CONTROLLED VOCABULARY ONE THING LEADS TO ANOTHERdlis.du.ac.in/eresources/Controlled Vocabullary.pdf · Information Storage and Retrieval 2-5 2. Indexing 6-8 Part Two 1. Introduction

CONTROLLED VOCABULARY ONE THING LEADS TO ANOTHER

Content Layout

Part One

1. Information Storage and Retrieval 2-5

2. Indexing 6-8

Part Two

1. Introduction (Vocabulary) 10-10

2. Controlled Vocabulary 11-12

3. Purpose of Controlled Vocabulary 14-14

4. With Controlled Vocabulary/ Without

Controlled Vocabulary 15-15

5. Characteristics of Controlled Vocabulary

15-20

6. Controlled Vocabulary Category and Types 21-

23

7. Flat Controlled Vocabulary 24-30

8. Multi-Level Controlled Vocabulary 31-78

9. Relational Controlled Vocabulary 79-97

Part Three

1. Controlled Vocabulary Vs Natural Language 98-

101

2. Conclusion 102-102

3. References 103-104

2

PART ONE CONTROLLED VOCABULARY

ONE THING LEADS TO ANOTHER

Information Retrieval System

1. Introduction:

The term Information retrieval system was coined in 1952 and gained popularity in research

community from 1961 onwards. Since then information retrieval organizing functions was seen in

the Libraries, that were no longer just store house of books but also place where catalogue and

index has been done. Subsequently with the introduction of computer, there appeared a number of

database containing bibliographic detail of a documents, often coupled with documents, keywords

etc consequently the concept of information retrieval come into mean for retrieval of bibliographic

information from stored document database. Laccaster comment that an information retrieval does

not inform the user about their query. It merely informs him of existence (non-existence) of his

request as well as where about of documents relating to his request. Cont…

4


2. IRS subsystem:

F.W Lancaster mentioned that information retrieval system comprises six major subsystem

a) The document subsystem

b) The indexing subsystem

c) The vocabulary subsystem

d) The searching subsystem

e) The user system Interface

f) The machine subsystem Cont…

5


3. The broad outline of an information retrieval system is shown in figure

Information Source

Analysis and representation

Organized Information

User Query

Analyzed

Analyzed queries (search statement)

Retrieved information

Matching

6

Indexing

2. Indexing in brief:

One of the major functions of information retrieval system is to match the content of

documents with user queries. Thus the content of each input document in the collection is to be

analyzed and represented in a such a way that it becomes convenient for matching. In other words,

the system personnel have prepare a surrogate for every document, and all such surrogate must be

maintained in an organized manner. The process of constructing document surrogates by assigning

identifier to text items is known as Indexing. When the task of indexing is based on the conceptual

analysis of the subject of a document it is called subject Indexing.

In Subject classification, the basic objective of which is to arrange documents according to

their Subject contents. Cont…

7

Indexing

In Subject Indexing, the basic objective is to match the content of the document with user

queries and thus the product of conceptual analysis of the subject is represented in a natural

language form. A number of system like Chain, PRECISE, POPSI, Relational Indexing etc have

been developed over the year for preparing subject index entries of documents. Now basic problem

involved in the process of subject indexing relates to choice of appropriate keywords through which

index entry's is to be represented. The indexer preferred to use keywords that not only represent the

subject clearly, but are also likely to be chosen by the user looking for that subject.

In order to standardized the task of choosing appropriate keywords for the generation of index

entries, a number of vocabulary devices have been developed. Example of such devices includes

Thesaurus , Classaurus, Thesaurofacet etc. These tools helps the indexer to choose most Cont…

8

Indexing

appropriate term to represent the subject at indexing stage and also help the user to pick up

most appropriate terms while formulating query. However all these tools techniques based on

human intellectual capabilities of indexer, but it is inefficient in many places. To avoid total

dependency on human intellect, researcher have to attempted to automate the whole process of

subject indexing and classification.

9

PART TWO CONTROLLED VOCABULARY

ONE THING LEADS TO ANOTHER

Vocabulary

1. Introduction:

A vocabulary is a set of terms (words, codes, etc.) that are used in a specific community.

Vocabularies provide a mechanism for communication- be it written, oral or electronic-

because the meaning of the terms are known and agreed upon by the community members.

When a vocabulary is formally managed, it becomes a controlled vocabulary. In this case,

"managed" means the terms are stored and maintained using agreed-upon procedures.

Procedures should exist for adding terms, modifying terms and, more rarely, deprecating terms

from a controlled vocabulary.

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Controlled Vocabulary

2. What is Controlled Vocabulary?

CV is a carefully selected list of words and phrase, which are used to tag units of

Information. So that they may be more easily retrieved by a search. The terms are chosen by

and organized by trained professionals (including Librarians and information scientist) who

posses expertise in the subject area. CV terms can accurately describe what a given document

is actually about, even if the terms themselves don not occurs within the text. Fully developed

controlled vocabulary systems are LCSH, SERES, Thesaurus etc.

Cont…

12

Controlled Vocabulary

In other words a controlled vocabulary is a collection of terms that are:

a) Accepted: The term must adhere to community practices.

b) Defined: The terms are precisely characterized. Typically, this means the terms have rigorous

definitions.

c) Managed: In general, there will be a body of experts that create and maintain the controlled

vocabulary. The controlled vocabulary maintenance will involve periodic review, addition of

new terms, modification of terms, and occasionally deprecation of terms.

For example in the LCSH (a subject heading system that uses a controlled vocabulary)

authorized terms- subject heading in this case-have to be chosen to handle choice between

variant spelling of the same words, choice among the scientific and popular terms and choice

between synonyms among other different issues.

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Purpose of Controlled Vocabulary

3. Controlled vocabularies can serve several different purposes:

a) For example, a controlled vocabulary might help users find data (also known as a "discovery vocabulary"), or

b) Assist in the interpretation of data (also known as a "usage vocabulary").

c) The controlled vocabulary might provide human-understandable meaning (also known as a "semantic vocabulary") or

d) Machine-readable format information (also known as a "syntactic vocabulary").

Cont…

Controlled vocabularies provide these abilities by:

a) Establishing the permissible terms to be used;

b) Maintaining the proper and agreed-upon spelling of the terms;

c) Clarifying terms for those who are new to the community; and

d) Eliminating the use of arbitrary terms that can cause inconsistencies and confusion.

From the above we can say that CV ensure consistencies in indexing, tagging or categorizing and to guide the user where the desire information is?

14

With controlled and without controlled Vocabulary

4. Without Control Users are

incorrectly utilizing search terms failing to find significant resources suffering from information overload almost as

well using Alta Vista

Creators are

cataloguing inconsistently

unable to convey hierarchical concepts

Scotland is in United Kingdom is in Europe is in ...

perpetuating localised terminology

unable to assess, let alone undertake, integration projects.

