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Control of Potentially Toxic Cyanobacteria Using Chemicals or Fish Gary J. Burtle University of Georgia Animal & Dairy Science - Tifton

Control of Potentially Toxic Cyanobacteria Using Chemicals 2017

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Page 1: Control of Potentially Toxic Cyanobacteria Using Chemicals 2017

Control of Potentially Toxic Cyanobacteria Using Chemicals or

Fish

Gary J Burtle

University of Georgia

Animal amp Dairy Science - Tifton

Unusual Number of Toxic Blooms

bull Toxic Algae blooms in Georgia causing cattle deaths

bull Blame placed on drought conditions

bull Rains in early 2012 followed by drought lead to concentration of nutrients in pond water

bull Reduced pond flushing

Cattle Deaths

bull More than two dozen ponds with reported cattle problems

ndash Six cases of cattle deaths

bull 2 to 8 cattle deaths per case

bull Aborted or still birth calves in surviving cows

ndash Others with avoidance of pond water or dense algal blooms

Main Algae Suspects

Microcystis

Cylindrospermopsis Euglena sanguinea

Euglena

Some Algae Toxins

Algae Toxins

MicrocystisAnabaenaPlanktothrix (Oscillatoria)AphanozomenonNostoc

Microcystins (liver)Anatoxin-a (nerve)

Cylindrospermopsis raciborski Cylindrospermopsin (liver kidney)Saxitoxin (nerve)

Euglena sanguinea Euglenophycin (neurological)

Lyngbya Lyngbyatoxin-a (skin)Aplysiatoxins (skin gastro-intestinal)

Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water A guide to their public health consequences monitoring and management Edited by Ingrid Chorus and Jamie Bartram World Health Organization 1999Identification of euglenophycin--a toxin found in certain euglenoids Zimba PV Moeller PD Beauchesne K Lane HE Triemer RE Toxicon 55(1)100-4 2010

Fate of toxins in the Environment

ldquoIt appears likely that cyanotoxins are produced and contained within the actively growing cyanobacterial cells Release to the surrounding water to form dissolved toxin appears to occur mostly if not exclusively during cell senescence death and lysis rather than by continuous excretion ldquo Kaarina Sivonen and Gary Jones WHO 1999

Tifton Studies on Algae Control

bull Planktivorous fish

ndash Threadfin shad (600 per acre)

ndash (Or stock 100A and encourage spawning)

bull Algicides

ndash Copper sulfate

plus sodium percarbonate

ndash Cutrine plus

How to Improve Results of Sodium Percarbonate Application

bull Increase rate of applicationhellipfrom 8 lb to 25 lbA

bull OR use in combination with COPPER

ndash 01 to 025 ppm as copper sulfate

bull Apply early in the day

before full sun or late in the day

after full sun

Treatment Evaluated

bull 025 ppm Copper Sulfate crystals (0675 lb per acre ft of pond water)

ndash Dissolve in warm water before distribution

bull 25 lb GreenClean per acre ft of water

ndash Broadcast over the pond area as evenly as possible

bull Applied before 1000 AM

Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate

Time Microcystis Aphanocapsa Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus

Initial 1544 33977 6037 1895

24 hr Post

Treat

210 22324 1334 2257

48 hr Post

Treat

929 14531 772 7582

72 hr Post

Treat

421 12987 351 7722

Pond 18 ndash Moderate Bloom

Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples

Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate

Time Microcystis Aphanizomeno

n

Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus

Initial 53212 2808 842 9547

24 hr Post Treat 54194 1544 ND 6318

48 hr Post Treat 35942 421 982 9126

72 hr Post Treat 45541 421 421 9574

Pond 22 ndash Dense Bloom

Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples

General Observations

bull Algicide treatment can be selective

bull Apply before dense scums appear

bull Reapplication will probably be necessary but perhaps only with Sodium Percarbonate

bull Cost of chemical per acre ft about $5100

Implications

bull Begin control before dense blooms develop

bull Pond owner should adopt long range plan for phytoplankton management ndash including drought conditions

bull Repeat application

ndash 1 to 2 weeks apart

bull Test for toxin

ndash County Office

ndash About $100

Page 2: Control of Potentially Toxic Cyanobacteria Using Chemicals 2017

Unusual Number of Toxic Blooms

bull Toxic Algae blooms in Georgia causing cattle deaths

bull Blame placed on drought conditions

bull Rains in early 2012 followed by drought lead to concentration of nutrients in pond water

