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ENGINEERING COOKBOOK A Handbook for the Mechanical Designer

Cookbook Catalog 1 5

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Page 1: Cookbook Catalog 1 5

ENGINEERING COOKBOOK

A Handbookfor theMechanicalDesigner

LOREN COOK COMPANY2015 E. DALE STREET SPRINGFIELD, MO 65803-4637

417.869.6474 FAX 417.862.3820www.lorencook.com

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A Handbookfor the

Mechanical Designer

Second Edition

Copyright 1999

This handy engineering information guide is a token of

Loren Cook Company’s appreciationto the many fine mechanical designers

in our industry.

Springfield, MO

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Fan Basics

Fan Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Fan Selection Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Fan Laws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Fan Performance Tables and Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Fan Testing - Laboratory, Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Air Density Factors for Altitude and Temperature . . . . . . . . . 3Use of Air Density Factors - An Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Classifications for Spark Resistant Construction . . . . . . . .4-5Impeller Designs - Centrifugal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-6Impeller Designs - Axial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Terminology for Centrifugal Fan Components. . . . . . . . . . . . 8Drive Arrangements for Centrifugal Fans . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-10Rotation & Discharge Designations for Centrifugal Fans 11-12Motor Positions for Belt or Chain Drive Centrifugal Fans . . 13Fan Installation Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Fan Troubleshooting Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Motor and Drive Basics

Definitions and Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Types of Alternating Current Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-18Motor Insulation Classes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Motor Service Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Locked Rotor KVA/HP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Motor Efficiency and EPAct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Full Load Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21-22General Effect of Voltage and Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Allowable Ampacities of Not More Than Three Insulated Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24-25Belt Drives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Estimated Belt Drive Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Bearing Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

System Design Guidelines

General Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Process Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Kitchen Ventilation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Rules of Thumb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31-32Noise Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Table of Contents

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System Design Guidelines (cont.)

Sound Power and Sound Power Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Sound Pressure and Sound Pressure Level . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Room Sones —dBA Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Noise Criteria Curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Design Criteria for Room Loudness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35-36Vibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Vibration Severity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38-39

General Ventilation Design

Air Quality Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Air Change Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Suggested Air Changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Ventilation Rates for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality . . . . . . . 42Heat Gain From Occupants of Conditioned Spaces . . . . . . 43Heat Gain From Typical Electric Motors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Rate of Heat Gain Commercial Cooking Appliances in Air-Conditioned Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Rate of Heat Gain From Miscellaneous Appliances . . . . . . 46Filter Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Relative Size Chart of Common Air Contaminants . . . . . . . 47Optimum Relative Humidity Ranges for Health . . . . . . . . . . 48

Duct Design

Backdraft or Relief Dampers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Screen Pressure Drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Duct Resistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Rectangular Equivalent of Round Ducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Typical Design Velocities for HVAC Components. . . . . . . . . 53Velocity and Velocity Pressure Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . 54U.S. Sheet Metal Gauges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Recommended Metal Gauges for Ducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Wind Driven Rain Louvers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Heating & Refrigeration

Moisture and Air Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Properties of Saturated Steam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Cooling Load Check Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59-60Heat Loss Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61-62Fuel Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Fuel Gas Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Table of Contents

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Heating & Refrigeration (cont.)

Estimated Seasonal Efficiencies of Heating Systems . . . . 63Annual Fuel Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63-64Pump Construction Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Pump Impeller Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Pump Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Pump Mounting Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Affinity Laws for Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Pumping System Troubleshooting Guide . . . . . . . . . . . 67-68Pump Terms, Abbreviations, and Conversion Factors . . . . 69Common Pump Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Water Flow and Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70-71Friction Loss for Water Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71-72Equivalent Length of Pipe for Valves and Fittings . . . . . . . 73Standard Pipe Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Copper Tube Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Typical Heat Transfer Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Fouling Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Cooling Tower Ratings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Evaporate Condenser Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Compressor Capacity vs. Refrigerant Temperature at 100°F Condensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Refrigerant Line Capacities for 134a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Refrigerant Line Capacities for R-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Refrigerant Line Capacities for R-502 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Refrigerant Line Capacities for R-717 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Formulas & Conversion Factors

Miscellaneous Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81-84Area and Circumference of Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84-87Circle Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Common Fractions of an Inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87-88Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88-94Psychometric Chart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Index

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96-103

Table of Contents