5. With Control

Users might gain more effective access to a resource

gain far more effective access across resources

reduce the number of ‘false hits’

find what they are looking for

even learn to think and express themselves in a structured manner.

Creators might produce more valuable resources

convey complex semantic and structural concepts

move towards disciplinary, national, international or global terminologies

effectively integrate both new and existing resources.

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Characteristics of Controlled Vocabulary

6. Characteristics of CV:

The most important characteristics of CV is relationship. The terms in CV are related in a certain

ways:

Equivalence Relationship: The most basic term relationship is synonyms, that is having the same

meaning. It is important to note that context is important in determining synonyms. For example

You probably are aware of certain categories or items on your site that might go by multiple names.

You realize that if you said “automobiles” on your homepage and “cars” on the next page, users might

get confused. Users will start to wonder if there is a difference between the two terms. Instead you

choose “automobiles” and don’t use “cars” at all. In this case “automobiles” is the term you prefer to

use throughout your site. We call this the “preferred term.” “Cars” is a variant term, a different word

representing the same concept. Cont…

16


There are many examples of the situations that alternate terms cover. Here are a few:

a) Synonyms (two words with the same meaning, like “jeans” and “dungarees”)

b) Homonyms (words that sound the same, but have different meanings, like “bank” the financial institution and “bank” the side of a stream or river)

c) Common misspellings

d) Changes in content (e.g., countries that change their name or have multiple spellings)

e) Identifying “Best Bets” or the most popular pages associated with a certain term (http://www.BBC.com is great at this)

f) Connecting a woman’s married name to her maiden name

g) Connecting abbreviations to the full word (e.g., NY and New York, the chemical symbol Si with the element Silicon)

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http://www.bbc.com/


Types of Equivalence Relationship:

There are two types of synonym equivalence lists: Synonym rings and Authority files. Synonym rings are generally

used for searching behind the scenes as a way to connect the various terms for a concept. It can be used to say, “when

someone searches for “Si,” give them all documents with both “Si” and ‘Silicon.’” However, what happens when you

want to display one of these terms in your navigation? Then you will need to pick one to be your preferred term. Now,

you have an authority file.

Hierarchical Relationship: Term display a hierarchical relationship when one term is broader in meaning than its child

terms (which has narrower meaning). Pairs of the terms are represented in their super ordinate or subordinate status, the

super ordinate term representing the whole and sub-ordinate term representing a member or part. The super ordinate

term is represented by BT and Subordinate term is by NT.

For example, CAPITAL MARKETS

BT Financial Markets

FINANCIAL MARKETS

NT Capital market

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The standard CV notation used to express hierarchical relationships are NT (narrower term) and BT (broader term). Using this notation, the term “Women’s Pants” would be expressed like this:

Women’s Pants BT Pants NT Casual Pants NT Dress Pants NT Sports Pants

There is a lot you can do with this hierarchical arrangement. It can help you formulate your homepage navigation. It could improve your searching and browsing. It can help users broaden and narrow their search results quickly by showing them where each set of results fits into the site’s hierarchy

Websites e.g. “pants” is the broader term, and the kinds of pants refer to subsets of the whole universe of pants.

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Associative Relationship:

An associative relationship denotes the relationship between the term that is neither hierarchical nor

equivalence, yet the terms are mentally associated to such an extent that link between them should be made

explicit in controlled vocabulary and would revel alternative terms that could be used indexing or retrieval.

It is very difficult to define the relationship between the term and therefore to determine between a pairs of

terms, some guidelines are follow:

The Associative terms are divided into two categories:

i. Terms belonging to the same category. For example ‘Sibling’ with overlapping meaning, such as ‘Ship’ and

‘boats’

ii. Terms belong to different categories: The term should be implied when other is used in indexing for example

An action or product and Product of the action. Such as Programming/Software

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Controlled Vocabulary Category and Types

7. CV Types and Category:

To many people, the English language is a well-known vocabulary. We have many ways of

representing the terms in the English language. For example, if we want to figure out what a

specific word means we might consult a glossary; if we want to know the origin of a term we

might consult a dictionary; and if we want to know how the term relates to other terms we

might consult a thesaurus. We also need to recognize that the meaning of terms may change

through time. Generations use terms in different ways (cool in one generation means a low

temperature, while cool in another is a positive adjective).

To enable formal management, a controlled vocabulary can be organized in several ways.

There are three broad categories of controlled vocabularies: Cont…

21

Controlled Vocabulary Category

1. Flat Controlled Vocabulary

All flat vocabularies contain a label and a value. Some flat vocabularies build upon this

foundation by adding a definition or additional information about each value.

No relationships are established, no hierarchies are set up, and no complicated matrices are

necessary.

2. Multi-Level Controlled

Vocabulary

A multilevel vocabulary is essentially a way to group terms into classes with hierarchy.

A classification tells more about the terms by placing them into well thought-out

subcategories.

Think of a classification as a tree with a trunk, limbs, branches, and leaves. If you look

at an individual leaf on the tree, you can backtrack to the branch, to the limb, and

eventually to the trunk.

In a multilevel vocabulary, you can examine in which subcategory a term belongs, and

you can examine the relationships between subcategories as well.

3. Relational Controlled

Vocabulary

Relational Vocabularies, also called relationship lists, contain a mechanism to connect

terms. The relations are described by various standards including broader

than/narrower than, used for, and related. In other words provides a set of terms and

captures how they are associated with each other. 22

Classification by Functionality

Broad, Form-based category Functionality based types

1. Flat Controlled Vocabulary 1) Authority File

2) Glossary

3) Dictionary,

4) Gazetteer

5) Code List

2. Multi level Controlled vocabulary 1) Taxonomy

2) Subject Heading

3. Relational Controlled vocabulary 1) Thesaurus

2) Semantic Network

3) Ontology

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Flat Controlled Vocabulary

8. Flat Controlled Vocabulary types:

Authority File: Authority files are lists of terms that are used to control the variant names for an entity or the domain value for a particular field. Examples include names for countries, individuals, and organizations.