bull Reduced pond flushing

Cattle Deaths

bull More than two dozen ponds with reported cattle problems

ndash Six cases of cattle deaths

bull 2 to 8 cattle deaths per case

bull Aborted or still birth calves in surviving cows

ndash Others with avoidance of pond water or dense algal blooms

Main Algae Suspects

Microcystis

Cylindrospermopsis Euglena sanguinea

Euglena

Some Algae Toxins

Algae Toxins

MicrocystisAnabaenaPlanktothrix (Oscillatoria)AphanozomenonNostoc

Microcystins (liver)Anatoxin-a (nerve)

Cylindrospermopsis raciborski Cylindrospermopsin (liver kidney)Saxitoxin (nerve)

Euglena sanguinea Euglenophycin (neurological)

Lyngbya Lyngbyatoxin-a (skin)Aplysiatoxins (skin gastro-intestinal)

Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water A guide to their public health consequences monitoring and management Edited by Ingrid Chorus and Jamie Bartram World Health Organization 1999Identification of euglenophycin--a toxin found in certain euglenoids Zimba PV Moeller PD Beauchesne K Lane HE Triemer RE Toxicon 55(1)100-4 2010

Fate of toxins in the Environment

ldquoIt appears likely that cyanotoxins are produced and contained within the actively growing cyanobacterial cells Release to the surrounding water to form dissolved toxin appears to occur mostly if not exclusively during cell senescence death and lysis rather than by continuous excretion ldquo Kaarina Sivonen and Gary Jones WHO 1999

Tifton Studies on Algae Control

bull Planktivorous fish

ndash Threadfin shad (600 per acre)

ndash (Or stock 100A and encourage spawning)

bull Algicides

ndash Copper sulfate

plus sodium percarbonate

ndash Cutrine plus

How to Improve Results of Sodium Percarbonate Application

bull Increase rate of applicationhellipfrom 8 lb to 25 lbA

bull OR use in combination with COPPER

ndash 01 to 025 ppm as copper sulfate

bull Apply early in the day

before full sun or late in the day

after full sun

Treatment Evaluated

bull 025 ppm Copper Sulfate crystals (0675 lb per acre ft of pond water)

ndash Dissolve in warm water before distribution

bull 25 lb GreenClean per acre ft of water

ndash Broadcast over the pond area as evenly as possible

bull Applied before 1000 AM

Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate

Time Microcystis Aphanocapsa Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus

Initial 1544 33977 6037 1895

24 hr Post

Treat

210 22324 1334 2257

48 hr Post

Treat

929 14531 772 7582

72 hr Post

Treat

421 12987 351 7722

Pond 18 ndash Moderate Bloom

Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples

Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate

Time Microcystis Aphanizomeno

n

Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus

Initial 53212 2808 842 9547

24 hr Post Treat 54194 1544 ND 6318

48 hr Post Treat 35942 421 982 9126

72 hr Post Treat 45541 421 421 9574

Pond 22 ndash Dense Bloom

Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples

General Observations

bull Algicide treatment can be selective

bull Apply before dense scums appear

bull Reapplication will probably be necessary but perhaps only with Sodium Percarbonate

bull Cost of chemical per acre ft about $5100

Implications

bull Begin control before dense blooms develop

bull Pond owner should adopt long range plan for phytoplankton management ndash including drought conditions

bull Repeat application

ndash 1 to 2 weeks apart

bull Test for toxin

ndash County Office

ndash About $100

Page 3: Control of Potentially Toxic Cyanobacteria Using Chemicals 2017

Cattle Deaths

bull More than two dozen ponds with reported cattle problems

ndash Six cases of cattle deaths

bull 2 to 8 cattle deaths per case

bull Aborted or still birth calves in surviving cows

ndash Others with avoidance of pond water or dense algal blooms

Main Algae Suspects

Microcystis

Cylindrospermopsis Euglena sanguinea

Euglena

Some Algae Toxins

Algae Toxins

MicrocystisAnabaenaPlanktothrix (Oscillatoria)AphanozomenonNostoc

Microcystins (liver)Anatoxin-a (nerve)

Cylindrospermopsis raciborski Cylindrospermopsin (liver kidney)Saxitoxin (nerve)

Euglena sanguinea Euglenophycin (neurological)

