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IE 366
Human-System Interaction
Attend
Observe
Remember
Think Act
attend to one taskattend to several tasks
see/readhearfeel (palpate)detectdiscriminaterecognizeperceive
memorizerecall (long-/short-term)maintain mental model
calculatedecidesolvedevelop alternativeschoose alternativeselect response
reachgraspmove/manipulatespeakwalk/runrespond
Environment
Displays System Controls
stimuli responses
IE 366
MD-11 Cockpit
Copyright Harri Koskinen, used with permission, downloaded from http://www.airliners.net/open.file/463667/M/ 30 Jun 04
IE 366
Control Compatibility Principles● Spatial Compatibility
– Proximity– Physical Similarity– Arrangement
● Movement Compatibility
IE 366
Proximity (2)
● Issues– Accessibility– Safety– Cost– Technical Feasibility– Practical Considerations
IE 366
● Make the physical appearance of the control similar to that of the display or controlled element.
Physical Similarity
Instrument panel
Landing gear lever handle shaped like wheel(side view).
IE 366
Arrangement
● Arrange groups of controls in same patterns as groups of displays or controlled elements.
IE 366
Movement Compatibility
● Population stereotypes● Up-to-increase● Right-to-increase● Clockwise-to-increase● Warrick’s Principle● Vehicular control
IE 366
Population Stereotypes
● An expectation a specific group of people have about how to interpret or to behave.
● Examples– Walk through right-hand door– Turn clockwise to increase– Move up to increase
IE 366
Up - to - Increase
● Move control up to increase parameter or display value
● Example– Slider
implies increased value
● Limits– Physical arrangement restrictions
IE 366
Right - to - Increase
● Move control to right to increase display value or parameter
● Example:– Move lever to right to increase temperature setting
in auto temp control system.● Limits
– Physical arrangement restrictions
IE 366
Clockwise - to - Increase
● Rotate control clockwise to increase parameter or display value.
● Example– Turn knob on stereo clockwise to increase volume
● Limits– Possible conflict with display movement (e.g. fixed
pointer moving scale)
IE 366
Warrick’s Principle
● Pointer should move in same direction as nearest point on control knob.
● Example
● Limits– conflict with other principles:
IE 366
Force and Displacement
● Force– Required force to move control– May be
● constant over range of control movement● proportional to control displacement
● Displacement– Linear– Rotational
IE 366
Control / Response Ratio(C/R Ratio)
● Low C/R ratio– High sensitivity, high gain– Good for rapid, coarse adjustment
● High C/R ratio– Low sensitivity, low gain– Good for fine, precise adjustment
● “Optimal” C/R ratio– Knobs: 0.2 - 0.8– Levers: 2.5 - 4.0
IE 366
Control Resistance
● Importance– Preventing inadvertent activation– Feedback– Precise positioning
● Problems– Difficult activation– Difficult precise postioning
● Types– Static (initial friction)– Elastic (resistance a displacement - e.g. spring)– Viscous (resistance a velocity)– Inertial (resistance a acceleration)
IE 366
Preventing Inadvertent Activation
● Provide resistance● Recess● Locate outside movement areas● Orient to require conscious movement● Provide guard● Lock● Require sequential operation● Require redundant activation● Require multiple operators
IE 366
Classification of Controls
Discrete/linear– manual pushbutton– legend switch– toggle switch– foot pushbutton– detent lever– keyboard
• Continuous/linear– lever– joystick– pedal
• Discrete/rotary– rotary selector– snap-action
thumbwheel
• Continuous/rotary– knob– thumbwheel– wheel– yoke– crank– rotary pedal
Rotary
Linear
ContinuousDiscrete
IE 366
A B C D
E F G H
I J K L
M N O P
Q R S T
U V W X
Y Z
Keyboards: Other Alphabetic Layouts
A B C D E
F G H I J
K L M N O
P Q R S T
U V W X Y
Z
IE 366
Ergonomic Keyboards
Microsoft Elite Keyboard
GoldTouch Adjustable Keyboard
SafeType Keyboard
Contoured KeyboardSource: http://www.ergonomicsmadeeasy.com
IE 366
Chord Keyboards(Chorded Keyboards)
Twiddler2, http://www.handykey.com/MicroWriter handheld word processor (~1980),http://en.wikipedia.org/
IE 366
Membrane Keyboards
Yan Chuen keyboards, http://www.globalsources.com/
Pannam medical keyboards, http://www.pannam.com/
IE 366
Multifunction Display Buttons(F/A - 18 Cockpit)
Source: AirSim Images, http://www.netset.co.uk/flight/aircraft/jpegs
IE 366
F/A-18 HOTAS (Hands - On Throttle And Stick)
● All essential controls on– throttle lever (left hand)– stick (right hand)
● Pilot need not remove hands from throttle lever or stick to control most important aircraft systems
High Rev Simulators HOTAS,http://hirevsims.com/
IE 366
Trackballs
Evergreen Systems industrial trackball,http://www.trackballs.com/Logitech Cordless Trackman Wheel,
http://www.tigerdirect.com
IE 366
LapSim Laparoscopy Simulator(“instruments” with force feedback)
Photo courtesy of Alex Gandsas, MD.Used with permission.SurgicalScience LapSim,
http://www.surgical-science.com/
IE 366
Voice Input
● Benefits– single utterance to select from many options– natural communication channel– time-share with other actions
● Costs– subtle differences in sounds– variability of sounds– limited continuous speech capabilities– training required (speaker-dependent systems)– difficulty in noisy environments– effects of stress– not suitable for continuous control
IE 366
Control Design/Selection: Prerequisites
● Perform process/task analysis● Determine control’s function● Determine info needs of operator with respect to control
– location and ID– current setting – changes in setting
● Determine requirements of control subtask– importance– precision and accuracy– speed– force
● Determine consequences of inadvertent activation● Determine workspace requirements
– available locations, space– operator location, orientation– relationship to displays and other controls
IE 366
Control Design/Selection: General Guidelines (1)
● Selection– Use discrete controls for discrete applications.– Use continuous control for continuous applications.– Use multi-rotation controls for precise settings, long ranges.– Select for movement compatibility.– Select controls that can be easily identified.– Minimize the number of controls.
● Location, orientation– Locate and orient for compatibility.
IE 366
Control Design/Selection: General Guidelines(2)
● Design– Do not overburden any one limb.– Combine functionally related controls.– Consider the least capable user WRT force, speed, accuracy,
geometry.– Design for natural movement.– Keep control movements short.– Design for feedback.– Provide extra cues for power-assisted controls.– Design control surfaces to prevent slipping.– Provide enough resistance to prevent inadvertent activation.– Design to withstand abuse.
IE 366
Workstation Design Relevant to ControlsArrange the workstation logically.
1. Accommodate primary visual tasks.2. Place controls for primary visual tasks (next slide).3. Preserve control / display relationships, e.g.,
population stereotypes up-increase etc.
4. Arrange by sequence of use.5. Arrange by frequency of use.6. Arrange to be consistent with other systems.