Sometimes within a catalog there are different names or spellings for only one person or subject. This can bring confusion since researchers may miss some information. Authority control is used by cataloguers to collocate materials that logically belong together but which present themselves differently. Records are used to establish uniform titles which collocate all versions of a given work under one unique heading even when such versions are issued under different titles, such as different spelling, pen names etc. The unique header can guide users to all relevant information including related or collocated subjects. Authority records can be combined into a database and called an authority file and maintaining and updating these files as well as "logical linkages" to other files within them is the work of librarians and other information cataloguers. Cont…

24


For example, in Wikipedia, the subject of Princess Diana is described by an article Diana, Princess of Wales as well as numerous other descriptors, but both Princess Diana and Diana, Princess of Wales describe the same person; an authority record would choose one title as the preferred one for consistency. In an online library catalog, various entries might look like the following

Authority File Heading

Wikipedia Diana, Princess of Wales

U.S. Library of Congress Diana, Princess of Wales,

1961-1997

Biblioteca Nacional de

España

Windsor, Diana, Princess of

Wales

Getty Union List of Artist

Names

Diana, Princess of Wales

English noble and patron,

1961-1997

Integrated Authority File

(GND)

GND ID: 118525123

Virtual International

Authority File

VIAF ID: 107032638

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Authority File Heading

Wikipedia Diana, Princess of Wales

U.S. Library of Congress Diana, Princess of Wales,

1961-1997

Biblioteca Nacional de

España

Windsor, Diana, Princess

of Wales

Getty Union List of Artist

Names

Diana, Princess of Wales

English noble and

patron, 1961-1997

Integrated Authority File

(GND)

GND ID: 118525123

Virtual International

Authority File

VIAF ID: 107032638

Generally there are different authority file

headings and identifiers used by different

libraries in different countries, possibly

inviting confusion, but there are different

approaches internationally to try to lessen the

confusion. One international effort to prevent

such confusion is the Virtual International

Authority File which is a collaborative

attempt to provide a single heading for a

particular subject. Cont…

26


It is a way to standardize information from different authority files around the world such as the

Integrated Authority File (GND) maintained and used cooperatively by many libraries in

German-speaking countries and the United States Library of Congress. The idea is to create a

single worldwide virtual authority file. For example, the ID for Princess Diana in the GND is

118525123 (preferred name: Diana <Wales, Prinzessin>) while the United States Library of

Congress uses the term Diana, Princess of Wales, 1961-1997, other authority files have other

choices. The Virtual International Authority File choice for all of these variations is VIAF ID:

107032638— that is, a common number representing all of these variations.

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Glossaries: A glossary is a list of terms, usually with definitions. The terms may be from a specific

subject field or from a particular work. The terms are defined within a specific environment and

rarely include variant meanings. Examples include the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Terms of the Environment, Glossary of Library and Information Science.

Dictionaries: Dictionaries are alphabetical lists of words and their definitions. Variant senses are

provided where applicable. Dictionaries are more general in scope than are glossaries. They may

also provide information about the origin of a word, variants (by spelling and morphology), and

multiple meanings across disciplines. While a dictionary may also provide synonyms and through

the definitions, related words, there is no explicit hierarchical structure or attempt to group them by

concept. Example Oxford English Dictionary, Subject Dictionary.

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Gazetteers: A gazetteer is a list of place names. Traditional gazetteers have been published as

books or have appeared as indexes to atlases. Each entry may also be identified by feature type,

such as river, city, or school. An example is the U.S. Code of Geographic Names. Geospatially

referenced gazetteers provide coordinates for locating the place on the earth's surface. The

term gazetteer has several other meanings, including an announcement publication such as a

patent or legal gazetteer. These gazetteers are often organized using classification schemes or

subject categories.

Code List: A code list is a type of flat controlled vocabulary consisting of a set of codes and

meanings used in a specific project.

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MULTI -LEVEL CONTROLLED VOCABULARY

Multi-Level Controlled Vocabulary

9. Multi-Level Controlled Vocabulary Types:

Subject Headings: This scheme type provides a set of controlled terms to represent the subjects of

items in a collection. Example the prime task of a Library for systematically management of the

document is “CLASSIFICATION” and “CATALOGUING”. The main objective of the subject

cataloguing is to fulfill the subject related needs of the readers. The subject heading scheme helps the

cataloguer/Indexer to summarizing the thought content of the document in to a number of accepted

term.

The subject heading schemes are:

Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH).

SEARS List of Subject Headings.

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MEDICAL SUBJECT HEADING

Multi Level Controlled Vocabulary Types

What is MeSH?

The Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) are standardized vocabulary of approximately 20,000 terms that describe the biomedical concepts covered in the Medline database.

MeSH consists of a set of terms or subject headings that are arranged in both an alphabetic and a hierarchical structure.

The MeSH thesaurus is produced by the National Library of Medicine (NLM).

When each article is indexed, an indexer at NLM assigns from 5 to 20 headings describing the concepts covered in the article.

MeSH headings are powerful searching tools. They locate documents by assigned controlled vocabulary, not free text words, and are independent of the occurrence of specific words in any other field.

MeSH headings allow you to retrieve all references to a particular topic, even if different terminology was used in the records. Cont…

33


MeSH includes several special features. Four of the most important are:

1) Subheadings (qualifiers):

These are used to qualify MeSH subject headings to pinpoint the specific aspect of the concept

represented by the subject heading. For example, the heading Liver may be qualified with the subheading

drug-effects ("Liver-drug-effects") to indicate that the article is not about the liver in general, but about

the effect of drugs on the liver.

2) Check Tags:

These are special use descriptors that do not represent subject matter per se but that reflect parameters

or aspects of subject content. Special efforts in indexing assures that these will be included or

"checked" each time they appear as aspects in an item being indexed. The following list of descriptors

must be entered by an indexer for every journal article citation to which they apply.

ANIMAL MALE

HUMANS FEMALE 34


3) Publication Types: These provide an additional means for

classifying the material indexed. Rather than representing the subject content of an article, they characterize the nature of the information or the manner in which it is conveyed, e.g., letter, historical article, retracted publication, clinical conference, etc.

Example….

BIOGRAPHY

CASE REPORTS

CLINICAL CONFERENCE

CLINICAL TRIAL

CLINICAL TRIAL, PHASE I

CLINICAL TRIAL, PHASE II

CLINICAL TRIAL, PHASE III

CLINICAL TRIAL, PHASE IV

COMPARATIVE STUDY

CONGRESSES

CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT

CONFERENCE

CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT

CONFERENCE, NIH

CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL

75941

EDITORIAL

ENGLISH ABSTRACT

EVALUATION STUDIES

GUIDELINE

HISTORICAL ARTICLE

IN VITRO

JOURNAL ARTICLE

LETTER

META-ANALYSIS

MULTICENTER STUDY

NEWS 115627

PRACTICE GUIDELINE

RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED

TRIAL

RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H.,

EXTRAMURAL

RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H.,

INTRAMURAL

RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S.

GOV'T

RESEARCH SUPPORT, U.S.

GOV'T, NON-P.H.S.

RESEARCH SUPPORT, U.S.

GOV'T, P.H.S.

RETRACTED PUBLICATION

REVIEW

TWIN STUDY

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4) Age Group Headings:

There is a collection of age group heading in

MeSH which are assigned whenever someone

in that age group is noted in the paper. All age

groups listed in the paper are indexed. Thus a

clinical trial involving 50 patients, the

youngest of whom was 18 y.o. will be

assigned the age heading “Adolescent” as

well as all the applicable adult headings. Age

groups are very rarely assigned to the major

MeSH field.

