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CONVENTIONONINTERNATIONALTRADEINENDANGEREDSPECIESOFWILDFAUNAANDFLORA

CONSIDERATIONOFPROPOSALSFORAMENDMENTOFAPPENDICESIANDII

A.ProposalInclusionofthegenusDalbergiainCITESAppendixIIwithexceptiontothespeciesincludedinAppendixI.

TheUNEP-WCMCassessedtheDalbergiaspeciesofLatinAmericaandconcluded:“…allpopulationsofDalbergiaspp.from South and Central America appear to meet the criteria for listing in CITES Appendix II” (UNEP-WCMC, 2015).Including the whole genus in Appendix II will be essential for the control of international trade by eliminating thearduoustaskofenforcementandcustomsofficersofdifferentiatingbetweenthehundredsofDalbergiaspecies listedandnotlistedinCITES.Theinclusionwillhelpensurethatlegaltradedoesnotbecomeadirectcauseoftheextinctionofthesehighlythreatenedspeciesandwillhelpcurbillegaltrade.Considering that CITES Appendix II must include all species, which although not necessarily now threatened withextinctionmay become so unless trade in specimens of such species is subject to strict regulation in order to avoidutilizationincompatiblewiththeirsurvival,itisimportanttoincludethegenusDalbergiainCITESAppendixII.

a) ResolutionConf.9.24,Annex2a,CriterionA-”Itisknown,orcanbeinferredorprojected,thattheregulation

oftradeinthespeciesisnecessarytoavoiditbecomingeligibleforinclusioninAppendixIinthenearfuture”.b) ResolutionConf.9.24,Annex2a,CriterionB-”Itisknown,orcanbeinferredorprojected,thatregulationof

tradeinthespeciesisrequiredtoensurethattheharvestofspecimensfromthewildisnotreducingthewildpopulationtoalevelatwhichitssurvivalmightbethreatenedbycontinuedharvestingorotherinfluences”.

c) Resolution9.24(Rev.CoP15)Annex2bCriterionA–“Thespecimensofthespecies intheforminwhichtheyaretradedresemblespecimensofaspeciesincludedinAppendixIIundertheprovisionsofArticleII,paragraph2 (a), or in Appendix I, so that enforcement officers who encounter specimens of CITES-listed species areunlikelytobeabletodistinguishbetweenthem”.

Domestic and international experience has indicated that enforcement and customs officers who encounteredspecimensofDalbergiaproductsareunlikelytobeabletoreliablydistinguishbetweenthevariousspeciesofDalbergia.B.Proponent

Guatemala,C.Supportingstatement1. Taxonomy

1.1 Class: Magnoliopsida1.2Order: Fabales

1.3 Family Leguminosae(Fabaceae)Juss.1789

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1.4 Genus,speciesorsubspecies,includingauthorandyear:DalbergiaL.f.(Grandtner,2005)1.1.5Scientificsynonyms: AccordingtoGRIN(2014)thefollowinggeneraareacceptedassynonymsfor

DalbergiaAmerimnonP.BrowneCoroyaPierreEcastaphyllumP.BrowneMiscolobiumVogelTriptolemeaMart.

1.6 Commonnames2: English:Rosewood,Palisander.

Spanish:PalodeRosa,Rosul,Granadillo,Ébano,CorazónBonito, Cocobolo,Palisandro. French:Palissandre;boisderose.

1.7Codenumbers:

2. OverviewSpeciesofthegenusDalbergiabelongtothefamilyLeguminosae(Fabaceae)Juss..Thegenusincludestrees,shrubsandvines,approximately250speciesinthetropics(Mabberley,2008)and304speciesworldwide(ThePlantList,2013)(seeannex1).These species are in high demand in the international tropical hardwood trade for the manufacture of furniture.However, the wild populations of several species have experienced a major decline due to legal and illegaloverexploitation.CITESregulates61speciesofDalbergia:D.abrahamii,D.andapensis,D.aurea,D.baronii,D.bathiei,D. bojeri,D. brachystachya,D. bracteolata,D. calycina,D. campenonii,D. capuronii, D. catipenonii, D. chapelieri,D.chlorocarpa, D. cochinchinensis, D. cubilquitzensis, D. darienensis, D. davidii, D. delphinensis, D. emirnensis, D.erubescens, D. gautieri, D. glaberrima, D. glaucocarpa, D. glomerata, D. granadillo, D. greveana, D. hildebrandtii, D.hirticalyx,D.humbertii,D.hutibertii,D.lemurica,D.louvelii,D.madagascariensis,D.malacophylla,D.manongarivensis,D.marítima,D.masoalensis,D.mollis,D.montícola,D.neoperrieri,D.nigra,D.normandii,D.occulta,D.orientalis,D.peltieri, D. pervillei, D. pseudobaronii, D. pseudoviguieri, D. purpurascens, D. retusa, D. stevensonii, D. suaresensis, D.trichocarpa,D.tricolor,D.tsaratananensis,D.tsiandalana,D.tucurensis,D.urschii,D.viguieri,D.xerophila.Whilesome identificationguidesfora fewDalbergia speciesexist,distinctionbetweenand identificationof individualspeciesisverydifficultfornon-professionalsandsometimesevenforexperts,makingitaproblemforenforcementandcustoms officers to comply correctly with inspection and identification of CITES listed Dalbergia tree and productshipments.However,Dalbergiaspeciesatgenuslevelcanbedistinguishedfromother“rosewood”timbergenus.ThegenusDalbergia is native to the tropical regionsofCentral andSouthAmerica,Africa,Madagascar and southernAsia.Thedistributionofthisgenusisfragmentedandmanyspeciespopulationsareindeclinemainlyduetothelossofforest coverage by human induced disturbances (e.g. non-sustainable agricultural practices, population growth, fires,legalandillegallogging).SeveraltimbertreespeciesofDalbergiaproducefinetimbersofhigheconomicvalue,generallyknownas“rosewood”,sorenownedforitsfragrancesandcolours,usedinmusicalinstrumentsandexpensivefurniture

1Taxonomiccircumscriptionofthegenusissubjecttomuchdebate.2ThegenusDalbergiahasalargernumberoftradeandvernacularnames,dependingonthespeciesandtheregiononwhichthespeciesoccur.

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(e.g.D.cochinchinensis,D.latifolia,D.melanoxylon,D.nigra,D.odoriferaandD.sissoo).However,thetermrosewoodhasalsobeenvariouslyascribedtothegeneraJacaranda,Guibourtia,MachaeriumandPterocarpus.Onlytheheartwoodyieldqualitytimber,butthetreeshavealowregenerationandtheyareslowinformingheartwood;even large logs often losemuch of their volumewhen the valueless sapwood is removed. The cutting of exploitableindividualsinthewildisthemaincauseoftheabsenceofcertaindiameterclassesandlowdensityofpopulations.Rosewoodspeciesarecurrentlyinhighdemandbyconsumersandlogsandsawnwoodarethemainproductsintradeinmostoftheproducingcountries.AsaresultofanongoingdemandintheAsianmarket,rosewoodhasbecomeseriouslyendangeredbytheirabusivelogginganddestructionoftheirhabitatwhichisleadingtothedeclineofwildpopulationsinsideandoutsideprotectedareas.ThisdocumentsuggeststhatthegenusDalbergiameetsthecriteriafor listing inCITESAppendix II incompliancewithArticle II, paragraph2(a) of theConvention and resolutionsConf. 9.24 (Rev. CoP16)Annex2 a, CriteriaA andB, andAnnex2bCriterionA.Itisestablishedoritispossibletodeductthatregulationoftradeinthespeciesofthegenusisrequiredtoensurethattheharvestoftheirspecimensfromthewild isnotreducingthepopulationtoa levelatwhichtheirsurvivalmightbethreatened.

3. Speciescharacteristics

3.1Distribution

ThegenusDalbergiahasapantropicaldistributionwithhighspeciesdiversityinAsia(ca.119species),inAfrica(ca. 116 species) and in Central and South America (ca. 80 species) (Vatanparast et al., 2013); according toVaglica(2014),thegenusDalbergiaisspreadworldwideto102countries;(seefigure1andAnnex2).

Figure1.GlobaldistributionofDalbergiaspecies(Source:Vaglica,2014).

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3.2Habitat

The genus Dalbergia occurs in different types of ecosystems such as humid evergreen rainforest, semideciduousrainforest,riparianforest,drytropicalforest,Miombowoodland,dryandsubaridforests,savannahs,thicketsandpastureland.Speciesarefoundinareaswithcompletelydifferentcharacteristics,suchastotallyflatareaswithdryrockysites,areaswithpossibilityof floodingduringtherainyseason(s), fertileanddeepsandyclay or calcareous soils along streams (Standley & Steyermark, 1946; Carvalho, 1997; Stevens et al., 2001;Linares&Sousa,2007;Lemmens,2008).Speciescanbefoundataltitudesfromsealevelupto1.700m.

3.3Biologicalcharacteristics

TheplantsofthegenusDalbergiaaresmalltomediumsizedtrees,shrubs,orwoodyclimbersandlianaswithalternate,imparipinnateandcompoundleaves(Sahaetal.,2013);stipulesoftensmallandfallingearly;leafletsarealternate,rarelysubopposite,andglabrous(Sahaetal.,2013).

Flowerssmall(2to20mm):corollasmall,rarelyfragrant,usuallywhite,lightyelloworpurple,withlightgreenspot at the center of the vexillum (FAUSAC- FNPV, 2015). Inflorescences are terminal or axillar, racemes orpanicles,usuallynumerousflowered;bractsandbracteolesusuallysmall,rarelypersistent,sometimesscorpioidorcorymbiform.

Thefruitisapod/legumeoblong,ligulate,winged,elliptic,orstrap-shaped,rarelyhalf-moon-shaped(Carvalho,1997;Shu,2010).Fruitswithintactseedsarewind-dispersed(Bawa&Webb,1984).Thefruithasinmostofthespeciesbetween1to3seeds,withsomeexceptionsasD.retusawhichhasfromonetofiveseedsinthefruit(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).

TreesbloombetweenDecemberandJuly inCentralAmericaafter4to5years,withasecondflush inAugustandSeptember(e.g.D.retusa),whileinMadagascartreesbloomfromSeptembertoMarch.Dalbergiatreesareslowgrowing. It hasbeenestimated that trees inAfrica reacha size largeenough to yield a fair amountofheartwoodonlyafter70–100years(Lemmens,2008).InSouthEastAsia,heartwoodoftreesreachesanaverageof13cmindiameterafter20years(CITESCOP16Prop.60).Honeybees, beetles and butterflies are the typical pollination agents for the genus that requires cross-pollination(Vasudeva&Sareen,2009).Bumblebeesandwaspsarealsofrequentvisitorsoftheflowers;aphidshavebeenfounddamagingtheflowersstructures(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).Information on the breeding system of the genusDalbergia is not available; however, some aspects of thereproductive biology show common features: high levels of seed abortion have been observed inD. retusa(Bawa&Webb,1984);pollenisdispersedbybeesinD.glomerata,D.stevensoniiandD.retusa(Frankieetal.,2002),andseeddispersedbywindandwaterinD.retusaandD.stevensonii(Marín&Flores,2003).

Naturalregenerationofsomespecies(suchasD.retusa)isscarce,howeversaplingsandjuvenilesarenumerousinareasperiodicallyexposedtofire(Madrigal,1993;Marín&Flores,2003).InGuatemalaonlyD.retusaseedsgerminateinareasaffectedbyfire(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).

AveryimportantandcommonregenerationstrategyforDalbergiaspeciesintropicaldryforestsissproutingorcoppicing. The ability to coppice is used for management systems (including plantation) of some Dalbergiaspecies.ExamplesforwellcoppicingspeciesareD.sissoo,D.stevensoniiandD.cochinchinensis.

3.4MorphologicalcharacteristicsofthewoodThewoodofthegenusDalbergiahasatextureandspecificcoloursthatmakesithighlydesirable:redincolor(D. tucurensis and D. glabra), dark brown (D. calycina), brown to dark brown with reddish stripes (D.stevensonii)darkbrowntopurplishblack(D.melanoxylon)(Lemmens,2008;FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).Accordingto

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Condit&Pérez(2002),thecolourmaychangeanddarkensrelativelyquicklyinthelighttobecomeebonyblack.The trees that produce rosewood are also much alike: they are medium size, reaching 20-30 m tall, withirregular-shaped trunk, 1-2m in diameter (NAS/NRC, 1979). Field studies of FAUSAC-FNPV (2015) showed inGuatemalathatthebiggesttrunksreached0.90minDBH(diameteratbreastheight)forD.tucurensis,1.00minD.calycina,0.77mforD.retusaand0.83mforD.stevensonii.Only theheartwoodyieldquality timber: it isveryhard,heavyandstrong.Thus inmanufacturedobjects thewood is stable, durable and holds its shape. The heartwood is surrounded by clearly differentiated whitesapwood;thesapwood,whichisasdenseastheheartwood,willvaryinamountdependingonthespecies,theageofthetreeandtheconditionsofitshabitat(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).Thetreesareslowinformingheartwoodandevenlargelogsoftenlosemuchoftheirvolumewhenthevaluelesssapwoodisremoved(NAS/NRC,1979).Wastagemaybeashighas70-80%asonlythefineststraightgrainlogsareusedinmakingbarsformarimbasandxylophones(Kline,1980).However,theamountoffigureandcontrastingcolourvarieswidelyfromtreetotree.

