due to divorce, as they have to raise them on their own. At this moment,

their status and family structure have changed and this may cause them to change their roles

in the family (Nichols, 2010).

In the process of emotional and role adjustment as stated by Cairney & Wade (2002)

Wade & Cairney (2000), surely single mothers will need emotional, physical and spiritual

support. Previous researched shows that with the absence of physical and emotional support,

divorced mothers experience more pressure than married mothers (Cooper, McLanahan,

Meadows, & Brooks-Gunn, 2009, Fenner & Zakaria., 2019). Single mothers normally

experience more pressure compared to married mothers due to tension (Cairney, Boyle,

Offord, dan Racine, 2003). Who exactly is a single mother that has been a question that led

many researchers to understand this group (Mohd Ismail, Robiah, Syarifah, Kamarul Azmi, &

Ahmad Kilani, 2006; Najwa, 2005; Rozumah, Krauss, Baharudin,Siti Nor & Pei 2011;

Zabkiewicz, 2010; Zaini, 2014; Siti Rafiah & Sakinah 2013; Dharatun Nisa 2017; Williams

2016; Thahira Bibi et al. , (2016). Based on the Empowering Single Mothers National Plan

2015-2020 (2015), there are several single mothers’ categories which are; i) woman who is

the head of a household, were married or have divorced / completely separated and have

unmarried children in the same household; ii) a woman who is the head of the household but

has a husband (her husband is unwell and unable to work) and has unmarried children in the

same household; or iii) a woman who became the head of household, never married but had

children (adopted or illegitimate child).

Coping strategy refers to the way how thoughts and behaviors of a person are used in

coping with stressful situations (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). Salhah, Sapora, Dini and Rezki

(2011) view the coping strategy as a specific action that helps improve an individual. Coping

strategy is often related to positive emotions. These positive emotions are commonly

generated by the individual himself (Philippe, Lecours, & Bealieu-Pelletier, 2009). Previous

studies found that resilience, coping strategy and positive emotion differ from one another

when coping with pressure (Ong & Zautra, 2010). Taylor (2014) suggests that coping strategy

is viewed as an individual process that requires one to adapt and enable oneself to deal with

stress and pressure.

Resilience refers to the ability of dynamic systems to completely adapt to disturbances

that threaten system function, viability, or development (Masten, 2014). From a psychological

view, resilience involves the human behavior, thoughts and actions that can be learned and

developed in an individual. According to Avey, Reichard, Luthans and Mhatre (2011),

resilience is associated with increased performance and satisfaction of a profession.

Meanwhile, Mansfield, Beltman, Price, and McConney (2012); Miller & Chen (2007) have

found that resilience can help secure an individual from stress, burnout and improve one’s

ability to persist in the long run.

This study aims to investigate the coping strategy, resilience and stress among single

mothers as they deal with their issues. The relationship between stress is also sought to

identify other factors contributing to stress among single mothers. Single mothers have to

accept the fact that they were left by their husbands and they have to play double roles as a

mother and as the head of the family. Among the duties of a single mother is to manage

Jasmi Abu Talib, Zakaria Mohamad, Nurul Atiqah Ab Raji, Zuhda Husain, Raba’Aton Adawiah

Mohd Yusof, Fazliyaton Ramley, Mazidah Mohd Dagang, Marhaini Mohd Noor


financial resources to support the family, administer and monitor their children’s

development, education and movements (Dunn, 2015). Single mothers have to deal with

many challenges to survive (Faizah dan Hazirah 2013). Self-imposed responsibility has led

single mothers to stress and insecurity. A study by Krutik Chanda and Pujar (2018) has found

that single mothers are more exposed to chronic stress and depression as compared to mothers

who have partners, due to the responsibilities they bear alone.

Many studies have been done to view the complexities of single motherhood however,

most look at the aspects of action and resilience of family structure early in marriage (Neff &

Broady, 2011), a remarried family (Brown & Robinson, 2012); gay and lesbian couples’

family structures (Connolly,2006); Dharatun Nisa (2017) behavior of single mothers;

Hashimah, Azwan and Endut (2015) studied the relationship of roles and life satisfaction, the

relationship between actions and life satisfaction and stress with life satisfaction. Besides that,

Broussard, Joseph, & Thompson (2012) studied the causes of stress and strategy of action

among 15 underprivileged single mothers; Wolf (2011) made stress comparisons between

working single mothers and non-divorced mothers; S. Gulfem Cakira (2010) studied the stress

and support sources among single mothers in Turkey. Fewer studies were conducted to

determine the relationship of actions and resilience with stress and the predictor factors of

stress.