Example

Age Groups

Adolescent (age 13-18)

Adult (age 19-44)

Aged (age 65-79)

Aged, 80 and over

Frail Elderly

Middle Aged (age 45-64)

Child (age 6-12)

Child, Preschool (age 2-5)

Infant (age 1-23 months)

Infant, Newborn (birth to 1 month)

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Special Features of MeSH

Here is part of a Medline Record from the EBSCOhost system:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------

Title: Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Author(s): Kollef MH

Source: The New England Journal Of Medicine [N Engl J Med] 2006 Dec 21; Vol. 355 (25), pp. 2691-3.

Publication Type: Comment; Editorial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Language: English

MeSH Terms:

Bronchoalveolar Lavage*

Anti-Bacterial Agents/*therapeutic use

Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated/*diagnosis

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/microbiology; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans;

Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated/drug therapy;

Trachea/microbiology

Note that there are two groups of MeSH term: (a) In the upper group the MeSH headings are flagged with an

asterisk, *, which indicates that the term represents a major or central focus of the paper. (b) The headings in the

lower group, which are not flagged, represent secondary or minor aspects of the paper. These are subjects or concepts

which are worth noting, but which are not the paper’s primary focus.

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Appendix 1: MeSH Subheadings:

38


LIBRARY OF CONGRESS SUBJECT HEADING

Multi-Level Controlled Vocabulary Types

What is LCSH?

Library of Congress Subject Heading came in to exist in the

year 1898 by Library of Congress, USA and also maintained by

the same.

LCSH system was originally designed as a controlled

vocabulary for representing the subject and form of the books

and serials in the Library of Congress collection.

Now it is widely accepted by Libraries & Information Centre

around the world.

LCSH is also known as a “Big Red Books”

It consists of five volume and Published annually.

Subject authority records are available online.

At present running edition is 30th (2007)

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Principles of Heading Construction

1) Fundamental principles of LCSH

2) Structure of subject headings

3) Generation of headings and cross references

4) Main headings

5) Subdivisions

6) Pre-coordination and synthesis

7) Term relationships

8) Scope Notes

9) Class numbers

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Fundamental Principle of LCSH

1) The fundamental principles guiding the development of the Library of Congress subject

headings system are effective responses to

a) User needs

b) Uniform heading (one heading per subject - control of synonyms)

c) Unique heading (one subject per heading control of homographs)

d) Specific and direct entry

e) Stability

f) Consistency

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2) Structure of Subject headings

A. Single Concept headings

----------------------------------------------------------

Automobiles

Botany

Budget deficits

Electric

Interference

Boards of trade

Clerks of court

Structure of Subject headings

B. Pre-coordinated multiple-concept headings

------------------------------------------------------------

Budget in business

Church and industry

Earth-Rotation

Biology-Scholarships,

fellowships,

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3) Main headings

The main heading is that part of the

subject heading string which represents the

main concept without subdivision. Main

headings may be categorized according to

their functions: topical headings, form

headings, and different kinds of proper

name headings.

Types and functions of main headings

a) Topical Headings

Topical heading represents a concept or object

treated in a bibliographic item. It reflects what the

item is about. Examples

Economy

German language

Soldiers as artists

b) Form Headings

A form heading reflects the form of the material

There are various forms of reading material in

the library. For e.g. (a) Bibliographic Form (b)

Artistic and Literary form

44


Syntax

Topical and form headings:

All main headings consist of single nouns or

noun equivalents. Noun equivalents may be in

the form of adjectives or gerunds or in the form

of adjectival phrases, conjunctive phrases, or

prepositional phrases. Qualifiers are added to

headings when necessary.

A. Single Noun Headings

B. Phrase Headings

A. Single Noun Headings

(a) Many topical and form headings consist of a

single noun or a noun equivalent in the form

of a single adjective or gerund.

(b) Nouns representing concrete objects are

normally in the plural form, and nouns

representing abstract concepts appear in the

singular. Examples Enzymes

Philosophies

Deaf

Running

Art

Agriculture

Education

Religion

45


B. Phrase Headings:

Some concepts that involve two areas of knowledge can be expressed only by more or less

complex phrases. Example

Bible as literature

Freedom of information

There are various types of Phrase Headings which are as follows:

1) Adjectival headings

2) Conjunctive phrase headings

3) Prepositional phrase headings

4) Inverted phrase headings

46


1) Adjectival Headings Examples

Computer architecture

Social classes

2) Conjunctive phrase Headings Examples

Children and politics

Boats and boating

3) Prepositional phrase headings Examples

Directors of Corporations

Doctor of philosophy degree

Proposal writing in educational research

4) Inverted phrase Headings Examples

Children’s literature, Canadian

Education, Higher

Taxation, Exemption from

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4) Subdivisions

Subdivisions are extensions of the main heading. They normally represent aspects of the main heading.

1) Topical subdivisions

2) Form subdivisions

3) Geographic subdivisions

4) Chronological subdivisions

Lets explain one by one from the next slide. Cont…

48


1. Topical Subdivisions

Intellectual life

Marketing

Religious aspects

2. Form Subdivisions

Bibliography

Periodicals

Poetry

Tables

3. Geographic Subdivisions

Geographic subdivision again divided in to two parts namely

1) Direct Subdivision

Example

Music-Japan

Music-California

2) Indirect Subdivision

Example

Music-France-Paris

Music-Ontario-Toronto

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4. Chronological subdivision

Art, Modern-20th century

India-History-1800-1899 (19th century)

France-History-Revolution, 1797-1802

Lebanon-History-1982-1984

Poland-Economic conditions-1945-

United States-History-1945-1953

Bermuda Islands-Description andtravel-1979-

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5) Pre-coordination and synthesis

A heading may contain a single concept or a

combination of multiple concepts. The

combination may be formed when the

heading is being established or when it is

assigned to a particular bibliographic item.

A. Multiple-concept main headings

B. Headings with subdivisions

A. Multiple-concept main headings

Children and politics

Electricity in art

Religious education of teenage boys

B. Headings with Subdivisions

Birth control-Moral and ethical aspects

Cinematography-Electronic equipment

Philosophy, Ancient-Oriental

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6) Term Relationship

There are four types of term relationships in LCSH

1) Equivalence relationships

2) Hierarchical relationships

3) Associative relationships

4) General and Specific references

USE references are made from unauthorized or non preferred terms to authorized or valid headings. Reciprocals, in the form of UF (Used-for) references, are made under the valid headings.

Example

Business intelligence

UF Business espionage

UF Corporate intelligence

UF Espionage, Business

UF Espionage, Industrial

UF Industrial espionage

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2) Hierarchical relationships Example:

----------------------------------------------------------

Broader Terms (BT)

Apes

BT Primates

Ethnology

BT Anthropology

Novell

BT Fiction

Hydrogen as fuel

BT Fuel

2) Hierarchical relationships Example:

----------------------------------------------------------

Narrower terms (NT)

Fuel

NT Hydrogen as fuel

Literature

NT Fiction

Fiction

NT Novell

53


3) Associative relationships Example

Ships

RT Boats and boating

Birds

RT Ornithology

Medicine

RT Physicians

General and specific references Example

General USE references General SA (See also)

references

1) Cards, Playing

USE Card games

1) Flowers

SA names of flowers,

e.g. Roses; to be

added as needed

2) Playing cards

USE Card games

2) Card games

See also

Card tricks

Gambling

Tarot

54


7) Subject Heading for Special Materials in LCSH.