Lyngbya Lyngbyatoxin-a (skin)Aplysiatoxins (skin gastro-intestinal)

Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water A guide to their public health consequences monitoring and management Edited by Ingrid Chorus and Jamie Bartram World Health Organization 1999Identification of euglenophycin--a toxin found in certain euglenoids Zimba PV Moeller PD Beauchesne K Lane HE Triemer RE Toxicon 55(1)100-4 2010

Fate of toxins in the Environment

ldquoIt appears likely that cyanotoxins are produced and contained within the actively growing cyanobacterial cells Release to the surrounding water to form dissolved toxin appears to occur mostly if not exclusively during cell senescence death and lysis rather than by continuous excretion ldquo Kaarina Sivonen and Gary Jones WHO 1999

Tifton Studies on Algae Control

bull Planktivorous fish

ndash Threadfin shad (600 per acre)

ndash (Or stock 100A and encourage spawning)

bull Algicides

ndash Copper sulfate

plus sodium percarbonate

ndash Cutrine plus

How to Improve Results of Sodium Percarbonate Application

bull Increase rate of applicationhellipfrom 8 lb to 25 lbA

bull OR use in combination with COPPER

ndash 01 to 025 ppm as copper sulfate

bull Apply early in the day

before full sun or late in the day

after full sun

Treatment Evaluated

bull 025 ppm Copper Sulfate crystals (0675 lb per acre ft of pond water)

ndash Dissolve in warm water before distribution

bull 25 lb GreenClean per acre ft of water

ndash Broadcast over the pond area as evenly as possible

bull Applied before 1000 AM

Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate

Time Microcystis Aphanocapsa Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus

Initial 1544 33977 6037 1895

24 hr Post

Treat

210 22324 1334 2257

48 hr Post

Treat

929 14531 772 7582

72 hr Post

Treat

421 12987 351 7722

Pond 18 ndash Moderate Bloom

Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples

Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate

Time Microcystis Aphanizomeno

n

Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus

Initial 53212 2808 842 9547

24 hr Post Treat 54194 1544 ND 6318

48 hr Post Treat 35942 421 982 9126

72 hr Post Treat 45541 421 421 9574

Pond 22 ndash Dense Bloom

Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples

General Observations

bull Algicide treatment can be selective

bull Apply before dense scums appear

bull Reapplication will probably be necessary but perhaps only with Sodium Percarbonate

bull Cost of chemical per acre ft about $5100

Implications

bull Begin control before dense blooms develop

bull Pond owner should adopt long range plan for phytoplankton management ndash including drought conditions

bull Repeat application

ndash 1 to 2 weeks apart

bull Test for toxin

ndash County Office

ndash About $100

Page 4: Control of Potentially Toxic Cyanobacteria Using Chemicals 2017

Main Algae Suspects

Microcystis

Cylindrospermopsis Euglena sanguinea

Euglena

Some Algae Toxins

Algae Toxins

MicrocystisAnabaenaPlanktothrix (Oscillatoria)AphanozomenonNostoc

Microcystins (liver)Anatoxin-a (nerve)

Cylindrospermopsis raciborski Cylindrospermopsin (liver kidney)Saxitoxin (nerve)

Euglena sanguinea Euglenophycin (neurological)

Lyngbya Lyngbyatoxin-a (skin)Aplysiatoxins (skin gastro-intestinal)

Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water A guide to their public health consequences monitoring and management Edited by Ingrid Chorus and Jamie Bartram World Health Organization 1999Identification of euglenophycin--a toxin found in certain euglenoids Zimba PV Moeller PD Beauchesne K Lane HE Triemer RE Toxicon 55(1)100-4 2010

Fate of toxins in the Environment

ldquoIt appears likely that cyanotoxins are produced and contained within the actively growing cyanobacterial cells Release to the surrounding water to form dissolved toxin appears to occur mostly if not exclusively during cell senescence death and lysis rather than by continuous excretion ldquo Kaarina Sivonen and Gary Jones WHO 1999

Tifton Studies on Algae Control

bull Planktivorous fish

ndash Threadfin shad (600 per acre)

ndash (Or stock 100A and encourage spawning)

bull Algicides

ndash Copper sulfate

plus sodium percarbonate

ndash Cutrine plus

How to Improve Results of Sodium Percarbonate Application

bull Increase rate of applicationhellipfrom 8 lb to 25 lbA

bull OR use in combination with COPPER

ndash 01 to 025 ppm as copper sulfate

bull Apply early in the day

before full sun or late in the day

after full sun

Treatment Evaluated

bull 025 ppm Copper Sulfate crystals (0675 lb per acre ft of pond water)

ndash Dissolve in warm water before distribution

bull 25 lb GreenClean per acre ft of water

ndash Broadcast over the pond area as evenly as possible

bull Applied before 1000 AM

Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate

Time Microcystis Aphanocapsa Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus

