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Cool Raaga, Indian Hindustani classical music, raagas , tutorialsMusic is general and Indian classical and popular music in particular.
Tuesday, December 9, 2008
Hindustani Shastriya Sangeet (Classical music) basic theory
Like most other art forms, it is very difficult to give an all encompassing definition of Hindustani Shastriya Sangeet also known as (North) Indian classical music. The south Indian classical music is known as Carnatic Shastriya Sangeet. I am not going to delve into the histroy of the classical music. Rather I will try to write about the musical style and grammar associated with this genre.
Now some basic theory about the Hindustani classical. If you are aware about this, you can skip this section.
Musical Scale in Hindustani classical
The smallest interval of tuning system in the hindustani classical is the Sruti. There are 22 srutis per saptak (octave). However in practice Hindustani classical mainly uses 12 swaras (notes) grouped in every Saptak (octave). Seven of these are known as Shuddha (pure) and five of them are called as Vikrit (sharp/flat) making a total of 12 notes per saptak.Those familiar with western music will immediately recognise this as being similar to the solfège.
The seven shuddha (pure) notes are:
Sa Shadja
Re Rishabh
Ga Gandhar
Ma Madhyam
Pa Pancham
Dha Dhaivat
Ni Nishad
The vikrit notes are
Komal Re (flat)
Komal Ga (flat)
Tivra Ma (sharp)
Komal Dha (flat)
Komal Ni (flat)
Thus in total, we have the following 12 notes per saptak.
Sa Shadja
Komal Re (flat)
Re Rishabh
Komal Ga (flat)
Ga Gandhar
Ma Madhyam
Tivra Ma (sharp)
Pa Pancham
Komal Dha (flat)
Dha Dhaivat
Komal Ni (flat)
Ni Nishad
It is important to note that unlike western music, Hindustani music is not based on equal tempered scale.In simple terms, it means that the pitch(frequency) of the first note Sa is not fixed (hence the rest of the
notes also), nor is the difference between the notes completely fixed. However, now with the percolation of western instruments like Piano and harmonium people tend to use fixed scales more often. This point is of great importance to the all the classical vocalists because depending on your natural vocal range you can choose to sing the classical compositions in different scales. This is perfectly acceptable in Hindustani. But the same cannot be said of the popular music which are composed in western fixed scale.
Indian classical music is normally played in 3 registers, Mandhra saptak, Madhyam Saptak and Taar Saptak, lowest to highest.
Notes of Mandhra saptak have a dot symbol placed below them.
Taar spatak notes have a dot above them.
Komal swaras have a small horizontal line placed below them
Tivra swaras have a small vertical line placed above them.
Thaat
Thaat is the basic method of classification of various raags which was created by Pt. Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande. It is akin to the musical mode that is used in western music. Pt. Bhatkhande created this system based on the mela system used in the Carnatic music.
There are ten generally accepted thaats, these are:
Bilawal: S R G m P D N S'
Khamaj: S R G m P D n S'
Kafi: S R g m P D n S'
Asavari: S R g m P d n S'
Bhairavi: S r g m P d n S'
Bhairav: S r G m P d N S'
Kalyan: S R G M P D N S'
Marwa: S r G M P D N S'
Poorvi: S r G M P d N S'
Todi: S r g M P d N S'
Taal
Taal is the word used to denote the rhythmic pattern used in the any composition. For example, Teen Taal refers to the 16 beat cycle used commonly in Hindustani music.
Raag
A raag (raag) is a set of five or more swaras that are combined according to certain rules to create a melody of aesthetic value. Every raag has a vadi,samvadi and varjit swara.
Vadi swara is the most prominent note of a raag. It is often said that the vadi swara is the note used maximum number of times in a raag. However, this is not entirely true nor is there any strict rule for the same.
Samvadi swara is next in prominence and is in harmony with the vadi.
Varjit swaras are the notes that must NEVER be used in a raag. However, varjit swaras can sometimes be used in a raag by clever manipulations. This requires practice and strong understanding of the raag.