3.5Roleofthespeciesinitsecosystem

The Dalbergia flowers represent an important food source for honeybees, beetles, wasps, bumble bees,butterflies andother insects (Vasudeva&Sareen,2009; FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).D. retusa is ahighly attractivebeeplantinCostaRica,whereupto60speciesofbeesvisittheflowers(Frankieetal.,2002).D.stevensoniiinBelize isadominantcomponentof thesouthern forest types (Cho&Quiroz,2005).Mature treesaresitesofwaspsandbeescolonies;beehiveshavebeenfoundintheprincipaltrunks(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).Antcoloniesare frequently found associated withD. stevensonii, especially because the use of leaves as source of food(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).Leavesalsorepresentasourcefoodformammals,suchasPotosflavus;birdsareoftenseenonthecrownofthetrees(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).

Numerous epiphytes such as orchids, bromeliads, fungi, lichens, ferns, aroids and peperomias live on thebranchesandinthemaintrunksofthetrees(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).ClimbingplantsarealsoassociatedtothegenusDalbergia.The roots of Dalbergia species form nodules in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria (it has beendemonstrated to have aeschynomenoid type of root nodules): as a result of this nitrogen-fixing symbiosis,Dalbergia species play an important role in the natural forest ecosystem, enhancing soil fertility(Rasolomampianina et al., 2005; Sprent, 2009) and this is a requirement for biodiversity preservation(Rasolomampianinaetal.,2005).Loggingislikelytodisturbthehabitatofallthespeciesassociates,withtherelatedconsequencesofroadandtrailbuildingto transport the logs (Newman,2004).Theprotectionof thespecies fromfurtherunsustainableloggingwouldallowremainingtreestocontinuetheirecologicalfunctions.

4. Statusandtrend

TheIUCNRedListhasassessedthegenusDalbergiaandhasclassified83ofthe304knownspeciesofDalbergia(IUCN, 2016): 1 species asCritically Endangered (D. intibucana); 29 species asEndangered (D.abrahamii,D.andapensis,D.annamensis,D.bariensis,D.bathiei,D.bojeri,D.brachystachya,D.cambodiana,D.capuronii,D.congesta,D. davidii, D. delphinensis, D. erubescens,D. glaucocarpa,D. gloveri, D. hirticalyx,D. humberti, D.intibucana, D. louvelii, D. mammosa, D. maritima, D. normandii, D. oliveri, D. peishaensis, D. setifera, D.suarensis,D.tsaratanensis,D.tsiandalana,D.urschii,D.xerophila);26speciesasVulnerable(D.acariiantha,D.aurea,D.balansae,D.baronii,D.catipenoni,D.chlorocarpa,D.cochichinensis,D.glaberrima,D.hildebrantii,D.latifolia,D. lemurica,D.madagascarensis,D.monticola,D.neoperrieri,D.nigra,D.odorifera,D.orientalis,D.pseudobaronii,D.purpurascens,D.retusa,D.simposonii,D.tonkinensis,D.tricolor,D.vaccinifolia,D.viguieri);3 species as Near Threatened (D. chapelieri, D. cultrate, D. eremicola); 5 species as Lower Risk/NearThreatened(D.bracteolata,D.emirnensis,D.greveana,D.mollis,D.pervillei);12speciesasLeastConcern(D.arbutifolia,D.assamica,D.calycina,D.cana,D.louisii,D.monetaria,D.oligophylla,D.ovata,D.parviflora,D.

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peltieri,D. reniformis,D. rimosa);1 speciesasLowerRisk/LeastConcern (D. thrichocarpa);6 speciesasDataDeficient(D.boniana,D.ealaensis,D.entadoides,D.funera,D.menoeides,D.sambesiaca).

4.1Habitattrend

InCentralAmerica the typicalhabitathasbeendestroyedand isunder continuingpressureparticularly fromincreasing agriculture, cattle ranching, palm plantations, population growth and overexploitation (FAUSAC-FPNV,2015).ThetropicaldryforestsofCentralAmerica,themainhabitatforD.retusa,havebeensubjecttohumaninfluencessuchashuntingandmodificationofthevegetationcoverforalongas11,000years(Murphy&Lugo,1995).Lessthan0.1%oftheoriginaldryforesthasconservationstatusinPacificMesoamerica(Maass,1995).Deforestation has been commonly observed throughout the habitat range ofD. cochinchinensis, the naturalstandsofthespeciesarefoundscatteredonlyin30protectedareasthusthehabitatisfragmented(CITESCOP16Prop.60).InMadagascarinadditiontothedamagecausedbyabusiveloggingoftheDalbergiaspecies,thedestruction of the habitat is worsened by various anthropological activities (slash-and-burn agriculture,extension of crop fields) (CITES COP 16 Prop. 63). In some areas, in eastern and southern AfricaDalbergiamelanoxylon is found in theMiombowoodlands which has been highly degraded as a result of human use(Deweesetal,.2011).

4.2 Populationsize

InMadagascar,theresultsobtainedonthedensityanddendrometricfeaturesofsomeDalbergiaspeciesshowawidevarietyofindividualsrangingbetween10and320individualsperhectare.Moreover,thebiovolumeandthebasalareaarelow.Thisindicatesthatmostindividualsarenotyetexploitable(DBEV,2010).InaninventoryofDalbergiamelanoxyloninNachingwea,southernTanzania,thespeciesaccountedfor4%oftreestemsofthesampling area (Opulukwa et al., 2002). The density in southern Tanzania corresponds well with the densityfound in the two forest types inwhichD.melanoxylon occurs inMozambiquewith 3% and 5% respectively(Jenkinsetal.,2002).InThailand,itwasestimatedthatthecountryhadjust80,000-100,000D.cochinchinensistrees(approximately63,500m3)leftintheforestsin2011.ThepopulationsizeofrosewoodinVietnamhasbeendecliningabout50-60%duringthepast5-10years(CITESCOP16Prop.60).According to FAUSAC-FNPV (2015), in Guatemala a few (only four) populations ofD. stevensonii have beenfoundatthemomentatthesocalled”FranjaTrasversaldelNorte,FTN”(AltaVerapazandIzabal),witharangefrom44to800trees (only5%of treeshaveadiameterbetween60and100cmDBH). In theDepartmentofSantaRosaonepopulationofD.calycinawas identified,around100trees (18%of thetreeshaveadiameterbetween40and80cmDBH)andscatteredtreeshavebeenfoundinalltheDepartment.Dalbergia retusa was widely distributed at the coastal planes in the South Pacific regions of Guatemala(Standley&Steyermark,1946).However,onlyonepopulationofthisspecieshasbeenfoundinSuchitepéquez(48 trees), and few scattered trees have been found in Santa Rosa and Escuintla. This species shows a highpercentageoftrees(69%)inthelowestdiameterclassesrange(0-20cmDBH)indicatingrecentregeneration,andonly21%belongtotherange20-40cmDBH,confirmingahighlevelofoverexploitationinthecountry.AccordingtoFAUSAC-FNPV(2015),inGuatemala,forDalbergiatucurensisonlyscatteredtreeshavebeenfoundinAltaVerapazandQuiché,ofwhichonly12%oftreesbelongtotherangeof60-100cmDBH.

4.3Populationstructure

InMadagascarthepopulationstructureoftheDalbergiaspeciespresentsadisruptioncausedbytheabsenceofcertain diameter classes inside and outside the protected areas (CITES COP 16 Prop. 63). An inventory ofDalbergiamelanoxyloninNachingwea,southernTanzania,revealedthepatchydistributionofthespecies.The

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highestamountoftreeswasfoundinthetwosmallestdiameterclassesupto20cmandthelowestintheclassbiggerthan40cm,showingtheinfluenceofpastharvests(Opulukwaetal.,2002).AccordingtoFAUSAC-FNPV(2015),onlytreeswithadiameterclassbetween20and60cmhavebeenfoundofDalbergiaspp.inthewild,mainlylocalisedintworegionsofGuatemala:AltaVerapazandPeten.Thebiovolume(m3/ha)andthebasalarea(m2/ha)arelow,andthisindicatesthatmostindividualsarenotexploitable.

4.4Populationtrends

Opulukwaet al. (2002) noted in a studyon a region in southern Tanzania that itwas nowvery hard to findDalbergiamelanoxylontreesofaharvestablesize(commonlyasfromaDBHof24cm),withreductionsinthenumberandvolumeoftreesduetoexcessiveexploitation.InMadagascarthereisadecreaseinthenumberofexploitableindividualsintheproductionareas(CITESCOP16Prop.63).InThailand,itwasestimatedthatthecountryhad300,000naturalstandsin2005,butgreatlyreducedtojust80,000-100,000trees(approximately63,500m3)in2011.EvidencesuggeststhatthespeciesisthreatenedwithextinctionasEIAreportedthatamajorRosewoodtradercomplainedinApril2011that“thespeciesisfinished...there are only about fiveyears left in the trade.” InVietnam, the species has been exposed to high rates ofexploitationoftheprimetimber(CITESCOP16Prop.60).AccordingtoFAUSAC-FPNV(2015),thecombinationofforestcoverlossandcuttinghasresultedinadeclineofthe populations of the species of the genus Dalbergia in Guatemala. Thewild populations ofDalbergia spp.(namelyD. retusa,D. tucurensis andD. stevensonii) are likely to be severely diminished as a result of heavyloggingandland-changeeffectsduringtheperiod1991-2012.

4.5Geographictrends

Ingeneral,therateandextentofdeforestationintherangeStatesisveryhigh.FAO(2005)reportedthattheannual rates of forest cover change between -0.4% (Colombia) and -4.6% (El Salvador) for the range Statesbetween 1990 and 2000. Between the period 2006-2010, in Guatemala therewas a loss in forest covers of500.210hectareswithadeforestationrateestimatedat1%peryear.Themainareasaffectedbydeforestationfor illegal loggingwere Verapaz, Petén, Quiché and the central regions Chimaltenago, Guatemala and SantaRosa which includes the distribution areas ofD. stevensonii,D. retusa, D. tucurensis andD. calycina (INAB,CONAP,UVG&URL,2012).Mexicolostanaverageof274,450haor0.39%peryearbetween1990and2010ora7.8%totallossofforestcoverwhileinBrazil,thechangeinforestcoverbetween1990and2010wasalossof2,765,850haor0.48%peryear,intotalalossof9.6%oftheforestcover(Butler,2016)In Asia, deforestation has been commonly observed throughout the habitat range of D. cochinchinensis. InThailand,thehabitatareahasbeencontinuouslyreducedduetobothdeforestationforagricultureandillegallogging.Thenatural standsof the speciesare foundscatteredonly in30protectedareasof557.76km2.Thehabitatisthusfragmented(CITESCOP16Prop.60).InMalaysia,thechangeinforestcoverbetween1990and2010wasalossof96,000haor0.43%peryear,intotalalossof8.6%oftheforestcover(Butler,2016).

InAfrica,MiombowoodlandsstretchacrosssouthernAfricainabeltfromAngolaandtheDemocraticRepublicofCongointhewesttoMozambiqueintheeast.Insomeareas,Miombohasbeenhighlydegradedasaresultof human use (Deweeset al., 2011). This is also the biome predominant in the countries (Mozambique andTanzania)fromwheremostoftheDalbergiamelanoxylontimberisexported(Lemmens,2008).InMadagascarinadditiontothedamagecausedbyabusiveloggingoftheDalbergiaspecies,thedestructionofthehabitatisworsenedbyvariousanthropologicalactivities(slash-and-burnagriculture,extensionofcropfields)(CITESCOP16Prop.63).

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5. Threats

ThegenusDalbergiaisknowntobeindeclineasaresultintheextractionofthespeciesforitsvaluabletimber.Thesewoodshavealongtraditionofuseinmusicalinstruments,likemarimbasandguitars,woodcarvingsandcurrentlysubjecttohighdemandforluxuryfurnituretrade(Lemmens,2008,Jenkinsetal.,2012).ManyspecieshavebecomeendangeredorvulnerableduetotheoverexploitationforitsvaluablewoodlikeD.annamensis,D.bariensis,D.cambodiana,D.mammosa,D.oliveri(Nghia,1998),D.latifolia(AsianRegionalWorkshop,1998),D.odorifera(WCMC,1998),D.tonkinensis(Ban,1998),aswellasthe61DalbergiaspecieslistedinCITES.ThehabitatofthegenusinGuatemalaisknowntobeaffectedbyarangeofthreats,andtheprincipalprocessesthataffectforestsare:shiftingagriculture(palmoil-Elaeisspp.,coffee-Coffeaspp.andrubberplantations-Heveaspp.),forestfires,useoffuelwoodandtheillegalextractionandover-exploitationofspecieswithhighmarketvalues(bothnationallyand internationally),whichrepresentuptothe95%ofdeforestationrate,andtheextractionoftimberbyruralcommunitiesforlocaluse(Viveroetal.,2005;IARNA-URL,2009).InMexicoandCostaRica,cattlefarmingandroadconstructionareopeningupareasandmakingaccessibleforloggingsiteswhereD.calycinaoccurs(Groom,2012).