2. METHODS

This study used a survey method using questionnaires as a tool to acquire the data. The study

population was 32,411 single mothers. A sample of 328 single mothers in the Kuala Nerus

District of Kuala Terengganu was selected by purposive sampling method. The criteria for

single mother respondents were between 20 and 60 years of age and they were able to read,

count and write. Three sets of questionnaires were used which were Perceived Stress

Questionnaire (PSQ 14) by Levenstein, Prantera, Varvo, Scribano, Berto, Luzi & Andreoli

(1993) to measure stress, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (Connor & Davidson, 2003) to

measure respondents’ resilience and Coping Strategies Inventory (Carver, Scheier &

Weintraub, 1989) to identify behaviors. The reliability of the questionnaires are 0.76 for

Perceived Stress Questionaire, 0.90 for Coping Strategies Inventory and 0.89 for Connor-

Davidson Resilience Scale. The data were analyzed using the correlation test to see the

relationship between variables, while multiple regression analysis was used to look at

predictive factors for stress.

3. RESULTS

3.1. Respondent Demography

Table 1 shows the demography of respondents which includes age, single motherhood status,

residential status, level of education, employment status and number of dependents. This

study involved 328 single mothers around Kuala Terengganu.

The age distribution of respondents indicated that the majority of respondents, of whom

104 (31.7%) were aged between 51 and 60 years old. Respondents between the ages of 41 and

50 had the second highest percentage of 24.4 percent (80 respondents) and followed by 71

respondents (21.6%) aged 61 to 70. Next were respondents aged between 31 and 40, 36

(11.0%). The study also involved a small number of adolescents aged between 20 and 30, 13

(4.0%).

Death was the highest factor of respondents being single mothers with an average

distribution of 214 people (65.2%). In addition, 100 respondents (30.5%) were single mothers

due to divorce factors. There were also other factors such as missing husbands at sea and



health factors that forced respondents to hold the status of a single mother which involved 14

respondents (4.3%). The results also showed that 189 respondents (57.6%) were living alone

and 139 respondents (42.4%) were living with their families.

Most of the respondents in this study were those who had a certificate in SPM / SPMV,

which were 136 respondents (41.5%). The distribution of respondents by education level also

showed a difference of only 0.6 percent for respondents with UPSR and SRP / PMR / PT3

certificates, which was 22.6 per cent (74 persons) and 22.0 percent (72 people). Next were

respondents with different education levels, 28 people (8.5%). The respondents in this study

who had different educational levels were non-school attendees and did sit for UPSR. The

study also involved respondents with STPM certification, of which was 11 people (3.4%). In

addition, respondents with a Diploma and a Bachelor's Degree had a similar percentage of 0.9

percent (3 people), and only one (0.3%) had a Master's degree / PhD level.

Table 1 Respondent Demography Distribution

The demographic distribution indicated that 153 respondents (46.6%) in this study were

unemployed. Meanwhile, the wage earner respondents indicated a very small number, of

whom 55 people (16.8%) worked with private organizations and six (1.8%) worked with

government agencies. The rest were self-employed such as business and babysitting,

accounting for 114 people (34.8%).

Demography Category Frequency Percentage (%)

Age 20-30 Years Old 13 4.0

31-40 Years Old 36 11.0

41-50 Years Old 80 24.4

51-60 Years Old 104 31.7

61-70 Years Old

71 21.6

Single Motherhood Status Divorce 100 30.5

Death 214 65.2

Others

14 4.3

Residential Status Family 139 42.4

Alone

189 57.6

Education Level UPSR 74 22.6

SRP/PMR/PT3 72 22.0

Certificate/SPM/SPMV 136 41.5

STPM 11 3.4

Diploma 3 0.9

Bachelor’s Degree 3 0.9

Master’s Degree/PhD 1 0.3

Others

28 8.5

Employment Status Private 55 16.8

Government 6 1.8

Self-Employed 114 34.8

Unemployed

153 46.6

Number of Dependants None 82 25.0

1-3 Dependants 189 57.6

4-6 Dependants 51 15.5

6 Dependants and more

6 1.8




In addition, respondents with a dependency of between one and three people showed the

highest prevalence in this study, which was 57.6 percent (189 people). Respondents with no

dependents were 82 people (25.0%) followed by respondents with four to six dependents, 51

people (15.5%). The distribution also showed that only six respondents (1.8%) had a

dependency of six and above.

