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COPERT 4 v11.0 revisions July 2014
Full report: www.emisia.com/copert
ERMES Plenary Graz, 2014-09-17
Outline
HBEFA 3.2 EFs transfer for post Euro 5/V
Chlorinated species
NH3
N2O
F-NO2
COPERT Link-Based level developments
HK activities
HBEFA 3.2 EFS
COPERT/HBEFA Hot Start Base EFs
4
Emission factors
Traffic situations
Engine
power
Engine
speed
Engine map Fuel
PHEM model
Engine maps
Example
HBEFA
COPERT
Remaining differences to HBEFA (hot EFs)
No slope correction for LCVs/PCs
No A/C correction apart from CO2
‘Old’ EFs have not been updated
CHLORINATED SPECIES
Chlorinated Species
Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs)
Highly toxic, environmentally persistent species
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Not as toxic but usually also found together with dioxins
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a probable human carcinogen with very high environmental lifetime (3-6 years)
All species act through bio-accumulation to humans mainly by consuming exposed species (fish, birds, …)
LRTAP requires reporting of PCDD/Fs, HCB, and (voluntarily) PCB
Main Sources
These species form at high temperature in the presence of Cl.
Main sources
Waste incineration
Manufacturing process of solvents and pesticides
Metal smelting
Sewage sludge incineration
Cement production
Fuel combustion as a source
Current fuels do not contain measurable quantities of Cl, but fuel combustion in vehicles may form such species through
The pre-existing POPs either in the fuel or in the ambient air, which did not decompose during combustion.
The gas-phase synthesis of chlorinated precursors at temperatures over 500oC.
Heterogeneous catalytic chemical reactions on the surface of dust particles containing metals and their oxides such as Cu, Ni, Fe, Al, Zn in temperatures below 400oC.
The “de novo” synthesis from free radicals, elemental carbon and chlorine, catalysed by heavy metals, occurring in the temperature range of 250-700oC.
Toxic equivalency of PCDD/F
New emission factors
Based on literature review
Few sources available
Experimental judgment had to be used
Order of magnitude estimates
Not a single source of HCB emission measurement could be found in EU or US
Low levels?
Even if low levels, contribution needs to be assessed
PCDD/F
Range of HCB:PCDD/F in different combustion sources
HCB/PCB
*Assuming HCB=PCDD/F, but no single measurement exists!
AMMONIA
Ammonia formation
Ammonia forms in aftertreatment devices as a byproduct of NO reduction
Despite emphasis on SCR, ammonia is mainly formed in aged TWC!
10 ppm limit for HDV SCR but no limit for Euro 6 PC!
Ammonia is toxic and forms new particles in the exhaust, even downstream of DPFs.
New solid particle formation downstream of SCRs
Particle formation starts when SCR catalyst starts to saturate
Amanatidis et al. (2014), ES&T
Literature review of recent studies
Mostly US data
Technology equivalencies established
Effort made to reveal the negative role of S (similar to previous COPERT approach)
New and aged EFs values found in the literature
Emission factors expressed as:
GPC Emission Factors
Diesel Vehicle EFs
NITROUS OXIDE
Nitrous oxide relevance
Similar to ammonia, it is formed in aftertreatment devices
It is a potent GHG
Few new studies found in literature since last COPERT update, mostly from US (and Sweden!)
Because of catalyst degradation, N2O emissions increase with age
GPC Emission Factor
Diesel vehicle emission factors
F-NO2
Outline
Review and update of existing COPERT emission factors
Capturing the positive effect of SCR
Checking results with environmental (RSD) studies
Measured data exist in EU (HBEFA, TNO, …)
Some interesting observations
The relative position of DPF and SCR is important!
SCR+cDPF: 50% f-NO2
cDPF+SCR: 10%
One vehicle with only DPF: 2.5%
Different DPF concepts
cDPFs/fb-DPFs: 50%/10%
All such possibilities possible for Euro 6 diesel passenger cars
Proposed ratios
COPERT LINK-BASED (STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT)
Limits of average speed approach
Based on CO2. May be different for other pollutants
Concept proposed for hot EFs
Concept proposed for cold-start