6. Utilizationandtrade

6.1Nationalutilization

Timber species of Dalbergia of South America (e.g. D. brasiliensis, D. cearensis, D. cubilquitzensis, D.cuscatlanica,D.decipularis,D.foliolosa,D.funera,D.glomerata,D.hortensis,D.miscolobium,D.spruceana,D.villosa) provide someof themost highly prizedwoods for themanufacture of fine furniture,marquetry andveneers,alsousedincabinetwork,musicalinstrumentsandsculpturesforlocalmarketsandhandcrafts(Harris,2004;Grandtner&Chrevrette,2013;ILDIS,2014;INAB-SEINEF,2015).InAfricaitissometimesusedforraftersandpolesinconstruction,andforimplementssuchaswalkingsticks,hammers, drumsticks, arrow tips, pestles, cups, plates and combs. The wood is also used for charcoalproductionandasfirewood,althoughtheflameisveryhotandmaydamagecookingpots.InSenegalthestemandrootbarkisusedintraditionalmedicinetotreatdiarrhoeaincombinationwithbaobabortamarindfruits.The smoke of burnt roots is inhaled for treatment of headache, bronchitis and colds. In Sudan, patientssufferingfromrheumatismareexposedtothesmokeofburntstems.InEastAfrica,arootdecoctionisusedtopreventmiscarriage,asananthelminticandaphrodisiac,andtotreatgonorrhoea,stomach-acheandabdominalpain.Abarkdecoctionorbarkpowderisusedtocleanwoundsandaleafdecoctiontorelievepaininthejoints.Leafsapistakentotreatinflammationsinmouthandthroat.Barkdecoctionsandleafsaparealsoingredientsofmixturesusedtotreatvariouscomplaints(Lemmens,2008).InSouthEastAsiaD.cochinchinensiswoodisusedtomakefurniture,carvings,woodturnery,fine-artarticles,musical instrumentsandsewingmachines.Thewoodfromthestumpsandrootscanalsobeusedformakinghandicrafts.Root,barkandsapcanbepartoftraditionalmedicine.Thedistinctiveheartwoodmakesbeautifulpatternsaftersawing(CITESCOP16Prop.60.

6.2 Legaltrade

Rosewoodspeciesareexportedasrawlogsorfinishedproducts,furnitureandhandicrafts.InMadagascar,over90% of exported productswere logs and sawnwood (CITES COP 16 Prop. 63). Heartwood from old trees isvalued for having the richest colouration (Zadro, 1975). The burls, highly figured cambium outgrowths, areparticularlyvaluedbysometimbertraders.TradeintimberproductsofDalbergiahasincreasedexponentiallyinthepastfewyearsasseenbylogimportstoAsianmarketsfortheHongmu(RedWood)tradethatisbasedon33speciesoftropicalhardwoodtreesof

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which 16 species areDalbergia (EIA, 2016) (Figure 2). Of these 16Dalbergia species, 7 come from Asia (D.odorifera, D. cultrata, D. fusca, D. latifolia, D. bariensis, D. cochinchinensis, D. oliveri), 2 from Africa (D.melanoxylon, D. louvelli) and 7 from Latin America (D. nigra, D. spruceana, D. stevensonii, D. cearensis, D.frutescens,D.granadillo,D.retusa)(EIA,2016).OnlyD.cochinchinensis,D. louvelli,D.nigra,D.stevensonii,D.granadilloandD.retusaareregulatedbyCITES.FarmoreDalbergiaspeciesarepresentlytradedthanthoseCITES-listed.However,informationontradeflowsisnoteasilyavailable.

Other LatinAmerica Africa Asia

Figure2.Chinahongmulogimportsbyregionoforigin(Source:EIA,2016).According to theCITESTradeDatabase ,a totalof28,288.45m3ofDalbergiawoodproductsand140 tweretradedbetween2005and2014(UNEP-WCMC,2016a);thenumberofDalbergiaspeciesintradeincreasedfrom1to6(duetothefactthatnewspecieswerelistedintheCITESAppendices),thenumberofrecordsoftradealso increased from aminimum of 64 in 2006 to amaximum of 220 in 2013 (Figure 3) and the number ofimportingcountriesfluctuatedfromaminimumof20toamaximumof35importingcountriesin2013.

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Figure3.AnnualtransactionsofDalbergiaspp.products:yearrange2005-2014(Source:UNEP-WCMC,2016a).

AccordingtoUNEP-WCMC(2015),EuropeanimportersreportedtradeinsawntimberofD.nigra,D.retusa,andD.stevensoniifromSouthandCentralAmerica.ThemainexportercountrieswereGuatemala(D.stevensonii),Belize(D.stevensonii)andBrazil(D.nigra)forcommercialpurpose,andD.retusafromCostaRicaforpersonalpurpose. Between 2004 and 2013 exports from South and Central America to the rest of the world werereported inD. granadillo, D. nigra, D. retusa,D. stevensonii andDalbergia spp., except for 2005 and 2006.CommercialtradewaspredominantlyintimberwithsomeadditionalcommercialtradeinveneersandcarvingsofD.nigra(UNEP-WCMC,2015).According to The National Forest Institute of Guatemala (INAB, 2015), for the year 2014, Dalbergia timberproducts(logs,tables,sawnwoodandfurniture)ofD.calycina,D.cubilquitzensis,D.stevensoniiandDalbergiaspp.havebeencommercializedandexportedoutsidethecountry.Consulted the CITES Trade Database (UNEP-WCMC, 2016b) Guatemala reported the export of 463.79m3 ofsawnwoodofDalbergiaspp.duringtheperiod2011-2014.Allexportsweredoneundersourcecode“W”(wild)andwith“T”purpose(commercial).Dalbergiamelanoxylon is principally viable for commercial timber extraction only in southeast Tanzania andnorthernMozambique(Jenkinsetal.,2012).BasedonofficialrecordsofMozambicantimberexports,thetotalconsumptionoftimber(notonlyD.melanoxylon)domesticallyandforexportwas727,000m³oflogsequivalentin 2012 (FAEF, 2013). Timber imports toChina fromMozambique increasedaround seven-fold in the last 10years, the figures given by Chang & Peng (2015) for imported Dalbergia melanoxylon timber (round woodequivalents)intoChinaaremorethan5,000m3in2004andmorethan33,000m3in2013.

6.3 Partsandderivativesintrade

InGuatemala,logsandsawnwoodofDalbergiatimbertreespeciesarethemainproductsintheinternationaltrade, butwooden furniture, firewood, tables and finished items manufactured (doors, frames, board) andhandicrafts are also found in the national and international trade (CONAP, 2015; INAB, 2015; UNEP-WCMC,2016b).

69 6481

95 99110 107

123

220

181

0

50

100

150

200

250

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

11

With an exception forD. nigra, the CITES trade database shows that almost all the exports in CITES listedDalbergia species reportedby range states for theperiod2000-2015are identifiedas logs, timber and sawnwood(UNEP-WCMC,2016c).WoodcarvingsofD.nigraanAppendixIspeciesfromBrazilaretradedinternationally(UNEP-WCMC,2016a).D. melanoxylon is a favourite wood for musical instruments, especially wind-instruments such as clarinets,oboes, flutes and bagpipes, because of its dark colour, stability and clearness of tone. Jenkins et al., (2012)reportedastabledemandforthis industryof255m3peryear.Usuallythewoodforthispurpose isexportedsemi-processedasbillets.In1999itwasestimatedthat250,000piecesofcarvingwereexportedwithavalueofUS$970,000. In the past Senegal, Kenya andMalawi produced considerable amounts of African blackwood,especially for thecarving industry,butstandshavebeendepletedconsiderablyandcarversoftenchangedtootherwoodsorusedAfricanblackwoodfromTanzania(inKenya)orMozambique(inMalawi)(Lemmens,2008).DestructiveuseinKitui,KwaleandMakuenihasincludeddigginguptherootstomaketallthincarvings.MostcarversnowbuytheirDalbergiamelanoxylonwoodfromtraderswhocrosstheborderfromTanzania.

6.4 Illegaltrade

The trade inHongmuDalbergia species has increasedmanifold in the past few years causing an increase inillegal trade. All Hongmu source countries in theMekong region have strict log export bans and trade in anumberofthemorethreatenedspeciesiscompletelyprohibited.Despitetheseprovisions,illegalcross-borderlogand sawn timber trade isevidentacross theMekong (EIA,2016). The sameoccurs inWestAfrica,wheremost countries have adopted total bans on harvesting and export and in Latin America, despite severalmoratoriums on exports and recent CITES listings, the illegal trade in Hongmu species is still rampant (EIA,2016).

IllegalloggingisaprevalentprobleminCentralAmerica.Forinstance,itwasestimatedin2003thatupto85%ofthetotalharvestinbroadleafforestsinHonduraswasillegal.Thereisverylittleinformationonthevolumeofinternational tradealthoughcocobolowood isavailable fromnumerous sourcesonline (Jenkinsetal., 2012).Extensiveillegaltradeinrosewoodshasbeenreported,raisingconcernsthatithasacceleratedinrecentyears(Jenkins et al., 2012). Seizures of illegally trafficked timber in Guatemala suggest that there is an organizedsmuggling ring capable of exporting large quantities. The demand for D. retusa from the Darien Region ofPanamahasbeendescribedas“outofcontrol”with“hundredsofsettlers looting”thespecies(Jenkinsetal.,2012).Duringtheperiod2011-2014,38shipmentsandvehicles,withatotalamountof906.244m3ofDalbergiatimber(mainlytrunks,flitchesandtables)ofD.stevensonii,D.retusaandDalbergiaspp. (reportedasrosul)of illegaloriginwereconfiscatedinGuatemala(almosttwotimestheCITEStimberreportedaslegallyexportedforthesame period). With the exception of two shipments destined to Honduras and El Salvador, all the othershipmentsweredestinedtoAsia.Dalbergia stevensoniiwas once locally common in Belize, then faced with rapidly declining stocks, Belizeprohibitedallrawrosewoodexportsin1992butliftedthebanin1996.Localestimatesin2010suggestedalossof 90 per cent of historical rosewood stands and in 2012, Belize enacted amoratorium on the harvest andexportofrosewoodspecies.Despitethisprogressivemove,theillegalharvestofthespecieshascontinued(EIA,2016).D.granadillo started tobe logged in all the sierrasofMichoacán,Mexico in2012where it is sold forUS$2,500/m3. An environment authority said that a ship container is sold to Asian buyers for US$50,000(PROCESO,2014).In Mexico the seizures ofD. granadillo sawn wood destined for the Asian market increased twofold from318.077m3in2012to727.703m3in2014(PROFEPA,2014).InrecentyearsMadagascarhasexperiencedveryhighlevelsofillegalloggingofeboniesandrosewoodsfromitsrainforestnationalparks,particularlysinceacoupd’étatinMarch2009.Thisillegallogginghasbeendescribed

12

asthemostseverethreattoMadagascar’snorth-easternrainforests.Thevastquantitiesbeingfelledhavebeenvaluedat severalhundredmillionUSdollars’worthextractedduring2009.Thereareestimatesof100–200treesbeingfelleddailywithacollectivevalueofuptoUS$460,000/day.Mostoftherosewoodbeingextractedis destined for Asianmarkets, for luxury furniture. Foreign traders and local traders dubbed ‘timber barons’dominate the illegal loggingwith thevastmajority (Jenkinsetal.,2012). IllegalPreciousWoodtradeappearsfrom this brief look (anecdotally) to have been accelerating in the last few years, particularly for rosewoodspecies.ItmaybethecasethattheveryrecentescalationinillegalrosewoodextractionfromCentralAmericaisduetoMadagascarclampingdownontheillegalrosewoodtradefrom2010andthereforethissupplydryingupfor the Asianmarket. Areas where rosewood used to occur closer to China have been all but exhausted ofrosewood,withestimatesfromtradersthatthespecieshasjustfiveyearsleft.Thisrosewoodtradeappearstohavebeenacceleratinginthelastfewyears,particularly‘specieshopping’and‘sourceareashifting’isatrendthathasbeenknownaboutandcommenteduponformanyyears(Jenkinsetal.,2012).Species shifting, as species become commercially extinct, is a common practice. For instance, with thecommercial extinction of D. odorifera in China and Pterocarpus santalinus in India, the trade in D.cochinchinensisgrewrapidlyanditbecamethemostsought-afterHongmuspeciesglobally(EIA,2016). AsD.cochinchinensiswasoverexploitedthemainspeciesnowdominatingtheHongmutradeinSouth-EastAsiaareD.oliveri,D.bariensis,Pterocarpusmacrocarpus,andP.pedatus(EIA,2016).In2014,anestimated229,796m3ofD.oliverilogsweretradedinternationally(EIA,2016).MoreandmorespeciesofDalbergiaareenteringthetradeworldwideasstocksofonceabundantspeciesarebeingdepleted.