The assignment of subject heading for

audiovisual and special instructional materials

should follow the same principles that are

applied to books. The heading most

specifically describing the contents of the

material should be used. And the same

headings should be applied to book and non

book material alike.

Example

American poetry-Periodicals

Tuberculosis-Statistics-Periodicals

Jesus Christ-Travel-Palestine-Maps-To 1800

Teleki, Samuel, grof, 1845-1916- Journeys-Maps

Accounting-Periodical

55


8) Scope Notes

Notes are provided under some headings in

order to define the scope, to explain the

relationships among headings, and to assist in

the proper application of the headings so that

consistency in assigning headings to documents

on like subjects may be achieved.

A) Definitions

B) Relations to other headings

C) Instructions, explanations

9) Class Numbers

A Library of Congress Classification number is

added to a heading if the caption for the number

is identical or nearly identical in scope,

meaning, and language to the subject heading,

or if the topic is explicitly mentioned in an

"Including" note under the caption for the

number. Multiple class numbers may be added

to a heading when the subject is treated from

more than one perspective. For the heading of a

subject covered by a span of class numbers, the

full span of pertinent class numbers is included.

56


Criticism

Its disadvantage is that LCSH is American biased .

The words that are used in it are the words that are popular in American dialect and which are not popular to Indian conditions.

Many discrepancies regarding the subject headings can also be seen in its like

Labor-Labour

Color-Colour

Elevators-Lifts

57

MULTI- LEVEL CONTROLLED VOCABULARY

SEARS LIST OF SUBJECT HEADING

Multi-Level Controlled Vocabulary Types Revolution in Sears since its inception

The Sears List of Subject Headings (popularly called the Sears List) is a known tool for assigning standardized subject headings to all types of documents in a general small libraries having up to 20,000 titles in all subjects.

Sears List of Subject Headings was first designed in 1923 by Minnie Earl Sears (1873-1933) and has been continuing with her name.

It was designed with the objective of small libraries for simple and broader subject headings.

The first edition contained only 3200 preferred headings.

The 2nd (1926) and 3rd (1933) editions were again edited by her.

59


From fourth to fourteenth came in to exist in between

(1939/1991) with addition of new word, modernize the

terminology of old ones and so on. But the format

continued the same with some new features such as the

addition of Abridged DDC numbers.

The orientation to the online environment started with

the 13th edition (1986)

15th edition is considered to be a innovative era of Sears.

The latest knowledge from information science and

information seeking behavior has been deployed to

modernize the internal structure and grammar of the

sears List

16(1997), 17(2000), 18th (2004), 19th(2007) , 20 (2010)

current edition is 21st (2014)

There are some changes has been seen in 15th edition

like adoption of thesaurus format by using abbreviations,

i.e. NT, BT, RT, USE and SA instead of X,XX etc. It

gave every page a new look.

Joseph Miler edited till 19th Edition but in later it was

edited with the assistance of some associated editor.

Published by HW Wilson

60

Multi-Level Controlled Vocabulary Types Changes in and a Brief Review of the 19th , 20th and 21st edition.

Changes in 19th Edition

Changes in 20th editions

Changes in 21st editions

1. In 19th ed there are about 440 new subject

headings are in the area of computers, IT

politics, popular culture and psychology

has been added.

1. The major features of 20th edition is

the inclusion of more than 300 new

subject headings

1. There is four year gap between Sears 20th

and 21st . Between this period more than

250 subject heading were added. For

example Cloud Computing, Massive

online open course, Paralympics games.

2. Totally number of preferred headings

is likely to the tune of 8000.

2. New headings in the area of ecology and

environment. Such as Rain forest ecology,

Grassland ecology, climate change and

sustainable agriculture.

2. Some headings also been changed like

“Internet Forum” rather than “Computer

bulletin boards”

3. Islamic religion/culture was popularized

after 9/11 attacks. All the US schools have

introduced curricula on Islamic religion

and culture. Since than it was one of the

area and add to SERES list.

3. New trends in Social Networking

represented with new headings such

as Twitter (Web site) and Face book

(web site)

3. A list of 34 cancelled and replaced

heading can be found on page Xlix.

61


4. Besides this there are some

other new headings are also

added like Reality Shows,

Suicide bomber s, Stem cell

research etc.

4. A number of new headings for arts and craft have been

established such as Acrylics Painting and Wire Craft

4. There is a change in some headings to

conform to the terminology in RDA, for

example “Bible , New Testament” in

place of “Bible NT”

5. Some other changes, for e.g.

Biological Diversity becomes

Biodiversity, Native people has

been replaced by Indigenous

peoples.

5. The most significant revision in this edition deals with

subject headings relating to Russia and India. Where

material on Russia were formerly represented among

three headings, Russia, Soviet Union and Russia

(Federation). There is now single heading simple

Russia.

5. Rules for filling the entries have changed

in the 21st edition. Main heading are filed

alphabetically.

6. Fictitious Character become

Fictional Character.

7. Principles has been expanded a

bit to formulate headings in

some areas, namely, Native

Americans, Government Policy,

and mythology and folklore

6. In this edition, the heading Indians has been re-

established to denote the people of India replacing East

India and Number of heading relating to the literature

and culture of India have been similarly established, such

as Indian literature and Indian Music replacing by

Indic literature.

62


Principles of the SEARS List

Principles of the SEARS list of subject

heading has always been based on the

principles of the Library of Congress Subject

headings. The principles are:

1) Direct and Specific entry

2) Common usage

3) Uniformity and consistency

Lets explain one by one

1) Specific entry: It means that subject

should be entered under its most specific

heading, not under the class to which it

belongs. For example,

Rose should be entered under “Rose”/

“Lotus” not under “flowers”.

Penguin is entered “Penguins” not under

Birds or even not under water Birds

63


2) Direct Entry: It means that specific headings

should be entered directly as the lead point,

instead of a subdivision.

For example, Penguin is entered Penguin

instead of water birds-penguin

“Barbie doll” instead of Dolls-Barbie doll.

Roses instead of Flowers-Roses dolls.

3) Common usage: If the word is more than

one spelling, then the most popular one

chosen for common usage.

For example, there are some scientific name

are there like “Ornithology” for Birds.

Instead of “Ornithology” use Birds.

Instead of “Banquets” use Dinner.

4) Uniformity: Uniformity and consistency is

essential for maintaining standard.