3.2. Level of Coping

Overall, Table 2 shows that the majority of respondents had a high level of coping (m = 3.58,

SD = 0.42), of which 255 people were (77.7%), while the other 73 respondents (0.6%) had

moderate levels of coping. While Table 3 shows that the self-sufficient factor (Problem-

Centred) was the highest dimension (3.74, Sd: 0.52) contributing to the respondent's coping.

Table 2 Distribution of Level of Coping

Level Frequency (n) Percentage (%)

Moderate 73 22.3

High 255 77.7

Total 328 100.0

Table 3 Min Average for the Dimensions of Coping

Dimension Mean SD Level

Self-Sufficient (Problem-Centred) 3.74 0.52 High

Self-Sufficient (Emotion-Centred) 3.72 0.35 High

Avoidant-Coping 3.21 0.62 Moderate

Socially-Supported 3.54 0.63 High

Overall Average 3.58 0.42 High

3.3. Dominant Coping Dimension

Based on Table 4, it has been shown that the most frequent coping was Problem-Centred

Behavior (Mean: 3.74 sd: 0.517) followed by Emotion-Centred Behavior (Mean: 3.72 sd:

0.352) next, Socially-Supported Behavior (Mean: 3.54 sd: 0.62) meanwhile, the least frequent

coping was Avoidant-Coping Behavior (Mean: 3.20 sd: 0.62).

Table 4 Types of Dominant Coping Dimension

Type of Behavior Mean SD

Problem-Centred 3.7403 0.51797

Avoidant-Coping 3.2096 0.62606

Socially-Supported 3.5429 0.62606

Emotion-Centred 3.7243 0.35223

3.4. Level of Stress

Some of the respondents in the study had high level of stress of which 188 people were

(57.3%) while the other 140 (42.7%) had moderate level of stress as detailed in Table 5.

Table 5 Distribution of Level of Stress

Level Frequency (n) Percetage (%)

Moderate 140 42.7

High 188 57.3

Total 328 100.0



3.5. Level of Resilience

Table 6 shows that only one respondent (0.3%) had low level of resilience. Respondents with

high level of resilience were reported as 299 respondents (91.2%), as compared to

respondents with moderate level of resilience of 28 respondents (8.5%).

Table 6 Distribution of Level of Resilience

Level Frequency (n) Percentage (%)

Low 1 0.3

Moderate 28 8.5

High 299 91.2

Total 328 100.0

3.6. Relationship between Resilience and Stress

Table 7 Relationship between Resilience and Stress

Resilience Stress

Resilience Pearson Correlation 1 -.119*

Sig. (2-tailed) .031

N 328 328

Stress Pearson Correlation -.119* 1

Sig. (2-tailed) .031

N 328 328

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Pearson correlation analysis was performed to test the hypothesis Ho1 of the study, is

there a relationship between resilience and stress. Based on the table 7, the results show that

there was a significant negative relationship with the low rate of resistance to stress (r = -

0.110, p <0.05). This negative relationship indicates that as resilience increases, the level of

stress among single mothers decreases.

3.7. The relationship between Coping Dimension (problem-centred, avoidant,

social-supported and emotion-centred) with stress

Table 8 Relationship between Coping Dimension and Stress

Behavior 1 2 3 4 5

Problem-Centred -

Avoidant 0.556** -

Social-Supported 0.619** 0.590** -

Emotion-Centred 0.635** 0.540** 0.618** -

Stress 0.210** 0.339** 0.213** 0.1** -

Table 8 shows the results of the Pearson Correlation analysis to test the null hypothesis

Ho2 that there is no relationship between Problem-Centred, Avoidant, Social-Supported and

Emotion-Centred behaviors with stress variables. Analysis of the study found that there was a

significant relationship between Problem-Centred behavior and stress (r = 0.21, p <0.05).

