Upload
others
View
3
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Converting non-edible biomass to petfood
Dejan MiladinovicQC manager - NMBU
Centre for Feed Technology
Centre for Feed Technology
Mission - Being a full value chain supplier
➢ Educative assignments (M.Sc. and
Ph.D. Programs at NMBU; Seminars)
➢ Experimental feed processing
(technical & technological)
➢ Feed evaluation
• Technical
• Nutritional
Norwegian Centre for Feed Technology
Photo Archive NMBU
Mission to perform
Humanized petfood implicates the supply of the raw materials
• Humanization is key driver of global growth and resistance to recession
• About 4% annual growth until 2022
• Customers shapes the market: excellence, novel materials, regulations, sustainability, etc..
PetfoodIndustry 2016; Acute Market Reports
Dog Blog
The Franklin Institute
DeviantArt
Pet food production resistant to the risk factors that challenge the world food supply
1. High protein content2. Can replace more FM than plant proteins3. Can it be sustainable?
Pet food
Need to move away from 1st generation pet-food resources
• Feeding of casein resulted in a more prominent villi structure than that observed after feeding soyprotein (Dunsford et al. 1993)
Casein
• Several results suggest that feeding of soy protein produced a heavier, more protein dense bowel in dogs
Casein
• Feeding casein to dogs:
1. Healthier colonic tissue as defined by greater surface area and depth of crypts, and
2. Enhanced mucosal energetic activity
(Hallman et al. 1993)
phosphoprotein
Casein – can it be sustainable?
phosphoprotein
▪ 30 kg of supplemented protein material in feed(8-13% moisture) = 100 lit. milk
▪ 100 lit. milk = 4 kg casein
– can it be sustainable?
Nutrients from novel ingredients for pet food – Generation 1.b
1. Ideal ingredients in the ‘grain-free’ petfood; 2. Essential amino acids; low glycaemic index;3. Fibre from pea concentrates good
water and oil binding capacity
Nutrients from novel ingredients for pet food – Generation 1.b
4. Excelent AA profile (Lys. + Arg.)
5. High digestibility and nutritional value, resembling to fish protein
Nutrients from novel ingredients for pet food – Generation 1.b
Deutschland.de
albumin : globulin – 87%1 : 9
Duranti et al., 1981
16 % protein in seeds
Lupin
Pellet morphology (16% added water)Addition of 20% lupine protein concentrate as good as fishmeal
Fish meal based
20% lupine protein concentrate
20% soy protein concentrate
20% rapeseedprotein
concentrate
Draganovic et al., 2014
Cheaper feed manufacturing with LPC
Draganovic et al., 2014
We need a functional pet food!!
adrants.com
Swanson et al., 2003
Nutritional genomics - relationship between genome, nutrition and health
Humans and animals react differently dependingon their genetic variations
dnanutricoach.com
Pets are not what they eat, butcertainly they can eat based on what
they are
Source: The Body Healer
We need a pet-food revolution!
Nutrients from novel ingredients for pet food - Generation 2
kopassulogi.wordpress.com
Safety issues
• Insects play a crucial role within the foodcycle as a processors of natural waste;
• Do not require the land area as crops;• A key sustainability driver: ability to replace
fishmeal
Microalgae proliferating once a day
Arthrospira maxima - Spirulina
Chlorella sp.
carbohydrate 20% fat 20% protein up to 45% fiber 5% minerals and vitamins 10% Nannochloropsis
up to 60% of their overall biomass as lipids,
carbohydrates 20-23%fat 6-8%protein 45-58%calcium up to 150mg/100gphosphorus 100-120mg/100g
isolated protein fractions 56.9%
(Gerde et al. 2013)
n-3 fatty acids or protein from sustainable resources
Yeast – proliferating every 2-3 hours
Candida utilis - Torula Saccharomyces c. – bakers yeast
Yeast – 5% cell wall
• Beta-glucans (autolisate) – activates macrophagesthat destroy patogens• MOS (mannan-oligosaccharides) – carbohydratesfrom the cell wall prevent pathogen colonization bybinding them and excreting with feaces
?+ =
Eating WOOD!?
No problem if it comes as PROTEIN!
The Norwegian forest is a largenational bioresource
✓ ~ 43% of Norwegian land area
✓ Standing biomass: ~ 912 million m3
Trees as raw material ?!
➢ Cellulose 40 – 45 %
➢ Hemicellulose 25 – 30 % five-carbon sugars C5H10O5 (sugar monomers,
glucose, mannose, galactose..)
➢ Lignin 20 – 27 % (non-fermentable)
polymer of six-carbon sugar C6H12O6 (glucose)
Tree biomass consists of:
Production of GGM from Spruce
• Wood chips or sawdust,
• Water + steam explosion (14.5 bar) + 10 minutes reaction,
• Removal of solids, multiple rounds of filtration to fractionate the desired product.
Wood Prebiotics Project at NMBU
Bjørge Westereng & Leszek Michalak
Production of GGM from Spruce
Production of GGM from Spruce
> 5kDa selected as suitable range for prebiotics;
< 5kDa collected and upconcentrated by nanofiltration;
Monosaccharide composition 4 : 1: 0.6
Man : GlC : Gal
44.8 kg
Foremost anti-nutritional factor in common-use feedstuff raw materials
Galactoglucomannancandy 30% less sugar
37
Source: Foods of Norway in All About Feed
Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet3
8
New enzymes make the green resources available
Aggregats of microfibriles
Source: Vaaje-Kolstad, Westereng, Horn, Liu, Zhai, Sørlie, Eijsink. Science, 2010
Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases
(LPMOs) have qualities we haven’t
seen before
LPMO
Commonenzymes
Yeast produced from wood –a potential high-value feed resource
Yeast:
• ~ 55% crude protein
– 6-10% nucleic acids
• Favorable amino acid composition
• 2-10% lipids
Source: Øverland et al.,2013, Aquaculture 402–403, 1–7
Evaluated yeast in diets for salmon:
1. Candida utilis - torula
2. Kluveromyces marxianus – milk yeast
3. Saccharomyces cereviciae - brewers yeast
Centre of excellence FOODS OF NORWAY
Digestibility of protein in salmon fed 30% yeasts
Pro
tein
dig
esti
bilit
y (
%)
Source: Øverland et al., 2013, Aquaculture
Nitrogen retention (%) - salmonfed 30% yeast
Source: Øverland et al.,2013, Aquaculture, 402–403 1–7
BIOFEED – Research Council of Norway, Havbruk / BioTek 2021 2015-2018
Biorefining macroalgae
High ash content
Anti nutritional factors
Dioxine & Iodine
Biomass Process Application
Nutrients from novel ingredients for pet food - Generation 3
Generation 3 Generation 3
Nutrients from novel ingredients for pet food - Generation 3
Hanaeus et al. 1997
“Ecological" village in northern Sweden
• Utilization of nutrients from human urine and faeces showed that about half of the N and P from human urine disposed was successfully collected
• If collected, P available from urine and feces could account for 22% of the total global P demand,
• In 2050 - P from urine (with population increase) can get to 2.16 million metric tons and similar mass from feces,
• The available P from urine and feces produced in urban settings is currently approximately 0.88 million metric tons Mihelcic et al. 2011
Source: The Sims