Initial 1544 33977 6037 1895

24 hr Post

Treat

210 22324 1334 2257

48 hr Post

Treat

929 14531 772 7582

72 hr Post

Treat

421 12987 351 7722

Pond 18 ndash Moderate Bloom

Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples

Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate

Time Microcystis Aphanizomeno

n

Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus

Initial 53212 2808 842 9547

24 hr Post Treat 54194 1544 ND 6318

48 hr Post Treat 35942 421 982 9126

72 hr Post Treat 45541 421 421 9574

Pond 22 ndash Dense Bloom

Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples

General Observations

bull Algicide treatment can be selective

bull Apply before dense scums appear

bull Reapplication will probably be necessary but perhaps only with Sodium Percarbonate

bull Cost of chemical per acre ft about $5100

Implications

bull Begin control before dense blooms develop

bull Pond owner should adopt long range plan for phytoplankton management ndash including drought conditions

bull Repeat application

ndash 1 to 2 weeks apart

bull Test for toxin

ndash County Office

ndash About $100

Page 5: Control of Potentially Toxic Cyanobacteria Using Chemicals 2017

Some Algae Toxins

Algae Toxins

MicrocystisAnabaenaPlanktothrix (Oscillatoria)AphanozomenonNostoc

Microcystins (liver)Anatoxin-a (nerve)

Cylindrospermopsis raciborski Cylindrospermopsin (liver kidney)Saxitoxin (nerve)

Euglena sanguinea Euglenophycin (neurological)

Lyngbya Lyngbyatoxin-a (skin)Aplysiatoxins (skin gastro-intestinal)

Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water A guide to their public health consequences monitoring and management Edited by Ingrid Chorus and Jamie Bartram World Health Organization 1999Identification of euglenophycin--a toxin found in certain euglenoids Zimba PV Moeller PD Beauchesne K Lane HE Triemer RE Toxicon 55(1)100-4 2010

Fate of toxins in the Environment

ldquoIt appears likely that cyanotoxins are produced and contained within the actively growing cyanobacterial cells Release to the surrounding water to form dissolved toxin appears to occur mostly if not exclusively during cell senescence death and lysis rather than by continuous excretion ldquo Kaarina Sivonen and Gary Jones WHO 1999

Tifton Studies on Algae Control

bull Planktivorous fish

ndash Threadfin shad (600 per acre)

ndash (Or stock 100A and encourage spawning)

bull Algicides

ndash Copper sulfate

plus sodium percarbonate

ndash Cutrine plus

How to Improve Results of Sodium Percarbonate Application

bull Increase rate of applicationhellipfrom 8 lb to 25 lbA

bull OR use in combination with COPPER

ndash 01 to 025 ppm as copper sulfate

bull Apply early in the day

before full sun or late in the day

after full sun

Treatment Evaluated

bull 025 ppm Copper Sulfate crystals (0675 lb per acre ft of pond water)

ndash Dissolve in warm water before distribution

bull 25 lb GreenClean per acre ft of water

ndash Broadcast over the pond area as evenly as possible

bull Applied before 1000 AM

Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate

Time Microcystis Aphanocapsa Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus

Initial 1544 33977 6037 1895

24 hr Post

Treat

210 22324 1334 2257

48 hr Post

Treat

929 14531 772 7582

72 hr Post

Treat

421 12987 351 7722

Pond 18 ndash Moderate Bloom

Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples

Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate

Time Microcystis Aphanizomeno

n

Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus

Initial 53212 2808 842 9547

24 hr Post Treat 54194 1544 ND 6318

48 hr Post Treat 35942 421 982 9126

72 hr Post Treat 45541 421 421 9574

Pond 22 ndash Dense Bloom

Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples

General Observations

bull Algicide treatment can be selective

bull Apply before dense scums appear

bull Reapplication will probably be necessary but perhaps only with Sodium Percarbonate

bull Cost of chemical per acre ft about $5100

Implications

bull Begin control before dense blooms develop

bull Pond owner should adopt long range plan for phytoplankton management ndash including drought conditions

bull Repeat application

ndash 1 to 2 weeks apart

bull Test for toxin

ndash County Office

ndash About $100

Page 6: Control of Potentially Toxic Cyanobacteria Using Chemicals 2017

Fate of toxins in the Environment

ldquoIt appears likely that cyanotoxins are produced and contained within the actively growing cyanobacterial cells Release to the surrounding water to form dissolved toxin appears to occur mostly if not exclusively during cell senescence death and lysis rather than by continuous excretion ldquo Kaarina Sivonen and Gary Jones WHO 1999