Hongmu trade is also linked to and drives violence in source and transit countries. InWest Africa, Hongmuspecies are known as “blood timbers” due to connections between illegal Hongmu trade and rebel groupuprisings; for example, in the Senegalese Casamance, in Côte d’Ivoire and in northern Nigeria in territoriescontrolled by the Muslim extremist group Boko Haram. In Thailand, more than 150 forest rangers, police,soldiers and illegal loggers have been killed in gunfights during rosewood enforcement operations in recentyears(EIA,2016).Traffickersexploitanylegalloopholetosmuggleillegaltimber.Traffickershaverepeatedlytakenadvantageofthe current gaps in the CITES listings, misdeclaring Dalbergia retusa as the unregulated and similar-lookingDalbergia bariensis in violation of national moratoriums and CITES listings (EIA, 2016). In Guatemala, thedocuments accompanying rosewood shipments often recorded the export as recycling material (such ascardboard,junkorscrapmetal)orothertimberspecies,suchasCupressus,DialiumandMiroxylum.InMexico,D.granadillo logsaremixedwithother species in ship containers todisguise the shipments fromauthoritiessincetherearenopermitstologthisprotectedspecies(PROCESO,2014).

6.5 ActualorpotentialtradeimpactsDalbergiaspecieshavearelativelowregenerationrateandtheabsenceofcertaindiameterclasses(70-100cm)and the low density of population of certain diameter classes (20-30, 40-50) further disturbs the health ofregeneration.Wastagemaybeashighas70-80%asonlythefineststraightgrainlogsareusedinmakingbarsformarimbasandxylophones (Kline,1980).Thetreesareslow in formingheartwood,soeven large logs losemuchoftheirvolumewhenthesapwoodisremoved(NAS,1979).Thecuttingofexploitableindividualsinthewildisthemaincauseofthisdisturbance;harvestingforexportationcouldslownaturalregenerationandtheinternational trade has therefore promoted cutting of great manyDalbergia spp., leading to the decline ofpopulationsinsideandoutsideprotectedareas.

7.Legalinstruments

7.1National

Most range states have different legal instruments for the protection and conservation of the species, theirhabitat,declarationofprotectedareas,measurescontrollinglogging,use,importorexport.

13

7.2International

CITES regulates 61 species ofDalbergia: 1 species in Appendix I, 55 species in Appendix II and 5 species inAppendixIII:

Species Appendix Country Annotation

AppendixI AppendixII AppendixIII

D.nigra Brazil D.cochichinensis Thailand#5 D.abrahamii,D.andapensis,D.aurea,D.baronii,D.bathiei,D.bojeri,D.brachystachya,D.bracteolata,D.campenonii,D.capuronii,D.catipenonii,D.chapelieri,D.chlorocarpa,D.davidii,D.delphinensis,D.emirnensis,D.erubescens,D.gautieri,D.glaberrima,D.glaucocarpa,D.greveana,D.hildebrandtii,D.hirticalyx,D.humbertii,D.hutibertii,D.lemurica,D.louvelii,D.madagascariensis,D.malacophylla,D.manongarivensis,D.marítima,D.masoalensis,D.mollis,D.montícola,D.neoperrieri,D.nigra,D.normandii,D.occulta,D.orientalis,D.peltieri,D.pervillei,D.pseudobaronii,D.pseudoviguieri,D.purpurascens,D.suaresensis,D.trichocarpa,D.tricolor,D.tsaratananensis,D.tsiandalana,D.urschii,D.viguieri,D.xerophila

Madagascar#5

D.granadillo,D.retusa,D.stevensonii

Belize,CostaRica,ElSalvador,Guatemala,Honduras,Mexico,Nicaragua,Panama#6

D.darienensis Panama#2

D.calycina,D.cubilquitzensis,D.glomerata Guatemala#6

D.tucurensis Nicaragua#6

Annotations:#2Allpartsandderivativesexceptseedsandpollenandfinishedproductspackagedandreadyforretailtrade;#5logs,sawnwoodandveneersheets;#6logs,sawnwood,veneersheetsandplywood.8.Speciesmanagement

8.1Managementmeasures

Most range states have different kinds of management measures for either the species, protected areas,logging,useorexport.

8.2Populationmonitoring

VeryfewreportshavebeenpublishedonpopulationmonitoringalthoughtwoexistforGuatemala(InventarioNacionaldeEspeciesForestalesEstratégicaporlaConvenciónCITES-FaseIyFaseII;FNPV,2015).FAUSAC-FNPV(2015)isdoinganongoingpopulationmonitoring.

8.3Controlmeasures

8.3.1National

Most range states have different legal instruments for the protection and conservation of the species, theirhabitat,declarationofprotectedareas,logging,use,importorexport.

14

8.3.2International

CITES regulates 61 species ofDalbergia: 1 species in Appendix I, 55 species in Appendix II and 5 species inAppendixIII(seesection7.2)

8.4Artificialpropagation

Due to thevalueof their timber,NAS (1979) recommended thateffortbemade toextendDalbergia speciescultivations.Guatemalahasregistersofplantationsof:D.retusaandD.stevensonii(INAB,2012;FNPV,2012).D.retusawasincluded inplantation trialsofnativepreciouswood species inCostaRica,which started in1992 (Fonseca&Chinchilla,2002;Fonsecaetal.,2002).Inmanagedplantations,treesmayreach13cmDBHand8minheightafter17years (Marín&Flores,2003andreferencestherein).Dalbergia treeshavebeenfoundtogrowatanaveragerateof1.1m/yearinheight(Knowles&Leopold,1997).Laos andThailandhave trial plots of D. cochinchinensis (CITESCOP16Prop. 60). InMadagascar propagationtrialsfromcuttingsandbylayeringproducedsatisfactoryresultsforD.monticola(CITESCOP16Prop63).Thereare records of artificial propagation ofD.melanoxylon in plantations in Kenya and Tanzania (Gregory et al.,1999).

8.5Habitatconservation

ManyspeciesofDalbergiaexistwithinnaturalprotectedareasintheirrespectiverangestates.

9.Informationonsimilarspecies

ManyDalbergiaspecieshavethesamewoodanatomyandtheprocessof identificationofdifferentspeciesisvery difficult because of the hardness of thewood in the process of preparing thin sections formicroscopicanalysys(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015;McLureetal.,2015).The timberofD. retusa is likely tobeconfusedwithD. stevensoniandD. tucurensis (Wiedenhoeft,2011).D.retusacanbemosteasilyseparatedfromthembyitsdistinctreddish-orangecolor,butalsoitscomparativelackof paratracheal parenchyma and distinct abundance of diffuse-in-aggregate parenchyma; this require strongtechnical knowledge (Wiedenhoeft, 2011). D. tucurensis and D. stevensonii cannot usually be definitivelyseparated (Wiedenhoeft, 2011). The two species can be distinguished by means of density that requiresaccurateweightandvolumemeasures (Wiemann&Ruffinatto,2012).D. retusawood isdenserandstrongerthan Brazilian rosewood D. nigra (SCMRE, 2002). D. tiralana can be confused with D. stevensonii (Zamora,2000).ThetimberofD.granadillo(rangeStatesElSalvadorandMexico)isnotdistinguishablefromthatofD.retusa(Record&Hess,1943;Richter,2006).Althoughithasthecommonname”granadillo”,itisoftentradedunderthe name ”cocobolo” (Richter, 2006). The inclusion in CITES Appendix II of the whole genus is thereforeproposedforlook-alikereasons.Mexico alsomade recommendations to the CITES Plants Committee for the evaluation of look-alike speciesfrom the genus, due to the difficulty that differentiation of CITES-listed and non-listed Dalbergia speciespresentsforimplementationoftheConvention(PC22Doc.22.4),aproblemalsonotedbyotherPartiesintheregion(PC22Doc.17.2;UNEP-WCMC,2015).

10.Consultations

15

11.AdditionalremarksTradeinDalbergiaspecieshasbeenincreasingformanyyearsandmoreandmorespeciesarebeingloggedandtradedinternationally,mostoftheseillegally.Severalfactorsarecausingmajorproblemsforenforcementauthoritiestocomplycorrectly with the actual CITES listings. For example, the difficulty in differentiating between Dalbergia species wasdiscussedinsection9,andmanyshipmentsareonlyidentifiedasDalbergiaspp.forwhichthereisnowayofknowingifit includes only CITES-listed Dalbergia species or illegal non-listed Dalbergia species. It has been recognized thatenforcementandtracking/reportingofDalbergiaspeciesintradeishamperedbytheuseofcommontradenames,suchas“rosewood”asitcanrelatetoCITES-listedDalbergiaspeciesandtomanynon-listedDalbergiaspeciesorspeciesfromdifferentCITESornon-listedgenera(PC22Doc17.6).IthasbeenrecognizedaswelltheproblemtoidentifybetweenDalbergiaandothertimberlook-alikespeciesorimprovetestingtodifferentiatebetweenlistedandnon-listedDalbergiaspeciesandlook-alikespecies.Forexample,thegeneraPterocarpusspp.andMachaeriumspp.arecloselyrelatedtoDalbergiawhileotherlook-alikegeneraincludeDicoryniaspp.,Caesalpiniaspp.,andSwartziaspp.(PC22Doc17.6).Theseandotherproblemshavebeendiscussedbyseveralexpertsandworkinggroups,includingdiscussionsatthelastPlantsCommitteemeetinginTbilisi,Georgia.TheCommitteenoteddocumentPC22Doc.17.6.ontheimplementationofthe Convention forDalbergia spp., presented by the representatives from the European region. The Committee alsonoted document PC22 Doc. 22.4 and supported its submission for consideration by the Conference of the Parties,includingrecommendations9and10:

“9.TotakenoteoftheadvancesmadebyMexicowithrespecttotheevaluationoftimberspeciesofthegenusDalbergia, andalsoof theprincipaldifficulties that theCITESAuthoritiesofMexicohaveencountered in theimplementationofthelistingsofDalbergiaspp.inAppendixII(para.3).10.Consideringthattodatethereisnoreliablemethod(noronetriedoutbyCustomsofficials)toidentifyatanintra-species levelthewoodfromspecimensofDalbergia,andthatthismaycauseproblemsin implementingthe listings of Dalbergia in Appendix II, to develop recommendations on the appropriateness of listing thethirteenremainingMexicantimberspeciesinAppendixII,andinthatcontexttoconsiderothertimberspeciesofDalbergiathatmightbesuitableforthesametreatment,inaccordancewiththeruleonlistingoflook-alikespecies(inlinewithArticleII,para.2b.oftheConvention).”

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13.ListofAnnexesAnnex1.Annex2

Annex1.ChecklistofacceptednamesandsynonymsofthegenusDalbergiaaccordingto“ThePlantList”;acceptednamesarepresentedinboldromantypeandsynonymsarepresentedinitalictype(www.theplantlist.org,accessedonlineon10April2016).AllNames Acceptednames

DalbergiaabbreviataCraib

DalbergiaabrahamiiBosser&R.Rabev.

DalbergiaacaciifoliaDalzell Dalbergiapinnatavar.acaciifolia(Dalzell)Thoth.

DalbergiaacariianthaHarms

DalbergiaacutaBenth.

DalbergiaacutifoliolataMendonca&Sousa

DalbergiaadamiBerhaut

DalbergiaafzelianaG.Don

DalbergiaafzeliiBaker Amerimnonafzelii(Baker)Kuntze

DalbergiaagudeloiJ.Linares&M.Sousa

DalbergiaajudanaHarms

DalbergiaalbertisiiPrain

DalbergiaalbifloraHutch.&Dalziel

Dalbergiaalbiflorasubsp.albiflora DalbergiaalbifloraHutch.&Dalziel

DalbergiaaltissimaBakerf.

Dalbergiaamazonica(Radlk.)Ducke

DalbergiaambongoensisBaill. DalbergiagreveanaBaill.

DalbergiaamerimmonL.exB.D.Jacks.

DalbergiaamerimnumBenth. Dalbergiabrownei(Jacq.)Urb.

DalbergiaandapensisBosser&R.Rabev.

DalbergiaangustifoliaHassk. MillettiasericeaBenth.

DalbergiaarboreaB.Heyne DalbergialanceolariaL.f.

DalbergiaarboreaWilld. Pongamiapinnata(L.)Pierre

DalbergiaarbutifoliaBaker

Dalbergiaarbutifoliasubsp.aberransPolhill

Dalbergiaarbutifoliasubsp.arbutifolia DalbergiaarbutifoliaBaker

DalbergiaarmataE.Mey.

Dalbergiaassamica"Benth.,p.p." DalbergiasericeaG.Don

DalbergiaassamicaBenth.

DalbergiaatropurpureaDucke Dalbergiafoliosa(Benth.)A.M.Carvalho

DalbergiaaturensisPittier DalbergiainundataBenth

DalbergiaaureaBosser&R.Rabev.

DalbergiabakeriBaker

DalbergiabalansaePrain

DalbergiabarclayiHook. Munduleabarclayi(Hook.)DuPuy.

DalbergiabarclayiiHook.[Spellingvariant] Munduleabarclayi(Hook.)DuPuy.