64


Structure of the Sears List

Sears list is an alphabetical [arranged word by

word according to ALA Filling Rules (1980)]

Introductory part including the list of about

500 (common) subdivisions. It describes the

brief history and principles of the Sears List.

List of subject headings in alphabetical order

given in two columns on every page.

List of SHs

Core of the system is the word by word alphabetical list of SHs. All the headings are of two types:

1) Non-preferred headings

2) Preferred headings

3) Subdivisions are used to subdivide a preferred heading.

65


1) Non preferred headings

These headings are those which are not to be

used. Such headings are given in light type face

print. Each such non-preferred heading is

invariably preceded by given a lead “USE”

directing us to the preferred heading, e.g.

Cyclopedias

Use Encyclopedias and Dictionaries

Cyclotron

Use Cyclotrons

Cytology

Use Cells

Dairy farming

Use Dairying

2) Preferred headings

Preferred headings are authorized term

represented in a bold face for use against

the document content. Again these

headings are broadly categorized e.g. ideas,

objects, places, processes and relationships

including DDC class number, scope notes,

instruction for its further subdivision.

The concepts and relations of words are

mention by NT, BT and RT Cont…

66


For Example

Dairying

UF Dairies

Dairy farming

Dairy industry

BT Agriculture

Livestock industry

NT Dairy cattle

Milk

Explanation

The three terms namely Dairies, Dairy farming and

Dairy industry given against the abbreviation UF

(Used for) are non preferred (synonyms) of the

heading used. These are equivalent to Dairying in

meaning. For this, the cataloguers will have to make

see references from these terms to the entry terms,

that is, from the terms not-used to the term used e.g. :

Dairies see Dairying

Dairy farming see Dairying

Dairy industry see Dairying Cont…

67


BT means (hierarchically) Broader Term. Its

practical implication is to prepare “see also” entry

from broader to narrower term above :

Agriculture

see also Dairying

Livestock industry

see also Dairying

NT means Narrower Term. For this we have to

make see also references from broader to narrower

terms :

Dairying

see also Dairy cattle; Milk

RT means related terms. These are the terms at equal

level of hierarchy but are related with the entry in some

way. Its practical implication is to prepare see also

entries on reciprocal basis. For example in the entry

Diagnosis 616.07

- - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -

RT Pathology

So we will prepare the following two entries for the RT:

Diagnosis

see also Pathology

Pathology

see also Diagnosis

68


Subdivisions

Preferred headings are of two types:

Sometimes preferred SHs are used as direct headings as

well as subdivisions to other headings. For example,

Directories is a heading and also used as a subdivision,

e.g.

Directories - History

Mumbai – Directories

Colleges and universities – Directories

Physicians – Directories

Key Headings

In Sears some models are given to coin subject headings.

On the basis of these models an analogue headings can

ne coined. Models are:

Category Model heading

Author : Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616

Country : United States

State : Ohio

City : Chicago (Ill)

Language : English language

Literature : English literature

Ethnic : Native American

Public figures : President United States

Wars : World war, 1939-1945 Cont…

69


It means, if we have a subject pertaining to any

country we will look under the United States for a

similar SH for that country, and then adapt the

heading accordingly. If our subject is

Geography of India

We will look under the United States where an

analogues headings is

United States- Geography

So SH will be

India - Geography

Similarly, for Gazetteer of Haryana

In this case we will look under Ohio, and adapt the

heading:

Haryana – Gazetteer

For historical buildings of Delhi, we will look

under Chicago, and form the following heading:

Historic buildings – Delhi

70


For a book on “Style of Shri Prem Chand” we will look under

Shakespeare, William to get the following SH:

Prem Chand, 1880-1940 – Technique

Similarly Hindi Grammar will get the heading:

Hindi language – Grammar

Sanskrit Ucharan will get the SH

Sanskrit language – Pronunciation

Subdivisions

Subdivisions are a mean to make a heading more

specific and to make class of headings smaller. As

said earlier some headings are both a SH as well as a

subdivisions. There are four types subdivisions:

1) Topical: Birds—Eggs

2) Bibliographical: Sindhi language – Dictionaries

3) Geographical: Trees – India

4) Chronological: India -- History—1857-1947

5) English literature –21st century

71


Criticism

It may be noted that the Sears list is designed

for American, Christians and Western

Culture.

It also uses American 45 Sears List of Subject

Headings spellings, for example, “catalog”

instead of “catalogue”.

It has headings which have no relevance in

India at the moment, e.g., Only child

[families], Unmarried fathers, Teenage

fathers.

Sometimes it looks too specialized for a small

library, e.g., Napkin folding. On the other

hand it does not have headings for Asian

subjects and concepts.

There is no heading specific to Caste systems,

Gherao, Mosques, Honour killings, Mehr,

Jihad, Child marriage, Dowry deaths, etc.

72

MULTI-LEVEL CONTROLLED VOCABULARY

Taxonomy

73


What is Taxonomy?

A taxonomy is a classification system. Normally, the aim of a taxonomy is to group things

according to similarities in some respect such as similarities in structure, role, behavior, etc

The word taxonomy comes from the Greek taxis, meaning arrangement or order, and nomos, meaning law or

science. In the broader sense, a taxonomy may also be referred to as a knowledge organization system or

knowledge organization structure.

In other words A taxonomy is an orderly classification for a defined domain. It is an organizational structure in

which metadata values are grouped according to subject specific description, which is a set of characteristics

that each member of class exhibits.

Taxonomies begins with the broadest of classes and continue to narrow until the final class is reached. For

example:

Cont…

74


For example, if we took the example

animal controlled vocabulary Cat is a

broader term for Manx, that Dog is a

broader term for Collie and Bulldog,

and that Mammal is a broader term for

Dog and Cat, we'd have a simple

taxonomy. The "broader" relationships

of a taxonomy are often represented

visually as a tree:

75


While this is certainly not enough information for

a computer to understand what a collie is, a system

can use this little bit of semantics about collies to

add value to a data collection so that you can get

more out of it. For example, let's say Essess

Publications employee Mr.Ansari stores a picture

of Lassie in Essess Digital Asset Management

system and tags it as "Collie." Several months later

her co-worker Arun needs a picture of a dog for an

article about bringing pets to hotels.

Lassie

76


He searches the DAM for "Dog," and although the picture of Lassie is not tagged with this

term, a search engine that's aware of the taxonomy metadata knows that, as a collie, the picture

of Lassie is also a picture of a dog, and returns that picture to Arun. The metadata helped Arun

to more quickly get value out of one of their information assets.

A large e-commerce website's menu system is often a taxonomy of their products. If this

taxonomy is designed well, customers can find what they need easily; if not, a customer may

give up and go to a competitor's website, so a well-designed taxonomy can have a direct effect

on a company's revenue. Cont…

77


classification Subdivisions For any category, each

subcategory is a taxonomy

78

RELATIONAL CONTROLLED VOCABULARY

Thesaurus

79

Relational Controlled Vocabulary Types

What is Thesaurus?