Tifton Studies on Algae Control

bull Planktivorous fish

ndash Threadfin shad (600 per acre)

ndash (Or stock 100A and encourage spawning)

bull Algicides

ndash Copper sulfate

plus sodium percarbonate

ndash Cutrine plus

How to Improve Results of Sodium Percarbonate Application

bull Increase rate of applicationhellipfrom 8 lb to 25 lbA

bull OR use in combination with COPPER

ndash 01 to 025 ppm as copper sulfate

bull Apply early in the day

before full sun or late in the day

after full sun

Treatment Evaluated

bull 025 ppm Copper Sulfate crystals (0675 lb per acre ft of pond water)

ndash Dissolve in warm water before distribution

bull 25 lb GreenClean per acre ft of water

ndash Broadcast over the pond area as evenly as possible

bull Applied before 1000 AM

Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate

Time Microcystis Aphanocapsa Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus

Initial 1544 33977 6037 1895

24 hr Post

Treat

210 22324 1334 2257

48 hr Post

Treat

929 14531 772 7582

72 hr Post

Treat

421 12987 351 7722

Pond 18 ndash Moderate Bloom

Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples

Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate

Time Microcystis Aphanizomeno

n

Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus

Initial 53212 2808 842 9547

24 hr Post Treat 54194 1544 ND 6318

48 hr Post Treat 35942 421 982 9126

72 hr Post Treat 45541 421 421 9574

Pond 22 ndash Dense Bloom

Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples

General Observations

bull Algicide treatment can be selective

bull Apply before dense scums appear

bull Reapplication will probably be necessary but perhaps only with Sodium Percarbonate

bull Cost of chemical per acre ft about $5100

Implications

bull Begin control before dense blooms develop

bull Pond owner should adopt long range plan for phytoplankton management ndash including drought conditions

bull Repeat application

ndash 1 to 2 weeks apart

bull Test for toxin

ndash County Office

ndash About $100

Page 7: Control of Potentially Toxic Cyanobacteria Using Chemicals 2017

Tifton Studies on Algae Control

bull Planktivorous fish

ndash Threadfin shad (600 per acre)

ndash (Or stock 100A and encourage spawning)

bull Algicides

ndash Copper sulfate

plus sodium percarbonate

ndash Cutrine plus

How to Improve Results of Sodium Percarbonate Application

bull Increase rate of applicationhellipfrom 8 lb to 25 lbA

bull OR use in combination with COPPER

ndash 01 to 025 ppm as copper sulfate

bull Apply early in the day

before full sun or late in the day

after full sun

Treatment Evaluated

bull 025 ppm Copper Sulfate crystals (0675 lb per acre ft of pond water)

ndash Dissolve in warm water before distribution

bull 25 lb GreenClean per acre ft of water

ndash Broadcast over the pond area as evenly as possible

bull Applied before 1000 AM

Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate

Time Microcystis Aphanocapsa Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus

Initial 1544 33977 6037 1895

24 hr Post

Treat

210 22324 1334 2257

48 hr Post

Treat

929 14531 772 7582

72 hr Post

Treat

421 12987 351 7722

Pond 18 ndash Moderate Bloom

Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples

Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate

Time Microcystis Aphanizomeno

n

Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus

Initial 53212 2808 842 9547

24 hr Post Treat 54194 1544 ND 6318

48 hr Post Treat 35942 421 982 9126

72 hr Post Treat 45541 421 421 9574

Pond 22 ndash Dense Bloom

Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples

General Observations

bull Algicide treatment can be selective

bull Apply before dense scums appear

bull Reapplication will probably be necessary but perhaps only with Sodium Percarbonate

bull Cost of chemical per acre ft about $5100

Implications

bull Begin control before dense blooms develop

bull Pond owner should adopt long range plan for phytoplankton management ndash including drought conditions