Aaroha refers to the ascending order of the notes in a raag.Avaroha refers to the descending order of the notes in a raag.
To clarify the concepts stated above lets take an example of raag Yaman.
Raag : YamanThaat : KalyanVadi : GaSamvadi : NiVarjit : Shuddha Ma
| .Aaroha : S R G M P D N S
. |Aaroha : S N D P M G R S
Note : The dot "." above a note denotes the Taar spatak. The line "|" above the note denotes a tivra (sharp) note.
The rules for creating the ragas are summarised below.
The raag belongs to a scale in a "thaat" or "mela".
There should be at least 5 swaras (notes) in a raag.
A raag has both ascending and descending (aroha and avaroha) order of notes.
A raag must have the tonic note. In other words it must have "Sa".
A raag must have at least one note from Pa and Ma
A raga should have both "vadi" and "samvadi" notes.
A raga should be aesthetically pleasing.
The tivra and komal swaras, should not come in succession in a raag.
There are a few ragas, which are exception to the 2nd rule; yet, they are quite popular and well accepted as classical ragas.
Like all art forms, rules and strict logic cannot be applied to raags. Raags are not strictly bound by these rules only. There may be raags with the same notes and their ascending or descending order; yet, they will sound distinctly different from one another. This happens because different raags have different styles, mood, vadi, samvadi associated with them.
In classical music performance, these rules are followed strictly. In semi classical, light, devotional and other forms of Indian music, even if the tune of a song is composed in a raga, the rules are not strictly followed.
There are hundreds of ragas and each is categorised under one of the thaats explained before. Each raag is thought to create a specific mood and supposed to be sung in a specific time of the day. Some raags like Malhar and Vasant are considered appropriate for a specific season rainy and spring respectively.Some raags and their corresponding thaats are as below:
Kafi Thaat : Dhanashree, Dhani, Bhimpalasi, Pilu, Shahana, Megh Malhar, Shuddha Sarang, Bageshwari etc.Kalyan Thaat : Yaman, Bhupali, Hindol, Kedar, Kamod, etc.
JaatiSimply speaking Jaati of a raag refers to the number of swaras contained in it's aarohan and avrohan.The raag jaatis are as follows :
Samporna-Sampoorna : 7 in aarohan - 7 notes in avarohan. example Yaman
Sampoorna-Shadav : 7 in aarohan - 6 notes in avarohan
Sampoorna-Auduv : 7 in aarohan - 5 notes in avarohan
Shadav-Sampoorna : 6 in aarohan - 7 notes in avarohan
Shadav-Shadav : 6 in aarohan - 6 notes in avarohan
Shadav-Auduv : 6 in aarohan - 5 notes in avarohan
Auduv-Sampoorna : 5 in aarohan - 7 notes in avarohan. Ex, Baagesree
Auduv-Shadav : 5 in aarohan - 6 notes in avarohan
Auduv-Auduv : 5 in aarohan - 5 notes in avarohan, example Bhupali
This completes our discussion of basic theory of Hindustani classical music. By no means is this discussion complete or encyclopedic. However, for a serious student of music this provides a small platform to start the journey of musical ocean.