Based on the correlation index values presented by Cohen (1988), the strength of the

relationship is low. This relationship means that if the respondent has the ability to focus on

the problem, the stress will also increase. In addition, avoidant behaviors also had a

significant relationship with stress (r = 0.339, p <0.05). The strength of this relationship is

moderate. This means that if the respondent increases in terms of avoidance, then her stress

will also increase. Social-supported behaviors were significantly associated with stress (r =

0.213, p <0.05). This shows that if the respondent increases in terms of social support then




their stress will increase. Emotion-Centred behavior did not show a significant relationship

with stress (r = 0.1, p> 0.05).

3.8. What are the Predictor Factors (Resilience and Coping) of Stress?

Multiple regression analysis was used to identify the changes in two or more factors

(Independent Variable) which contributes to the change in one dependent variable. The

regression analysis included five predictors (Resilience, Problem-Centred, Avoidant, Social-

Supported and Emotion-Centred behaviors) while stress variables were criterion of these two

independent variables.

Multiple regression analysis was used to identify the relative contribution of five predictor

variables to stress variables. The regression test results showed that only three predictor

variables contributed significantly to single mothers' stress at p <0.05. The three variables

were resilience (β = -0.286, sig = 0.00), problem-centred behavior (β = 0.204, sig = 0.07) and

avoidance (β = 0.329, sig = 0.00) as shown in table 9.

Table 9 Effect of Stress on Single Mothers

Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized

Coefficients

t Sig.

B Std. Error Beta

1 (Constant) 2.588 .172 15.082 .000

Resilience -.183 .039 -.286 -4.709 .000

Problem-Centred Behavior .119 .044 .204 2.710 .007

Avoidant Behavior .159 .032 .329 4.960 .000

Social-Supported Behavior .024 .035 .049 .675 .500

Emotion-Centred Behavior -.082 .063 -.096 -1.302 .194

a. Dependent Variable: Stress

Resilience strategies, Problem-Centred and Avoidant behaviors significantly affect stress.

The beta value of the resistance strategy is β -0.286 indicating that an increase in 1 unit of

resistance will decrease -0.286 units of stress. This means that an increase in respondents'

resilience strategies will help lower their stress levels. Meanwhile, the problem-centred

behavior beta value is β = 0.204, indicating that the increase in 1 unit of problem-centred

behavior would increase 0.204 unit stress of respondents. This means that if the respondent

has a strong problem-centred behavior, then it will increase their stress level. For variables of

avoidant behavior, the beta value was β = 0.329, indicating that an increase of 1 unit in

avoidant behavior would increase stress by 0.329 unit. This means that if the respondent has

high avoidant behaviors it will increase her stress levels.

Overall, the analysis showed that the combination of the three predictor variables

contributed 18.9 percent to single mothers’ stress. The remaining 81.1 percent can be

explained by other variables not considered in this model. This finding indicates that there are

other factors that affect or influence stress that were mentioned in this study. (Hairet al.2010;

Pallant 2009; Tabachik & Fidell 2007).

Table 10 Total Contribution to Single Mothers’ Stress

Model R R Square Adjusted R

Square

Std. Error of the

Estimate

1 .435a .189 .176 .27460

a. Predictors: (Constant), Emotion_focus2, Daya_tahan,

Avoidance_coping, Socially_supported, Problem_focuse



From the findings of this study, the model of single mothers’ stress is proposed as follows.

Figure 1 Stress Predictor Model

4. DISCUSSIONS

The study found that there was a significant negative relationship with the low rate of

resilience to stress. This negative relationship indicates that as resilience increases, the level

of single mother stress decreases. This shows that if the mother is able to adapt to the new

situation then she will be able to control her stress. This is in line with what Masten (2014)

stated that resilience refers to the ability of dynamic systems to successfully adapt to

disturbances that threaten system function, viability, or development.

There was a significant relationship between problem-centred behaviors and stress (r =

0.21, p <0.05). Based on the correlation index values presented by Cohen (1988), the strength

of the relationship is small. This relationship means that if the respondent has the ability to

focus on the problem, the stress will increase. Furthermore, avoidant behaviors also had a

significant relationship with stress (r = 0.339, p <0.05). The strength of this relationship is

moderate. This means that if the respondent increases in terms of avoidance, then their stress

will also increase. Social-supported behaviors were significantly associated with stress (r =

0.213, p <0.05). This shows that if the respondent increases in terms of social-supported

behaviors then her stress will increase.