DalbergiabariensisPierre

DalbergiabaroniiBaker

DalbergiabarretoanaHoehne Dalbergiavillosavar.barretoana

DalbergiabathieiR.Vig.

DalbergiabeccariiPrain

DalbergiabeddomeiThoth.

DalbergiabenthamiPrain[Spellingvariant] DalbergiabenthamiiPrain

DalbergiabenthamiiPrain

DalbergiabernieriBaill. DalbergiasuaresensisBaill.

Dalbergiaberteroi(DC.)Urb.

DalbergiabhutanicaThoth. DalbergiaassamicaBenth

DalbergiabignonaeBerhaut

DalbergiabintuluensisSunarno&Ohashi

DalbergiablumeiHassk. Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain

Dalbergiaboehmiisubsp.boehmii DalbergiaboehmiiTaub.

Dalbergiaboehmiisubsp.stuhlmannii(Taub.)Polhill

DalbergiaboehmiiTaub.

DalbergiaboinensisJum. DalbergiatrichocarpaBaker

DalbergiaboiviniiBaill. DalbergiahildebrandtiiVatke

DalbergiabojeriDrake

DalbergiabonianaGagnep.

DalbergiaborneensisPrain

DalbergiabrachystachyaBosser&R.Rabev.

DalbergiabracteolataBaker

DalbergiabrasiliensisVogel

DalbergiabrevicaudataVatke Craibiabrevicaudata(Vatke)Dunn

Dalbergiabrownei(Jacq.)"Schinz,p.p." Dalbergiaecastaphyllum(Jacq.)Urb..

Dalbergiabrownei(Jacq.)Schinz[Spellingvariant] Dalbergiabrownie(Jacq.)Urb.

Dalbergiabrownei(Jacq.)Urb.

DalbergiaburmanicaPrain

DalbergiacalderoniiStandl.

Dalbergiacalderoniivar.calderonii DalbergiacalderoniiStandl.

DalbergiacalycinaBenth.

DalbergiacambodianaPierre

DalbergiacampechianaBenth. Dalbergiaglabra(Mill.)Standl.

DalbergiacampenoniiDrake

DalbergiacanaKurz

Dalbergiacandenatensis(Dennst.)Prain

Dalbergiacanescens(Elmer)Merr.

DalbergiacapuroniiBosser&R.Rabev.

DalbergiacarringtonianaSousa

DalbergiacassioidesA.Gray Dalbergiamimosella(Blanco)Prain.

DalbergiacatingicolaHarms

DalbergiacaudataG.Don

DalbergiacavalerieiH.Lév. DalbergiastenophyllaPrain.

DalbergiacearensisDucke

DalbergiachampioniiThwaites Dalbergiapseudo\sissooMiq.

DalbergiachapelieriBaill.

DalbergiachermezoniiR.Vig. Dalbergiamollisvar.menabeensis(R.Vig.)Bosser&R.Rabev.

DalbergiachlorocarpaR.Vig.

DalbergiachontalensisStandl.&L.O.Williams

DalbergiacibixPittier Dalbergiaglabra(Mill.)Standl.

DalbergiaclarkeiThoth.

DalbergiacloiseliiDrake Dalbergiamadagascariensisvar.poolii(Baker)Bosser&R.Rabev.

DalbergiacochinchinenisLaness.

DalbergiacochinchinensisPierre

Dalbergiacolettii"Prain,p.p." Dalbergiayunnanensisvar.collettii(Prain)Thoth.

DalbergiacollettiiPrain DalbergiayunnanensisFranch.

DalbergiacommiphoroidesBakerf.

DalbergiacomorensisBosser&R.Rabev.

Dalbergiaconfertiflora"Benth.,p.p." DalbergiavolubilisRoxb.

DalbergiaconfertifloraBenth.

Dalbergiaconfertifloravar.confertiflora DalbergiacuiabensisBenth

DalbergiacongensisBakerf.

DalbergiacongestaWight&Arn.

DalbergiacongestifloraPittier

DalbergiacoromandelianaPrain

DalbergiacrispaHepper

Dalbergiacubilquitzensis(Donn.Sm.)Pittier

DalbergiacucullataPittier

DalbergiacuiabensisBenth.

DalbergiacujabensisBenth.[Spellingvariant] DalbergiacuiabensisBenth

DalbergiacultrataBenth.

Dalbergiacultratavar.cultrata DalbergiacultrataBenth

DalbergiacumingianaBenth.

DalbergiacumingiiBenth. DalbergiaparvifloraRoxb.

DalbergiacurtisiiPrain

Dalbergiacuscatlanica(Standl.)Standl.

DalbergiadalzieliiHutch.&Dalziel

DalbergiadarienensisRudd

DalbergiadavaoensisElmer Dalbergiamimosella(Blanco)Prain

DalbergiadavidiiBosser&R.Rabev.

DalbergiadebilisJ.F.Macbr.

DalbergiadecipularisRizzini&A.Mattos

DalbergiadelavayiFranch. Cladrastisdelavayi(Franch.)Prain

DalbergiadelphinensisBosser&R.Rabev.

DalbergiadensaBenth.

Dalbergiadensavar.densa DalbergiadensaBenth

DalbergiadensicomaBaill. DalbergiapervilleiVatke.

Dalbergiadensiflora(Benth.)Benth.

Dalbergiadialoides(Pierre)Niyomdham

DalbergiadiphacaPers. Ormocarpumcochinchinense(Lour.)Merr.

DalbergiadiscolorBlume

DalbergiadiscolorBlumeexMiq. Amerimnondiscolor(BlumeexMiq.)Kuntze.

DalbergiadiversifoliaMiq. Dalbergiapseudo\sissooMiq.

DalbergiadomingensisPers. Lonchocarpusdomingensis(Pers.)DC.

DalbergiadongnaiensisPierre

DalbergiaduarensisThoth.

DalbergiadubiaElmer Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain

DalbergiaduperreanaPierre

DalbergiadyerianaHarms

DalbergiaealaensisDeWild.

Dalbergiaecastaphylla(L.)Taub.[Spellingvariant] Dalbergiaecastaphyllum(Jacq.)Urb.

Dalbergiaecastaphyllum(L.)Taub.

Dalbergiaecastophyllum(L.)Taub.[Spellingvariant] Dalbergiaecastaphyllum(Jacq.)Urb.

DalbergiaelataHarms DalbergiaboehmiiTaub.

DalbergiaelegansA.M.Carvalho

DalbergiaemarginataPrain DalbergiasissoidesWight&Arn.

DalbergiaemarginataRoxb. DalbergialatifoliaRoxb.

DalbergiaemirnensisBenth.

Dalbergiaemirnensisvar.emirnensis DalbergiaemirnensisBenth

DalbergiaenneandraHoehne Dalbergiariedelii(Benth.)Sandwith.

DalbergiaenneaphyllaPittier

DalbergiaentadoidesPrain

DalbergiaeremicolaPolhill

Dalbergiaernest-uleiHoehne

DalbergiaerransCraib

DalbergiaerubescensBosser&R.Rabev.

DalbergiaeurybothryaDrake DalbergiagreveanaBaill.

DalbergiafalcataPrain

DalbergiaferrugineaGlaz. DalbergiaglazioviiHarms.

DalbergiaferrugineaRoxb. DalbergiastipulaceaRoxb.

Dalbergiaferrugineavar.daronensisElmer DalbergiastipulaceaRoxb.

Dalbergiaferrugineo-tomentosaHoehne DalbergiacuiabensisBenth

DalbergiafischeriTaub.

DalbergiaflexuosaBenth. DalbergiareniformisRoxb.

DalbergiafloribundaCraib

DalbergiafloriferaDeWild.

Dalbergiafoliacea"Prain,p.p." DalbergiaentadoidesPrain.

DalbergiafoliaceaBenth. Dalbergiarimosavar.foliacea(Benth.)Thoth.

DalbergiafoliolosaBenth.

Dalbergiafoliosa(Benth.)A.M.Carvalho

Dalbergiafoliosa(Benth.)T.S.Ralph Dalbergiafoliosa(Benth.)A.M.Carvalho

DalbergiaforbesiiPrain

DalbergiafouilloyanaPellegr.

DalbergiafrondosaDC. DalbergialanceolariaL.f.

Dalbergiafrutescens(Vell.)Britton

Dalbergiafrutescensvar.frutescens Dalbergiafrutescens(Vell.)Britton

Dalbergiafrutescensvar.tomentosa(Vogel)Benth.

DalbergiafuneraStandl.

DalbergiafuscaPierre

DalbergiafuscaPrain DalbergiacultrataBenth

Dalbergiafuscavar.enneandraS.Q.Zou&J.H.Liu DalbergiafuscaPierre

DalbergiagardnerianaBenth.

DalbergiagentiliiDeWild.

DalbergiagerardianaBenth.[Spellingvariant] DalbergiagardnerianaBenth

DalbergiagilbertiiCronquist

DalbergiagilletiiDeWild. DalbergiahostilisBenth

DalbergiaglaberrimaBosser&R.Rabev.

Dalbergiaglaberrimasubsp.glaberrima DalbergiaglaberrimaBosser&R.Rabev.

Dalbergiaglabra(Mill.)Standl.

Dalbergiaglabravar.chontalensis(Standl.&L.O.Williams)Rudd

DalbergiachontalensisStandl.&L.O.Williams.

Dalbergiaglabravar.glabra Dalbergiaglabra(Mill.)Standl.

DalbergiaglandulosaBenth.

Dalbergiaglauca(Desv.)Amshoff Dalbergiafoliosa(Benth.)A.M.Carvalho

DalbergiaglaucaKurz Dalbergiaobtusifolia(Baker)Prain

DalbergiaglaucaWall. DalbergiaovataBenth

Dalbergiaglaucescens(Benth.)Benth.

DalbergiaglaucocarpaBosser&R.Rabev.

DalbergiaglazioviiHarms

DalbergiaglomerataHemsl.

DalbergiaglomerifloraKurz Dalbergiaovatavar.glomeriflora(Kurz)Thoth.

DalbergiagodefroyiPrain

DalbergiagoetzeiHarms DalbergiabracteolataBaker

DalbergiagossweileriBakerf.

DalbergiagracilisBenth.

DalbergiagranadilloPittier

DalbergiagrandibracteataDeWild.

DalbergiagrandidieriBaill. DalbergiabracteolataBaker

DalbergiagrandistipulaA.M.Carvalho

DalbergiagreveanaBaill.

DalbergiagummiferaDC. Ateleiagummifera(DC.)D.Dietr.

DalbergiaguttembergiiA.M.Carvalho

DalbergiahainanensisMerr.&Chun

DalbergiahanceiBenth.

DalbergiaharmsianaDeWild. DalbergiaboehmiiTaub.

DalbergiahavilandiPrain[Spellingvariant] DalbergiahavilandiiPrain

DalbergiahavilandiiPrain

DalbergiahemsleyiPrain Dalbergialanceolariasubsp.paniculata(Roxb.)Thoth.

DalbergiahenryanaPrain

DalbergiaheptaphyllaPoir. Lonchocarpusheptaphyllus(Poir.)DC.

DalbergiaheterophyllaWilld. DerristrifoliataLour.

DalbergiaheudelotiiStapf

DalbergiahiemalisMalme

Dalbergiahildebrandtiivar.hildebrandtii DalbergiahildebrandtiiVatke

Dalbergiahildebrandtiivar.scorpioides(Baker)Bosser&R.Rabev.

DalbergiahildebrandtiiVatke

DalbergiahircinaBenth. DalbergiasericeaG.Don.

DalbergiahircinaWall. DalbergiasericeaG.Don.

DalbergiahirticalyxBosser&R.Rabev.

DalbergiahookeriBojer Munduleasericeasubsp.madagascariensisDuPuy&Labat

Dalbergiahorrida(Dennst.)Mabb.

DalbergiahorridaGraham DalbergiaspinosaRoxb.

Dalbergiahorridavar.glabrescens(Prain)Thoth.&Nair

Dalbergiahorridavar.horrida Dalbergiahorrida(Dennst.)Mabb.

DalbergiahortensisHeringer&al.

DalbergiahoseanaPrain

DalbergiahostilisBenth.

DalbergiahullettiiPrain

DalbergiahumbertiiR.Vig.

DalbergiahupeanaHance

Dalbergiahupeanavar.hupeana DalbergiahupeanaHance

Dalbergiahygrophila(Benth.)Hoehne

Dalbergiahygrophilavar.nephrocarpa(Ducke)Hoehne

Dalbergiaamazonica(Radlk.)Ducke

DalbergiahypargyreaHarms Machaeriumfloribundumvar.hypargyreum(Harms)Rudd.

DalbergiahypoleucaPittier DalbergiaretusaHemsl.

DalbergiaikopensisJum. DalbergiagreveanaBaill.

Dalbergiainaequilatera(Poepp.)Wiehler ColumneainaequilateraPoepp.&Endl.

DalbergiainsularisPulle DalbergiabeccariiPrain.

DalbergiaintermediaA.M.Carvalho

DalbergiaintibucanaStandl.&L.O.Williams

DalbergiainundataBenth.