Hari Om Tat SatPosted by Yalamber at 8:37 AM 19 comments: Saturday, August 9, 2008
Hindustani Raag's time
Raaga Thaat Performance Time/Season
Kafi Kafi Any Time
Mand Bilawal Any Time
Dhani Kafi Any Time
Piloo Kafi Any Time
Bhairavi Bhairavi Any Time
Gaud Malhar Kafi Monsoon
Miyan Malhar Kafi Monsoon
Deshkar Bilawal Morning
Gunkri Bhairav Morning
Ahir Bhairav Bhairav Morning
Asavari Asavari Morning
Bhankar Bhairav Morning
Bairagi Bhairav Bhairav Morning
Basant Mukhari Bhairavi Morning
Basant Poorvi Morning
Bhoopali Todi Bhairavi Morning
Bhatiyar Bhairav Morning
Bilawal Bilawal Morning
Bilaskhani Todi Bhairavi Morning
Bhairav Bhairav Morning
Desi Asavari Morning
Sohni Marwa Morning
Gurjari Todi Todi Morning
Nat Bhairav Bhairav Morning
Kalingada Bhairav Morning
Lalit Poorvi Morning
Jogiya Bhairav Morning
Jaunpuri Asavari Morning
Hindol Kalyan Morning
Todi Todi Morning
Vibhas Bhairav Morning
Vrindavani Sarang Kafi Afternoon
Shuddh Sarang Kalyan Afternoon
Poorvi Poorvi Afternoon
Patdeep Kafi Afternoon
Madhyamad Sarang Kafi Afternoon
Madhuvanti Todi Afternoon
Bhimpalasi Kafi Afternoon
Gaud Saarang Kalyan Afternoon
Multani Todi Afternoon
Bhoopali Kalyan Evening
Kamod Kalyan Evening
Desh Khamaj Evening
Yaman Kalyan Kalyan Evening
Hansdhwani Bilawal Evening
Khamaj Khamaj Evening
Sham Kalyan Kalyan Evening
Yaman Kalyan Evening
Tilang Khamaj Evening
Shuddh Kalyan Kalyan Evening
Shankara Bilawal Evening
Maru Bihag Kalyan Evening
Puriya Dhanashri Poorvi Evening
Puriya Marwa Evening
Pahadi Bilawal Evening
Jana Sammohini - Evening
Marwa Marwa Evening
Shree Poorvi Evening
Bahar Kafi Night
Tilak Kamod Khamaj Night
Bageshri Kafi Night
Charukeshi - Night
Malhar Kafi Night
Raageshri Khamaj Night
Nand Kalyan Night
Malkauns Pancham Bhairavi Night
Malkauns Bhairavi Night
Bhinna Shadja Khamaj Night
Shivranjani Kafi Night
Malgunji Kafi Night
Jhinjhoti Khamaj Night
Kirwani Night
Chandani Kedar Kalyan Night
Chandrakauns Night
Kedar Kalyan Night
Chhayanat Kalyan Night
Darbari Asavari Night
Kalavati Khamaj Night
Adana Asavari Night
Durga Bilawal Night
Jaijaiwanti Khamaj Night
Gorakh Kalyan Khamaj Night
Hamir Kalyan Night
Bihag Kalyan Night
Posted by Yalamber at 9:23 AM 1 comment: Thursday, February 1, 2007
Common Urdu words in hindi songs
All of us who have heard Hindi songs must have at some point of time wondered what the meaning of Urdu words are. This is just a compilation of some of the common words by me. I hope you will find it interesting.
The list is unordered.
Tabassum : Smile, SmilingMartabaa : Account, Class, Degree, Office, Order, Position, RankKehkashaan : GalaxyAaftaab : Sun, FaceGardish-e-shaam-o-sahar : Passage Of TimeJalsah : MeetingLaalaa-e-saharaa : Desert FlowerSahaba : Wine, Esp. Red WineSaher : MorningSheher : CityWirsah : LegacyDil shaad : Cheerful, WinsomeIrshaad : Instruction, Order, Command, GuidanceNaashaad : Cheerless, Joyless, Dull, Sad, UnhappyShaad : Bring Joy To, Cheerful, Delighted, Happy, Lightsome, Rejoicing, WinsomeSaahir : Magician, WizardMojaain : WavesSaahil : Beach, River-Side, ShoreLaal-e-lab : Ruby Red LipsSurkhi : Lipstick, Redness, Title
Maikhaane : Drinking BarSurmai : MackerelPosted by Yalamber at 9:40 PM 1 comment: Labels: bollywood, desi, film music, indian music, kishore kumar, mohd. rafi, music, rafi
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