In order to identify the relationship between coping dimension (problem-centred

behaviors, avoidant behaviors and social-supported behaviors), the study found three sub-

domains of problem-centred behaviors, avoidant behaviors and social-supported behaviors

positively related to stress. Problem-centred behavior shows that when single moms are

focused on their problems and are trying to find a way to solve their problems, this may

increase their stress. This result is in line with the findings of Wolf (2011); S. Gulfem Cakira

(2010) and Mad Kassim (2011) that single mothers face high stress due to the responsibilities

they bear. The challenges they have to overcome cause them emotional and psychological

conflicts. Avoidant behavior shows a positive relationship with stress. This positive

relationship shows that single mothers avoid and abstain from coping with the situation they

are experiencing that will affect their psychological aspects which then increases their stress.

For the social support behavior, the results showed a positive relationship with stress. It is

possible that excessive social support received from many parties, especially family and

friends, caused single mothers' stress. In this study, the respondents were mostly 50-60 years

old. It is possible that they were stable and did not need social support at all. They have no

problem with their lives. As for the emotion-centred behavior of the study, the results showed

no relationship to stress. This is likely due to the sample age factor in this study being

between 50-60 years old, so their emotions have stabilized due to the relatively long time

spent being single mothers. They were not easily distracted by environmental factors.

0.18

Resilience

Problem-Centred Behavior

Avoidant Behavior Stress




To determine predictor factors for stress, the study found that there were three predictor

variables that contributed significantly to stress. The variables were Resilience, Problem-

Centred and Avoidant behaviors. These three predictor variables are key predictors of stress,

where if resilience among single mothers increases then single mothers will be able to cope

with the challenging situations in their lives. This is in line with what Cairney & Wade (2002)

Wade & Cairney (2000) stated that single mothers need support in all aspects of emotion,

physical and spiritual to survive. Previous studies have shown that without physical and

emotional support, divorced mothers tend to experience higher levels of stress than married

mothers (Cooper, McLanahan, Meadows, & Brooks-Gunn, 2009). Single mothers typically

experience more stress than non-divorced mothers due to tension (Cairney, Boyle, Offord, and

Racine, 2003). As for avoidance and problem-centred behaviors, improvements in these two

coping strategies will affect single mothers’ stress. This means that if single moms tend to

avoid and focus on their problem, this will help them deal with stress in their lives.

Overall, the results of this study have provided new information on single mothers in

Kuala Nerus District, Terengganu. Resilience among single mothers in this sample was

negatively related to stress where if the resilience of the single mother increases, stress

decreases. In relation to avoidant behavior, problem-centred behavior and social-supported

behaviors, this study showed a positive relationship to stress whereby if three of these

variables increase single mother stress also increases. However, justification has been given

as to why such findings were obtained in this study. In order to determine the predictors of

stress, the results of this study found that resilience, focus on stress and avoidance were the

predictor factors of stress.

5. CONCLUSION

This study discussed the possible coping strategies, resilience and stress among single

mothers in Terengganu, Malaysia. The data was collected through surveys using three sets of

questionnaires which were Perceived Stress Questionnaire, Connor-Davidson Resilience

Scale and Coping Strategies Inventory. The research samples included 328 single mothers

where purposive sampling was applied. The result of this study shows that there is negative

relationship between resilience and stress. The analysis also shows that there were three

different coping strategies which were problem-centred behavior, avoidance behavior and

social support behavior as a result of a positive significant relationship with stress. Problem-

centred behavior, avoidance behavior and resilience are predictor factors for stress. Therefore,

resilience and action among single mothers must be increased or improved to enable them to

cope with stress. A few recommendations were proposed based on the findings of this study.

This study had several limitations. Firstly, study involved only a small number of samples and

the samples were not randomly selected. Future studies should look at larger samples that

cover the entire state of Terengganu which may provide more additional insights. The

findings of this study were based solely on the answers from the questionnaire, which may be

improved by conducting interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the emotions and stress

of single mothers. The results of this study can serve as the basis for implementing

appropriate interventions to help single mothers manage their lives after the death, separation

or divorce from their husbands.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This paper was produced based on recent research conducted with the financial support from

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu research scheme. Authors stated in the paper are those who

involved directly and have contributed time and energy besides their expertise in regards to

the success of this project.



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