The word thesaurus derived form the Greek

word ‘treasury’ which means a store house of

knowledge. A thesaurus is a work that

contains synonymous and sometimes

antonymous in contrast to a dictionary, which

contains definition and pronunciation. It is a

list of term arrange according to their

relationship of ideas.

80


Purpose/Functions of Thesaurus

To provide a map for a given field of knowledge

indicating how the concepts of ideas are related to

each other, which helps to indexer and searcher to

understand the structure of the field of knowledge.

To provide a standard vocabulary for a given subject.

It provides consistent representation of the subject

matter avoiding subject dispersion in out put and

input by controlling synonymous, quasi-synonymous

and by differentiation of homograph.

Bringing together the term which are semantically

related .

To limit the number of term that assign to be a

document.

To serve as search aid in retrieval.

81


Relationship among the terms

The Equivalence Relationship

The hierarchical (or whole-part) relationship and

The associative relationship.

Lets Explain with example:

Equivalence relationship has again divided in to three parts which are as followes:

Equivalence Relationship

Synonymous

Lexical variant

Quasi Synonymous

82


Equivalence Relationship: its denotes the

relationship between preferred term and non-

preferred term where two or more terms are

regarded for indexing purpose. This is

denoted by USE and UF. This general

relationship covers three kinds of terms.

Synonymous: A terms whose meaning can

be regarded as same in the wide range of

context, so that they are virtually

interchangeable. For example

Popular Name Scientific Names

Spider Arachnid

Standard Name Slang

High fidelity equipment Hi fi equipment

83


Lexical variant: A lexicon variants which

are different words for the same expression,

such as spelling, grammatical variants and

abbreviated forms. For example:

Spelling Color (Colour), Catalog (Catalogue) Abbreviation TQM (Total Quality management)

Quasi Synonymous: The words which are

not synonymous but near to synonymous.

For example: Urban areas (Cities)

Hierarchical Relationship: It express the

level of super ordination, subordination or

relationship among the term. BS5723

identifies three relational situations

representing hierarchical relationship.

Hierarchical Relationship

Generic Relationship

The Hierarchical whole part

Relationship

Instance Relationship

84


Generic Relationship: Which identifies the link between the class and category. For example

Teachers BT

Adult Teachers

School Teacher

Hierarchy whole part Relationship: It is a narrower subject field within a subject. For Example. System and Organ of the body.

Ear (BT)

External ear (NT)

Instance Relationship: In this case relationship

is determined by common noun then proper

noun. For example

Sea (BT)

Arabian Sea (NT)

Non-Hierarchical Relationship: In non-

hierarchical, relationship between the terms are

clearly related to each other conceptually but no

hierarchically. For Example Library (BT)

Librarians, Users, Documents (RT)

85


Ontology

86


Semantic Web?

A set of standards and best practices for sharing data and the semantic of data over the web for use by

Application.

[A set of Standards]

the RDF data Model

the RDF Schema and OWL standards for storing Vocabulary and Ontology

[best practices for sharing data over the web... or use by applications ]

These best practices recommend:

the use of URIs to name things

the use of standards such as RDF

they provide excellent guidelines for the creation of an infrastructure for the semantic web and semantic web of that

data

[sh98003588#concept]

http://id.loc.gov//authorities/sh98003588#concepts

87


Resource Description Framework (How it works)

Manir Sells Books

Resource: It is anything that has identify. For e.g

Manir, Book.

Now how does something get identity?

be identified by URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)

A govt., agency, a human an abstract concept.

Description: it is a container holding several

statements describing the resources.

Ask a friend (or computer) to describe Manir

One statement might be: Manir Sells books.

Framework is needed to enable humans and

machines to make and understand statement.

RDF Triplet

Here is RDF in pictorial form

All these are resources identified by Unique

URIs

Statement built from triplet Cont…

Object Subject Predicate

A sentence

Manir Sells Books

88


RDF using XML code the data into a machine red able format

<rdf: Description about= “[Manir]”

Xmlns: sells = “[NS]”>

<buy:myPredicate rdf:resources=“[book]”/>

</rdf:Description>

Human brain use Logic

Marry is a mother

A mother is a parent

Therefore Mary must be a parent

Now the question is that how the computer is understand

The combination of an RDF model and the associated XML gives the computer enough information to discover the meaning of data. Data about other data is often called metadata. XML and RDS deals with metadata, that is they deal with the description of the information available on the web. But if the machine are expected to interact with each other or share data in the true sense of the word, then semantic interoperability is essential. For this, a formal specification is required to explicit define various terms and their relationship. Ontology was thus developed in AI to facility knowledge sharing and reuse, and can be built using XML and RDF.

89


Emergence of Ontology

The Information and Communication technology tools like internet, www have change the information scenario and present the information structure in multidimensional way like e-book, e-journal, digital object. There range is vary from a single webpage to a pixel-based photograph to a digital piece of music.

Now it has been observed that tools for bibliographic control of the print era would not be adequate to handle the digital materials. For instance, though MARC21 bibliographic descriptions format exist but it has also certain limitation. It can not handle many aspects of digital resource like multiple date of creation and revisions, credit assignment etc.

New tools therefore been developed for this purpose. For e.g. Metadata, Ontology, Taxonomy. Link

90


Ontology as Central Concept in

Philosophy

What does ontology mean, why we use it?

People can not share knowledge if they do

not speak a common language.

What does it mean to speak a common

language?

To speak a common language

Common symbols and concept (Syntax)

Agreement about their meaning (Semantic)

Classification of Concepts (Taxonomy)

Associations and relations of Concepts

(Thesaurus)

Rules and knowledge about which relations

are allowed and make sense. (Ontology)

What is Ontology?

The study of being or existence

Describes the basic categories and

relationships of being to define entities and

types of entities.

91


Ontology in Computer Science.

Thomas R Gruber; “An ontology is an

explicit formal specification of a shared

conceptualization . The term is borrowed

from philosophy, where an ontology is a

systematic account of existence. For AI

system what “exists” is that which can be

represented”

Conceptualization: An abstract model

(domain, identified relevant concepts,

relations)

Model of domain inside that we try to identified its

relation

Explicit: meaning of all concepts must be

defined.

Formal: machine understandable (interpreted

it correctly)

Shared: Consensus about ontology

92


Example

93


When you developed an ontology, you can define your own relationships and attributes as well as classes of things that are categorized as well as classes of things that are categorized by these relationship and attributes.

Ontology can be used by software system to infer new information, such as class membership. For e.g. If Jack has Play instrument property value of “guitar” and the ontology says that anyone with a play instrument value is a musician. We can infer that Jack is a musician even if there is no explicit data saying that he is a member of that class.