DalbergiaiquitosensisHarms

DalbergiaisaloensisR.Vig. DalbergiagreveanaBaill.

DalbergiaisangiensisDeWild. DalbergiasaxatilisHook.f.

DalbergiajaheriiBurck

DalbergiajavanicaMiq. DalbergiasissoidesWight&Arn.

DalbergiajingxiensisS.Y.Liu

Dalbergiajunghuhnii"Baker,p.p." DalbergiacurtisiiPrain

DalbergiajunghuhniiBenth.

DalbergiakerriiCraib

DalbergiakingianaPrain

DalbergiakisantuensisDeWild.&T.Durand

DalbergiakostermansiiSunarno&Ohashi

DalbergiakroweeRoxb. Derrisrobusta(DC.)Benth

DalbergiakunstleriPrain

DalbergiakurziiPrain

Dalbergiakurziivar.kurzii DalbergiakurziiPrain

DalbergialacciferaLaness. DalbergiaoliveriPrain

DalbergialaceiThoth.

DalbergialacteaVatke

DalbergialaevigataStandl. Acosmiumpanamense(Benth.)Yakovlev

DalbergialakhonensisGagnep.

Dalbergialakhonensisvar.lakhonensis DalbergialakhonensisGagnep.

Dalbergialanata(Seem.)Wiehler Columnealanata(Seem.)Kuntze

DalbergialanceolariaHemsl. DalbergiabalansaePrain

DalbergialanceolariaL.f.

DalbergialanceolariaLitv. Dalbergiamimosella(Blanco)Prain

DalbergialanceolariaMoon PericopsismoonianaThwaites

DalbergialanceolariaNav.&Ferdinand Dalbergiamimosella(Blanco)Prain

Dalbergialanceolariasubsp.lanceolaria DalbergialanceolariaL.f.

Dalbergialanceolariasubsp.paniculata(Roxb.)Thoth.

Dalbergialanceolariavar.assamica(Benth.)Thoth. DalbergiaassamicaBenth

Dalbergialanceolariavar.maymyensis(W.G.Craib)Thoth.

DalbergialastoursvillensisPellegr.

DalbergialaterifloraBenth.

DalbergialatifoliaRoxb.

Dalbergialatifoliavar.sissoides(Wight&Arn.)Baker DalbergiasissoidesWight&Arn.

DalbergialaurentiiDeWild. Aganopelucida(Baker)Polhill

DalbergialavigataStandl.[Spellingvariant] Acosmiumpanamense(Benth.)Yakovlev

DalbergialaxifloraMicheli

DalbergialemuricaBosser&R.Rabev.

DalbergialibrevillensisPellegr.

DalbergialimonensisBenth. DalbergiastipulaceaRoxb.

Dalbergialindeniana(Benth.)Hoehne MachaeriumlindenianumBenth

DalbergialineataPittier DalbergiaretusaHemsl.

Dalbergialivida"Wall.,p.p." Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain

DalbergialongepedunculataJ.Linares&M.Sousa

DalbergialouisiiCronquist

DalbergialouveliiR.Vig.

DalbergialuteolaJ.Linares&M.Sousa

DalbergialuzonensisVogel DalbergiastipulaceaRoxb.

Dalbergiamacrophylla(Kunth)Spreng. LonchocarpusmacrophyllusKunth

DalbergiamacrospermaBaker

DalbergiamacrothyrsaHarms DalbergiasaxatilisHook.f.

Dalbergiamadagascariensissubsp.madagascariensis DalbergiamadagascariensisVatke

Dalbergiamadagascariensisvar.poolii(Baker)Bosser&R.Rabev.

DalbergiamadagascariensisVatke

DalbergiamalabaricaPrain

DalbergiamalangensisSousa

DalbergiamalifoliaWelw.exBaker Amerimnonmalifolium(Welw.exBaker)Kuntze

DalbergiamammosaPierre

DalbergiamarcanianaCraib

DalbergiamarginataRoxb. Derrismarginata(Roxb.)Benth

DalbergiamaritimaR.Vig.

Dalbergiamaritimavar.maritima DalbergiamaritimaR.Vig.

DalbergiamartiniiF.White

DalbergiamaymensisCraib Dalbergialanceolariasubsp.paniculata(Roxb.)Thoth.

DalbergiamaymyensisW.G.Craib Dalbergialanceolariavar.maymyensis(W.G.Craib)Thoth.

DalbergiamayumbensisBakerf.

DalbergiamegalocarpaHarms Dalbergiaarbutifoliasubsp.aberransPolhill.

DalbergiamelanocardiumPittier

DalbergiamelanoxylonGuill.&Perr.

DalbergiamengsuoensisY.Y.Qian DalbergiarimosaRoxb.

DalbergiamenoeidesPrain

DalbergiamexicanaPittier

Dalbergiamexicanavar.hygrophila(Mart.exBenth.)J.F.Macbr.

Dalbergiahygrophila(Benth.)Hoehne.

DalbergiamicrocarpaBakerf. DalbergiamicrophyllaChiov.

DalbergiamicrocarpaR.Vig. DalbergiapeltieriBosser&R.Rabev.

DalbergiamicrophyllaChiov.

DalbergiamillettiiBenth.

DalbergiamillettiiPrain Dalbergiamillettiivar.mimosoides(Franch.)Thoth.

Dalbergiamillettiivar.mimosoides(Franch.)Thoth.

Dalbergiamimosella(Blanco)Prain

DalbergiamimosoidesFranch.

DalbergiaminahassaeKoord. Dalbergiamimosella(Blanco)Prain

DalbergiamiscolobiumBenth.

DalbergiamodestaJ.Linares&M.Sousa

DalbergiamollisBosser&R.Rabev.

Dalbergiamollisvar.menabeensis(R.Vig.)Bosser&R.Rabev.

Dalbergiamollisvar.mollis DalbergiamollisBosser&R.Rabev.

DalbergiamonetariaL.f.

Dalbergiamonetariavar.brachyphyllaRadlk. DalbergiamonetariaL.f.

Dalbergiamonetariavar.hygrophila(Benth.)J.F.Macbr.

Dalbergiahygrophila(Benth.)Hoehne.

Dalbergiamonetariavar.monetaria DalbergiamonetariaL.f.

DalbergiamonophyllaG.A.Black

DalbergiamonospermaDalzell Dalbergiacandenatensis(Dennst.)Prain

DalbergiamonticolaBosser&R.Rabev.

DalbergiamoonianaThwaites PericopsismoonianaThwaites.

DalbergiamultifloraB.Heyne Dalbergiahorrida(Dennst.)Mabb.

DalbergiamultifloraPrain Dalbergiahorrida(Dennst.)Mabb.

Dalbergiamultifloravar.glabrescensPrain Dalbergiahorridavar.glabrescens(Prain)Thoth.&Nair

DalbergiamultijugaE.Mey.

DalbergiamyriabotrysBaker DalbergiagreveanaBaill.

Dalbergianegrensis(Radlk.)Ducke

DalbergianelsiiSchinz Philenopteranelsii(Schinz)Schrire

DalbergianeoperrieriBosser&R.Rabev.

DalbergianephrocarpaDucke Dalbergiaamazonica(Radlk.)Ducke.

DalbergiangounyensisPellegr.

Dalbergianigra(Vell.)Benth.

DalbergianigrescensKurz Dalbergialanceolariasubsp.paniculata(Roxb.)Thoth.

Dalbergianitida(Benth.)Hoehne

DalbergianitidulaBaker

DalbergianoldeaeHarms

DalbergianormandiiBosser&R.Rabev.

Dalbergianovo-guineenseMerr.&L.M.Perry DalbergiabeccariiPrain

DalbergiaoblongifoliaG.Don

DalbergiaobovataE.Mey.

DalbergiaobtusaLecomte DalbergiapervilleiVatke

Dalbergiaobtusifolia(Baker)Prain

Dalbergiaobtusifoliavar.obtusifolia Dalbergiaobtusifolia(Baker)Prain

DalbergiaochraceaHarms DalbergiaarbutifoliaBaker

DalbergiaodoriferaT.C.Chen

DalbergiaoligophyllaHutch.&Dalziel

DalbergiaoliveriPrain

DalbergiaoojeinensisRoxb. Desmodiumoojeinense(Roxb.)H.Ohashi

DalbergiaorientalisBosser&R.Rabev.

DalbergiaovataBenth.

DalbergiaovataGraham DalbergiaovataBenth

Dalbergiaovatavar.glomeriflora(Kurz)Thoth.

Dalbergiaovatavar.obtusifoliaBaker Dalbergiaobtusifolia(Baker)Prain

Dalbergiaovatavar.ovata DalbergiaovataBenth

DalbergiaoxyphyllaHarms DalbergiacuiabensisBenth

Dalbergiapachycarpa(DeWild.&T.Durand)DeWild.

DalbergiapachycarpaDucke Dalbergiariedelii(Benth.)Sandwith

DalbergiapacificaStandl.&Steyerm. Dalbergiacuscatlanica(Standl.)Standl.

Dalbergiapalo-escritoRzed.

DalbergiapaniculataRoxb. Dalbergialanceolariasubsp.paniculata(Roxb.)Thoth.

DalbergiapapuanaPulle DalbergiaalbertisiiPrain

DalbergiaparvifloraRoxb.

DalbergiapaucifoliolataLundell

DalbergiapeguensisThoth.

DalbergiapeishaensisChun&T.Chen

DalbergiapeltieriBosser&R.Rabev.

DalbergiapentaphyllaPoir. Lonchocarpusheptaphyllus(Poir.)DC.

DalbergiaperrieriDrake DalbergiatrichocarpaBaker

DalbergiaperrieriJum. DalbergiagreveanaBaill.

DalbergiapervilleiVatke

DalbergiaphyllanthoidesMiq. DalbergiajunghuhniiBenth

DalbergiapierreanaPrain

DalbergiapinatubensisElmer Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain

Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain

Dalbergiapinnatavar.acaciifolia(Dalzell)Thoth.

Dalbergiapinnatavar.badiaMerr. Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain

Dalbergiapinnatavar.pinnata Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain

DalbergiaplurifloraBakerf.

DalbergiapolyadelphaPrain

DalbergiapolyphyllaBenth.

DalbergiapolyphyllaPoir. Glottidiumvesicarium(Jacq.)R.M.Harper

DalbergiapooliiBaker Dalbergiamadagascariensisvar.poolii(Baker)Bosser&R.Rabev.

DalbergiapraecoxHochst.exA.Rich. PterocarpuslucensGuill.&Perr.

DalbergiaprainiiThoth.

DalbergiaprazeriPrain DalbergiaoliveriPrain

DalbergiapreussiiHarms Dalbergiasaxatilisvar.preussii(Harms)Cronquist

Dalbergiapseudo-ovataThoth.

Dalbergiapseudo-sissooMiq.

DalbergiapseudobaroniiR.Vig.

DalbergiapterocarpifloraBaill. DalbergiachapelieriBaill.

DalbergiapterocarpifloraBaker DalbergiachapelieriBaill.

DalbergiapubescensHook. DalbergiasubcymosaDucke

DalbergiapurpurascensBaill.

Dalbergiapurpurea"Benth.,p.p." DalbergiavolubilisRoxb.

DalbergiapurpureaKurz DalbergiakurziiPrain

DalbergiapurpusiiBrandegee Dalbergiaglabra(Mill.)Standl.

DalbergiaradiataPrain Dalbergiapseudo-sissooMiq.

DalbergiareniformisRoxb.

DalbergiareticulataMerr.

DalbergiaretusaBaill. DalbergiapervilleiVatke

DalbergiaretusaHemsl.

Dalbergiaretusavar.lineata(Pittier)Rudd DalbergiaretusaHemsl.

Dalbergiaretusavar.retusa DalbergiaretusaHemsl.

DalbergiarevolutaDucke

DalbergiarhachiflexaJ.Linares&M.Sousa

DalbergiarichardiiBaill. DalbergiabracteolataBaker

DalbergiarichardsiiSunarno&Ohashi

Dalbergiariedelii(Benth.)Sandwith

DalbergiarimosaRoxb.

Dalbergiarimosavar.foliacea(Benth.)Thoth.

Dalbergiarimosavar.rimosa DalbergiarimosaRoxb.

Dalbergiariparia(Mart.)Benth.

DalbergiarivularisMerr.&L.M.Perry DalbergiastipulaceaRoxb.

DalbergiarobustaDC. Derrisrobusta(DC.)Benth

DalbergiaroseiHoehne DalbergialaterifloraBenth

DalbergiarostrataHassk.

DalbergiarostrataPrain Dalbergiapseudo-sissooMiq.

DalbergiarotundifoliaSond. Pterocarpusrotundifolius(Sond.)Druce

DalbergiarubiginosaRoxb.

DalbergiaruddiaeJ.Linares&M.Sousa

DalbergiarufaG.Don

DalbergiarufaGraham Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain

DalbergiarugosaHepper

DalbergiasacerdotumPrain

DalbergiasaigonensisPierre Dalbergianigrescensvar.saigonensis(Pierre)Gagnep.