Adoption in Library and Information Science:

B.C Vickery first drew attention to the concept of ontology for organizing knowledge in the wake of its increasing complexity. Ontology in the field of information management basically defines a common vocabulary for users who need to share information in a domain. The distinguish feature is that it includes machine-interpretable definitions of basic concepts and relation among them. Role of ontology there will be in building technologies, standard and tools to create information resources on the web in such a way that computer software can read and process information from those documents easily for search and retrieve on a global scale. For e.g. Digital Library and Ontology Library

94


Semantic Network

95


What is Semantic Network?

Semantic networks can be thought of as super-

thesauri. Each network can be represented in a

directed graph of concept nodes connected by

relations as well as some additional relations such

as whole-part, cause-effect, or parent-child

relationships.

A finite list of relations used in semantic networks

does not exist. Semantic network relations can

extend to provenance.

The record of how a particular value or record

came to be. Provenance can include things like

when, by whom, and how the item was created

or modified.

How it works?

Information technology experts tend to use semantic

networks to establish complex search interfaces, which

can help a user locate the most appropriate results based

on the search term. Since semantic networks describe

complex relationships, the search interface can be

programmed to interpret the user entry into various

nodes, which are included in a semantic network. The

resulting search is more exhaustive than that provided by

a multi-level set of values, because the system can be set

up to return results from different levels or categories

based upon relations.

96


Example

This very simple diagram of a

semantic network illustrates the

directed nature of relationships. For

example, using this diagram, you

can make the statement "A fish is

an animal that lives in the water."

Or, "A bear is a mammal (a type of

animal with a vertebra) that has

fur."

97

PART THREE CONTROLLED VOCABULARY

VS NATURAL LANGUAGE

Controlled Vocabulary Vs Natural Language

There are three types of Indexing Language

1) Controlled indexing language: Only authorized term can be used by the indexer to described

the documents.

2) Natural Language: Any term that appears in the title, abstract or text of a document record may

be index term

3) Free Indexing Language: Any term (not only form the document) can be sued to describe the

document

99


Controlled Indexing

1) When indexing a document, the indexer also has to choose the level of indexing exhaustively. For e.g. using law indexing exhaustively, minor aspects of works will not be describes with index term.

2) CVs are often claimed to improve the accuracy of free text searching, such s reduce irrelevant items in relevant list

3) A controlled vocabulary can dramatically increase the performance o an information retrieval system, if the performance is measured by precision.

Natural Indexing

1) Free text search involves using natural language indexing. With an indexing exhaustively set to maximum (every word in the text is indexed)

2) Retrieving irrelevant items may create confusion.

3) Less precision.

100


4) In some cases, controlled vocabulary can enhance the re-call s well, because unlike natural language schemes, Once the correct authorized term is searched, you do not need to worry about searching for other terms that might be synonym of that term

5) Controlled vocabulary search may also leads to unsatisfactory recall, in that it will fail to retrieve some documents, that are actually relevant to the search question.

6) Not immediately up to date.

7) Artificial language has to be learnt by the searcher.

8) High input cost.

4) In Natural language exact matching is required to increase recall.

5) Where as all the text of an article are indexed.

6) Up to date. New terms are immediately available.

7) Natural Language word used by indexer as well as searcher.

8) Low input cost etc

101

Conclusion

Vocabulary Control is used to improve the effectiveness of information storage and retrieval system;

web navigation system and other environments that seek identity and locate derived content via some

sort of description using language. Controlled vocabulary is like a fishing net which helps the user to

fetch the accurate information from the mountain of knowledge. It has parallel advantages from both

the staff as well as user point of view. Electronic publishing has exploit over the print publishing.

Academia moving towards in electronic publishing and service providers are deeply involved in

gathering information at one place for their clients. Vocabulary Control has increased the level of

efficiency while retrieving information by establishing relation among the content of document. It gives

the power to user community to reach as to their desired level of information. Absence of controlled

vocabulary system in e-content management as well as library management is like a hawk-eyed man

walking in a dark night.

102

References (MLA7)

1. "What Is a Controlled Vocabulary?" What Is a Controlled Vocabulary? | Marine Metadata Interoperability. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2016.

2. Leise Fred. "Controlled Vocabularies: An Introduction." Latest TOC RSS. Society of Indexers, n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2016.

3. Gilchrist Alan. "Thesauri, Taxonomies and Ontologies - an Etymological Note." Journal of Documentation 59.1 (2002): 7-18. Web. 01 Dec. 2016.

4. Steckel, By Fred Leise Karl Fast and Mike. "What Is A Controlled Vocabulary?" Boxes and Arrows. N.p., 14 Nov. 2013. Web. 10 Dec. 2016.

5. Noruzi Alireza. "Folksonomies: (Un)Controlled Vocabulary?" Knowledge Organization 33.4 (2006): 199-203. Web.

6. Noy Natalya F., and McGuinness Deborah L. "Ontology Development 101: A Guide to Creating Your First Ontology." (n.d.): 1-24. Web. 01 Dec. 2016.

7. Slimani, Thabet. "Ontology Development: A Comparing Study on Tools, Languages and Formalisms." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 8.24 (2015): 1-12. Web. 01 Dec. 2016.

8. Giri, Kaushal. "Role of Ontology in Semantic Web." DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology 31.2 (2011): 116-20. Web. 01 Dec. 2016.

9. "Recent Review of Sears List of Subject Headings." Rev. of Sears List of Subject Headings.Technicalities Mar.-Apr. 2015: 0-1. H.W Wilson. Web. 01 Dec. 2016.

10. Hedden, Heather. "Controlled Vocabularies, Thesauri, and Taxonomies." The Indexer 26.1 (n.d.): 33-34. Web. 01 Dec. 2016.

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References

11. "What Is a Controlled Vocabulary?" What Is a Controlled Vocabulary? | Marine Metadata Interoperability. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2016. Website

12. https://www.creighton.edu/fileadmin/user/HSL/docs/ref/Searching_Databases_-_Controlled_Vocab_-_MeSH.pdf

13. http://www.topquadrant.com/docs/whitepapers/cvtaxthes.pdf Access Date 01-12-2016

14. http://www.getty.edu/research/publications/electronic_publications/intro_controlled_vocab/what.pdf Access Date 01/12/2016

15. http://books.infotoday.com/books/The-Accidental-Taxonomist/At-SampleChapter.pdf 01/12/2016

16. http://www.topquadrant.com/docs/whitepapers/cvtaxthes.pdf Access date 01/12/2016

17. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i1tSsWdygS8 Access Date 01/12/2016

Thank You

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http://www.topquadrant.com/docs/whitepapers/cvtaxthes.pdf Access Date 01-12-2016













http://www.getty.edu/research/publications/electronic_publications/intro_controlled_vocab/what.pdf

http://books.infotoday.com/books/The-Accidental-Taxonomist/At-SampleChapter.pdf







http://www.topquadrant.com/docs/whitepapers/cvtaxthes.pdf 01/12/2016

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i1tSsWdygS8

References back

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