DalbergiasalvanaturaeJ.Linares&M.Sousa

DalbergiasambesiacaSchinz

DalbergiasampaioanaKuhlm.&Hoehne

DalbergiasandakanensisSunarno&Ohashi

DalbergiasaxatilisHook.f.

Dalbergiasaxatilisvar.preussii(Harms)Cronquist

DalbergiascandensRoxb. Derrisscandens(Roxb.)Benth

DalbergiascorpioidesBaker Dalbergiahildebrandtiivar.scorpioides(Baker)Bosser&R.Rabev.

Dalbergiascortechinii(Prain)Prain

DalbergiasericeaBojer Munduleasericea(Willd.)A.Chev.

DalbergiasericeaG.Don

DalbergiasessilifloraHarms DalbergiaobovataE.Mey.

DalbergiasetiferaHutch.&Dalziel

DalbergiasimplicifoliaMerr. DalbergiarostrataHassk.

DalbergiasimpsoniiRudd

DalbergiasissoidesGraham DalbergiasissoidesWight&Arn.

DalbergiasissoidesWight&Arn.

DalbergiasissooDC.

DalbergiaspinosaRoxb.

DalbergiaspinosaWight&Arn. DalbergiacoromandelianaPrain

Dalbergiaspruceana(Benth.)Benth.

DalbergiastenocarpaKurz DalbergiasericeaG.Don

Dalbergiastenocarpavar.menabeensisR.Vig. Dalbergiamollisvar.menabeensis(R.Vig.)Bosser&R.Rabev.

Dalbergiastenocarpavar.typicaR.Vig. DalbergiamollisBosser&R.Rabev.

DalbergiastenophyllaPrain

DalbergiastercoraceaPrain

DalbergiastevensoniiStandl.

DalbergiastipulaceaRoxb.

Dalbergiastipulaceavar.stipulacea DalbergiastipulaceaRoxb.

DalbergiastipulaceaeFern.-Vill. DalbergiastipulaceaRoxb.

DalbergiastipulataWall. Amerimnonstipulatum(Wall.)Kuntze

DalbergiastocksiiBenth. DalbergiamelanoxylonGuill.&Perr.

DalbergiastriataBojer Munduleasericeasubsp.madagascariensis

DalbergiastuhlmanniiTaub. Dalbergiaboehmiisubsp.stuhlmannii

DalbergiasuaresensisBaill.

Dalbergiasubalternifolia(Elmer)Merr. DalbergiarostrataHassk.

DalbergiasubcymosaDucke

DalbergiasuccirubraGagnep.&Craib

DalbergiasuccirubraGagnepain&Craib Dalbergiavelutinavar.succirubra(Gagnepain&Craib)Niyomdham

DalbergiasympatheticaNimmo Dalbergiahorrida(Dennst.)Mabb.

DalbergiaszemaoensisPrain DalbergiaassamicaBenth

DalbergiatabascanaPittier Dalbergiaglabra(Mill.)Standl.

DalbergiatamarindifoliaRoxb. Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain

Dalbergiatamarindifoliavar.acaciifolia(Dalzell)Baker Dalbergiapinnatavar.acaciifolia(Dalzell)Thoth.

Dalbergiatamarindifoliavar.pubescensBaker DalbergiamalabaricaPrain

DalbergiateijsmanniiSunarno&Ohashi

DalbergiateixeiraeSousa

DalbergiatelfairiiBojer Munduleasericeasubsp.madagascariensisDuPuy&Labat

DalbergiathomsoniiBenth.

DalbergiathoreliiGagnep.

DalbergiatilaranaN.Zamora

DalbergiatimoriensisDC. Derrisscandens(Roxb.)Benth

DalbergiatingensBaill. RoureaorientalisBaill.

DalbergiatinnevelliensisThoth.

Dalbergiatomentosa(Benth.)Ducke DalbergiaintermediaA.M.Carvalho

DalbergiatomentosaVogel Dalbergiafrutescensvar.tomentosa(Vogel)Benth.

DalbergiatonkinensisPrain

DalbergiatortaA.Gray Dalbergiacandenatensis(Dennst.)Prain

DalbergiatortaGraham Dalbergiacandenatensis(Dennst.)Prain

DalbergiatoxicariaBaill. RoureaorientalisBaill.

DalbergiatravancoricaThoth.

DalbergiatrichocarpaBaker

DalbergiatricolorDrake

Dalbergiatricolorvar.tricolor DalbergiatricolorDrake

DalbergiatsaratananensisBosser&R.Rabev.

DalbergiatsiandalanaR.Vig.

DalbergiatsoiMerr.&Chun

DalbergiatucurensisDonn.Sm.

Dalbergiauarandensis(Chiov.)Thulin

DalbergiaurschiiBosser&R.Rabev.

DalbergiavacciniifoliaVatke

Dalbergiavariabilisvar.bahiensisHoehne DalbergiacearensisDucke

Dalbergiavariabilisvar.cubilquitzensisDonn.Sm. Dalbergiacubilquitzensis(Donn.Sm.)Pittier

Dalbergiavariabilisvar.tomentosa(Vogel)Benth. Dalbergiafrutescensvar.tomentosa(Vogel)Benth

DalbergiavariabilisVogel Dalbergiafrutescens(Vell.)Britton

DalbergiavelutinaBenth.

Dalbergiavelutinavar.succirubra(Gagnepain&Craib)Niyomdham

Dalbergiavelutinavar.velutina DalbergiavelutinaBenth

DalbergiaverrucosaCraib

DalbergiaviguieriBosser&R.Rabev.

Dalbergiavillosa(Benth.)Benth.

Dalbergiavillosavar.barretoana(Hoehne)A.M.Carvalho

Dalbergiavillosavar.divaricataHoehne Dalbergiavillosa(Benth.)Benth

Dalbergiavillosavar.villosa Dalbergiavillosa(Benth.)Benth

Dalbergiaviolacea(Jacq.)Hoffmanns. DalbergiamiscolobiumBenth

Dalbergiaviolacea(Vogel)Malme DalbergiamiscolobiumBenth

Dalbergiavolubilis(L.)Urb. DalbergiamonetariaL.f.

DalbergiavolubilisRoxb.

Dalbergiavolubilisvar.cuspidigeraHoehne DalbergiamonetariaL.f.

Dalbergiavolubilisvar.volubilis DalbergiavolubilisRoxb.

DalbergiawattiiC.B.Clarke

DalbergiaxerophilaBosser&R.Rabev.

DalbergiaximengensisY.Y.Qian

DalbergiayunnanensisFranch.

Dalbergiayunnanensisvar.collettii(Prain)Thoth.

Dalbergiayunnanensisvar.yunnanensis DalbergiayunnanensisFranch.

1www.tropicos.org2www.iucnredlist.org3Sahaetal.,20134Grandter&Chevrette,20135Shu,T.H.,2010

Annex 2. Distribution of accepted species names of the genusDalbergia according to “TheInternationalLegumeDatabaseandInformationService”(ILDIS,2013).Note.DifferentreferencesourceswerealsoutilisedandthoseareindicatedbyspecificnumbersaftertheISOcodesofcountriesmentionedinAnnex2.

ACCEPTEDSPECIESNAMES RANGESTATESDalbergiaabbreviataCraib THDalbergiaabrahamiiBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiaacariianthaHarms TZDalbergiaacutaBenth. BRDalbergiaacutifoliolataMendonca&Sousa ZMDalbergiaadamiBerhaut SNDalbergiaafzelianaG.Don AO,CM,CF,CD,GA,GN,GW,NG,SL,TGDalbergiaagudeloiJ.Linares&M.Sousa SV1,GT1,HN1,NI1DalbergiaajudanaHarms BJDalbergiaalbertisiiPrain ID,PG,SBDalbergiaalbifloraHutch.&Dalziel CI,NG,SLDalbergiaaltissimaBakerf. VE1Dalbergiaamazonica(Radlk.)Ducke BR,CO4,FR1,GY,VEDalbergiaamerimmonL.exB.D.Jacks. US1DalbergiaandapensisBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiaarbutifoliaBaker MW,MZ,TZ,ZM,ZWDalbergiaarbutifoliasubsp.aberransPolhill CD,TZADalbergiaarmataE.Mey. MZ,ZA,LK,SZ,TZDalbergiaassamicaBenth. BD2,BT2,KH2,CN,IN,KE,LA1,MM,TH1,VN1DalbergiaaureaBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiabakeriBaker AO,CD,GADalbergiabalansaePrain CN,VNDalbergiabariensisPierre KH2,LA2,TH,VNDalbergiabaroniiBaker MG,TZDalbergiabathieiR.Vig. MGDalbergiabeccariiPrain BN,ID,MY,PG,SBDalbergiabeddomeiThoth. INDalbergiabenthamiiPrain CN,VN1Dalbergiaberteroi(DC.)Urb. CU1,HT1,JM1DalbergiabignonaeBerhaut GW,CI,SN,TGDalbergiabintuluensisSunarno&Ohashi MYDalbergiaboehmiisubsp.stuhlmannii(Taub.)Polhill DalbergiaboehmiiTaub. AO,CM,CF,CD,GW,KE,MW3,MY,MZ,SL,SD,TZ,ZM,ZWDalbergiabojeriDrake MGDalbergiabonianaGagnep. VNDalbergiaborneensisPrain ID,MYDalbergiabrachystachyaBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiabracteolataBaker KE,MG,MZ,TZDalbergiabrasiliensisVogel BRDalbergiabrownei(Jacq.)Urb. BZ,CO,CR,CU1,DO1,EC1,SV1,GT,HT1,HN1,JM1,MX,NI,PA,

TT1,GB1,US,VEDalbergiaburmanicaPrain CN,MMDalbergiacalderoniiStandl. BZ1,SV,GT1,HN1,MX,NIDalbergiacalycinaBenth. BZ2,CR1,SV1,GT,HN1,MX,NIDalbergiacambodianaPierre KH,VNDalbergiacampenoniiDrake MGDalbergiacanaKurz LA2,MM,THDalbergiacandenatensis(Dennst.)Prain AU,BD,BN,KH1,CN,FJ,IN,ID,MY,FM,PG,PH,MM,SG,SB,

LK,TH,VNDalbergiacanescens(Elmer)Merr. MY,PHDalbergiacapuroniiBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiacarringtonianaSousa AODalbergiacatingicolaHarms BR

1www.tropicos.org2www.iucnredlist.org3Sahaetal.,20134Grandter&Chevrette,20135Shu,T.H.,2010

DalbergiacaudataG.Don DalbergiacearensisDucke BR,MX3DalbergiachapelieriBaill. MGDalbergiachlorocarpaR.Vig. MGDalbergiachontalensisStandl.&L.O.Williams SV1,GT1,NIDalbergiaclarkeiThoth. INDalbergiacochinchinenisLaness. KH,LA2,PG,SB,TH,VNDalbergiacochinchinensisPierre KH,LA,PG,SB,TH,VNDalbergiacommiphoroidesBakerf. ET,KE,SODalbergiacomorensisBosser&R.Rabev. KM1DalbergiaconfertifloraBenth. BD,IN,MXDalbergiacongensisBakerf. AO,CFDalbergiacongestaWight&Arn. INDalbergiacongestifloraPittier SV1DalbergiacoromandelianaPrain INDalbergiacrispaHepper NG,SLDalbergiacubilquitzensis(Donn.Sm.)Pittier BZ1,CR,MX,NIDalbergiacucullataPittier VEDalbergiacuiabensisBenth. BO,BRDalbergiacultrataBenth. KH2,CN5,IN,LA,MM,TH,VNDalbergiacumingianaBenth. PHDalbergiacurtisiiPrain ID,LA,MY,TH,VNDalbergiacuscatlanica(Standl.)Standl. CR,SV1,GT,MX,PADalbergiadalzieliiHutch.&Dalziel CM,GA,NG,TGDalbergiadarienensisRudd PADalbergiadavidiiBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiadebilisJ.F.Macbr. PEDalbergiadecipularisRizzini&A.Mattos BRDalbergiadelphinensisBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiadensaBenth. AU,ID,PG,PHDalbergiadensiflora(Benth.)Benth. BRDalbergiadialoides(Pierre)Niyomdham DalbergiadiscolorBlume ID,MY,PH,THDalbergiadongnaiensisPierre KH,TH,VNDalbergiaduarensisThoth. INDalbergiaduperreanaPierre KH,THDalbergiadyerianaHarms CNDalbergiaealaensisDeWild. AO,CM,CD,GADalbergiaecastaphyllum(L.)Taub. AO,AG,BS,BB,BZ,BR,CM,CO,CR,CU,DM,DO,GQ,FR,GM,

GH,GD,GT,GN,GW,GY,HT,HN1,IN,CI,JM1,LR,MU3,MX,NI,NG,NL,PA,PY1,PE,VC,ST,SN,SL,SR,TG,TT,GB,US

DalbergiaelegansA.M.Carvalho BRDalbergiaemirnensisBenth. MGDalbergiaenneaphyllaPittier VEDalbergiaentadoidesPrain KH,LA,TH,VNDalbergiaeremicolaPolhill KE,SODalbergiaernest-uleiHoehne BRDalbergiaerransCraib THDalbergiaerubescensBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiafalcataPrain BN,ID,MYDalbergiafischeriTaub. MW,MZ,TZ,ZM,ZWDalbergiafloribundaCraib THDalbergiafloriferaDeWild. AO,CF,CDDalbergiafoliolosaBenth. BO1,BRDalbergiafoliosa(Benth.)A.M.Carvalho BR,CO,FR,GY1,SR,VEDalbergiaforbesiiPrain ID,LA,THDalbergiafouilloyanaPellegr. GADalbergiafrutescens(Vell.)Britton AR,BO,BR,CO1,CR1,EC1,GY,PY,PE,VEDalbergiafrutescensvar.tomentosa(Vogel)Benth. BO1,BR,SR,VE4

1www.tropicos.org2www.iucnredlist.org3Sahaetal.,20134Grandter&Chevrette,20135Shu,T.H.,2010

DalbergiafuneraStandl. SV,GTDalbergiafuscaPierre CN,MM1,VN1DalbergiagardnerianaBenth. INDalbergiagentiliiDeWild. CDDalbergiagilbertiiCronquist CDDalbergiaglaberrimaBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiaglabra(Mill.)Standl. BZ,CR,SV1,GT,HN,MX,NIDalbergiaglandulosaBenth. BRDalbergiaglaucescens(Benth.)Benth. BRDalbergiaglaucocarpaBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiaglazioviiHarms BRDalbergiaglomerataHemsl. CR1,GT2,HN2,MXDalbergiagodefroyiPrain KH,LA,THDalbergiagossweileriBakerf. AODalbergiagracilisBenth. BO,BRDalbergiagranadilloPittier SV1,MXDalbergiagrandibracteataDeWild. CD,GNDalbergiagrandistipulaA.M.Carvalho BRDalbergiagreveanaBaill. MG2DalbergiaguttembergiiA.M.Carvalho BRDalbergiahainanensisMerr.&Chun CNDalbergiahanceiBenth. CN,TH,VNDalbergiahavilandiiPrain BN,MYDalbergiahenryanaPrain CNDalbergiaheudelotiiStapf CD,GA,GH,GN,CI,LR,NG,SN,SLDalbergiahiemalisMalme BRDalbergiahildebrandtiivar.scorpioides(Baker)Bosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiahildebrandtiiVatke MGDalbergiahirticalyxBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiahorrida(Dennst.)Mabb. IN,LA,TH,VNDalbergiahorridavar.glabrescens(Prain)Thoth.&Nair DalbergiahortensisHeringer&al. BRDalbergiahoseanaPrain MYDalbergiahostilisBenth. AO,BJ,CM,CF,CD,GQ,GA,GH,GN,GW,CI,LR,NG,SL,TGDalbergiahullettiiPrain ID,MY,SGDalbergiahumbertiiR.Vig. MGDalbergiahupeanaHance CN,LA,VNDalbergiahygrophila(Benth.)Hoehne BR,CO4,PE,VE

DalbergiaintermediaA.M.Carvalho BR,GY1,VE1DalbergiaintibucanaStandl.&L.O.Williams HNDalbergiainundataBenth. BR,CO,GY,PE,VEDalbergiaiquitosensisHarms BR,PEDalbergiajaheriiBurck IDDalbergiajingxiensisS.Y.Liu CN1DalbergiajunghuhniiBenth. ID,MY,SGDalbergiakerriiCraib LA,THDalbergiakingianaPrain CN,MMDalbergiakisantuensisDeWild.&T.Durand AO,CD,GADalbergiakostermansiiSunarno&Ohashi ID,MYDalbergiakunstleriPrain MYDalbergiakurziiPrain THDalbergialaceiThoth. MM,THDalbergialacteaVatke BI,CM,CD,ET,GA,KE,MW,MZ,NG,RW,SD,TZ,UG,ZM,ZWDalbergialakhonensisGagnep. LA,THDalbergialanceolariaL.f. BD,KH,HN1,IN,PK,MM,LK,TH,VNDalbergialanceolariasubsp.paniculata(Roxb.)Thoth. KH,IN,LA,NP,MM,TH,VNDalbergialanceolariavar.maymyensis(W.G.Craib)Thoth. DalbergialastoursvillensisPellegr. GADalbergialaterifloraBenth. BR

1www.tropicos.org2www.iucnredlist.org3Sahaetal.,20134Grandter&Chevrette,20135Shu,T.H.,2010

DalbergialatifoliaRoxb. BD3,FR,IN,ID,KE,MY,MU,NP,NG,PK,SG,LK,TZ,UGDalbergialaxifloraMicheli CDDalbergialemuricaBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergialibrevillensisPellegr. GADalbergialongepedunculataJ.Linares&M.Sousa HN1,MX1DalbergialouisiiCronquist BJ2,CM2,CG2,CD,GA2,NGDalbergialouveliiR.Vig. MGDalbergialuteolaJ.Linares&M.Sousa GT1,MX1DalbergiamacrospermaBaker AODalbergiamadagascariensisvar.poolii(Baker)Bosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiamadagascariensisVatke MGDalbergiamalabaricaPrain INDalbergiamalangensisSousa AO,TZ,ZMDalbergiamammosaPierre VNDalbergiamarcanianaCraib THDalbergiamaritimaR.Vig. MGDalbergiamartiniiF.White NA,ZM,ZWDalbergiamayumbensisBakerf. AODalbergiamelanocardiumPittier BZ1,CR,SV,GT,HN1,MX,NI1DalbergiamelanoxylonGuill.&Perr. AO,BW,BF,BI3,CF,TD,CD,ET,IN,CI,KE,MW,ML,MZ,NA2,

NG,SN,ZA,SS2,LK,SD,TZ,UG,ZM,ZWDalbergiamenoeidesPrain ID,MYDalbergiamexicanaPittier MX1DalbergiamicrophyllaChiov. ET,KE,SO,TZDalbergiamillettiiBenth. BT,CN,IN,MMDalbergiamillettiivar.mimosoides(Franch.)Thoth. BT,IN,MMDalbergiamimosella(Blanco)Prain ID,MY,PHDalbergiamimosoidesFranch. CN,IN1DalbergiamiscolobiumBenth. BRDalbergiamodestaJ.Linares&M.Sousa MX1DalbergiamollisBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiamollisvar.menabeensis(R.Vig.)Bosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiamonetariaL.f. BZ,BO1,BR,CO,CR,CU,DO,EC1,FR,GT,GY,HT,HN,JM,MX,

NI,PA,PE,LC2,VC,SR,TT,US1,VEDalbergiamonophyllaG.A.Black BRDalbergiamonticolaBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiamultijugaE.Mey. ZADalbergianegrensis(Radlk.)Ducke BRDalbergianeoperrieriBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiangounyensisPellegr. CD,GA,SLDalbergianigra(Vell.)Benth. BRDalbergianitida(Benth.)Hoehne BO,TZDalbergianitidulaBaker AO,BI,CD,MW,MZ,RW,ZA,UG,ZM,ZWDalbergianoldeaeHarms AO,GWDalbergianormandiiBosser&R.Rabev. MG2DalbergiaoblongifoliaG.Don GH,GW,CI,LR,SN,SLDalbergiaobovataE.Mey. MZ,ZA,TZDalbergiaobtusifolia(Baker)Prain CN,MM,THDalbergiaodoriferaT.C.Chen CNDalbergiaoligophyllaHutch.&Dalziel CM,NG,SLDalbergiaoliveriPrain IN,MY,MM,TH,VNDalbergiaorientalisBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiaovataBenth. BD,LA2,MM,TH,VNDalbergiaovatavar.glomeriflora(Kurz)Thoth. MM,THDalbergiapachycarpa(DeWild.&T.Durand)DeWild. AO,CM,CDDalbergiapalo-escritoRzed. MXDalbergiaparvifloraRoxb. BN,ID,LA,MY,MM,SG,THDalbergiapaucifoliolataLundell MX1DalbergiapeguensisThoth. MM

1www.tropicos.org2www.iucnredlist.org3Sahaetal.,20134Grandter&Chevrette,20135Shu,T.H.,2010

DalbergiapeishaensisChun&T.Chen CNDalbergiapeltieriBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiapervilleiVatke MGDalbergiapierreanaPrain KHDalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain BD,BT,CN,IN,ID,LA,MY,NP,PG,PH,MM,TH,VNDalbergiapinnatavar.acaciifolia(Dalzell)Thoth. INDalbergiaplurifloraBakerf. AODalbergiapolyadelphaPrain CNDalbergiapolyphyllaBenth. PHDalbergiaprainiiThoth. MMDalbergiapseudo-ovataThoth. MMDalbergiapseudo-sissooMiq. IN,MY,LK,THDalbergiapseudobaroniiR.Vig. MGDalbergiapurpurascensBaill. DalbergiareniformisRoxb. BD,IN,MMDalbergiareticulataMerr. PHDalbergiaretusaHemsl. BZ2,CO1,CR,SV,GT1,HN1,MX,NI,PADalbergiarevolutaDucke BR,VEDalbergiarhachiflexaJ.Linares&M.Sousa MX1DalbergiarichardsiiSunarno&Ohashi MYDalbergiariedelii(Benth.)Sandwith BO1,BR,CO,EC1,FR1,GY,PE,SR,VEDalbergiarimosaRoxb. BD,BT,KH1,CN,IN,ID1,LA,MY5,MM,TH,VNDalbergiarimosavar.foliacea(Benth.)Thoth. MM,THDalbergiariparia(Mart.)Benth. BO1,BR,EC1,GY,PEDalbergiarostrataHassk. BN,IN,ID,MY,PH,SG,LKDalbergiarubiginosaRoxb. CN3,INDalbergiaruddiaeJ.Linares&M.Sousa CR1,MX1DalbergiarufaG.Don CM,CD,GN,GW,NG,SN,SLDalbergiarugosaHepper GR,LR,SLDalbergiasacerdotumPrain CNDalbergiasalvanaturaeJ.Linares&M.Sousa SV1DalbergiasambesiacaSchinz MZDalbergiasampaioanaKuhlm.&Hoehne BRDalbergiasandakanensisSunarno&Ohashi MYDalbergiasaxatilisHook.f. AO,CM,CD,GA,GH,GW,CI,LR,NG,SN,SL,TGDalbergiasaxatilisvar.preussii(Harms)Cronquist Dalbergiascortechinii(Prain)Prain ID,MYDalbergiasericeaG.Don BT,CN,KE3,NP,MM5,VN1DalbergiasetiferaHutch.&Dalziel GH,CIDalbergiasimpsoniiRudd PEDalbergiasissoidesWight&Arn. IN,IDDalbergiasissooDC. AF,AU,BD,BT,TD,CN,DO,GH,GW,HN1,IN,ID,IR,IQ,KE,MY,

MZ,NP,NE,NG,OM,PK,MM,SN,SL,SD,TZ,UG,US,ZM,ZWDalbergiaspinosaRoxb. BD,IN,KY,MMDalbergiaspruceana(Benth.)Benth. BO,BR,VEDalbergiastenophyllaPrain CN,TH5,VN1DalbergiastercoraceaPrain ID,MY,SGDalbergiastevensoniiStandl. BZ,GT,HN1,MXDalbergiastipulaceaRoxb. BD,BT,KH1,CN,IN,ID,LA,MY,NP,PG,PH,MM,SB,TH,VNDalbergiasuaresensisBaill. MGDalbergiasubcymosaDucke BO1,BR,FR,GY,PE,SR,VEDalbergiasuccirubraGagnep.&Craib THDalbergiateijsmanniiSunarno&Ohashi IDDalbergiateixeiraeSousa AODalbergiathomsoniiBenth. INDalbergiathoreliiGagnep. KH,LA,THDalbergiatilaranaN.Zamora CR,MX1,NI,PADalbergiatinnevelliensisThoth. INDalbergiatonkinensisPrain CN,VN

1www.tropicos.org2www.iucnredlist.org3Sahaetal.,20134Grandter&Chevrette,20135Shu,T.H.,2010

DalbergiatravancoricaThoth. INDalbergiatrichocarpaBaker MGDalbergiatricolorDrake MGDalbergiatsaratananensisBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiatsiandalanaR.Vig. MGDalbergiatsoiMerr.&Chun CNDalbergiatucurensisDonn.Sm. BZ,CR,SV1,GT,HN,MX,NI1Dalbergiauarandensis(Chiov.)Thulin SODalbergiaurschiiBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiavacciniifoliaVatke KE,TZDalbergiavelutinaBenth. BD,IN,ID,LA,MY,MM,SG,THDalbergiavelutinavar.succirubra(Gagnepain&Craib)Niyomdham DalbergiaverrucosaCraib THDalbergiaviguieriBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiavillosa(Benth.)Benth. BO1,BRDalbergiavillosavar.barretoana(Hoehne)A.M.Carvalho BRDalbergiavolubilisRoxb. BD,CN1,IN,LA,NP,LK,TH,VN3DalbergiawattiiC.B.Clarke INDalbergiaxerophilaBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiaximengensisY.Y.Qian CN1DalbergiayunnanensisFranch. CN,IN1Dalbergiayunnanensisvar.collettii(Prain)Thoth. MM