bull Repeat application

ndash 1 to 2 weeks apart

bull Test for toxin

ndash County Office

ndash About $100

Page 8: Control of Potentially Toxic Cyanobacteria Using Chemicals 2017

How to Improve Results of Sodium Percarbonate Application

bull Increase rate of applicationhellipfrom 8 lb to 25 lbA

bull OR use in combination with COPPER

ndash 01 to 025 ppm as copper sulfate

bull Apply early in the day

before full sun or late in the day

after full sun

Treatment Evaluated

bull 025 ppm Copper Sulfate crystals (0675 lb per acre ft of pond water)

ndash Dissolve in warm water before distribution

bull 25 lb GreenClean per acre ft of water

ndash Broadcast over the pond area as evenly as possible

bull Applied before 1000 AM

Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate

Time Microcystis Aphanocapsa Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus

Initial 1544 33977 6037 1895

24 hr Post

Treat

210 22324 1334 2257

48 hr Post

Treat

929 14531 772 7582

72 hr Post

Treat

421 12987 351 7722

Pond 18 ndash Moderate Bloom

Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples

Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate

Time Microcystis Aphanizomeno

n

Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus

Initial 53212 2808 842 9547

24 hr Post Treat 54194 1544 ND 6318

48 hr Post Treat 35942 421 982 9126

72 hr Post Treat 45541 421 421 9574

Pond 22 ndash Dense Bloom

Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples

General Observations

bull Algicide treatment can be selective

bull Apply before dense scums appear

bull Reapplication will probably be necessary but perhaps only with Sodium Percarbonate

bull Cost of chemical per acre ft about $5100

Implications

bull Begin control before dense blooms develop

bull Pond owner should adopt long range plan for phytoplankton management ndash including drought conditions

bull Repeat application

ndash 1 to 2 weeks apart

bull Test for toxin

ndash County Office

ndash About $100

Page 9: Control of Potentially Toxic Cyanobacteria Using Chemicals 2017

Treatment Evaluated

bull 025 ppm Copper Sulfate crystals (0675 lb per acre ft of pond water)

ndash Dissolve in warm water before distribution

bull 25 lb GreenClean per acre ft of water

ndash Broadcast over the pond area as evenly as possible

bull Applied before 1000 AM

Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate

Time Microcystis Aphanocapsa Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus

Initial 1544 33977 6037 1895

24 hr Post

Treat

210 22324 1334 2257

48 hr Post

Treat

929 14531 772 7582

72 hr Post

Treat

421 12987 351 7722

Pond 18 ndash Moderate Bloom

Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples

Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate

Time Microcystis Aphanizomeno

n

Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus

Initial 53212 2808 842 9547

24 hr Post Treat 54194 1544 ND 6318

48 hr Post Treat 35942 421 982 9126

72 hr Post Treat 45541 421 421 9574

Pond 22 ndash Dense Bloom

Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples

General Observations

bull Algicide treatment can be selective

bull Apply before dense scums appear

bull Reapplication will probably be necessary but perhaps only with Sodium Percarbonate

bull Cost of chemical per acre ft about $5100

Implications

bull Begin control before dense blooms develop

bull Pond owner should adopt long range plan for phytoplankton management ndash including drought conditions

bull Repeat application

ndash 1 to 2 weeks apart

bull Test for toxin

ndash County Office

ndash About $100

Page 10: Control of Potentially Toxic Cyanobacteria Using Chemicals 2017

Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate

Time Microcystis Aphanocapsa Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus

Initial 1544 33977 6037 1895

24 hr Post

Treat

210 22324 1334 2257

48 hr Post

Treat

929 14531 772 7582

72 hr Post

Treat

421 12987 351 7722

Pond 18 ndash Moderate Bloom

Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples

Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate

Time Microcystis Aphanizomeno

n

Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus

Initial 53212 2808 842 9547

24 hr Post Treat 54194 1544 ND 6318

48 hr Post Treat 35942 421 982 9126

72 hr Post Treat 45541 421 421 9574

Pond 22 ndash Dense Bloom

Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples

General Observations

bull Algicide treatment can be selective

bull Apply before dense scums appear

bull Reapplication will probably be necessary but perhaps only with Sodium Percarbonate

bull Cost of chemical per acre ft about $5100

Implications

bull Begin control before dense blooms develop

bull Pond owner should adopt long range plan for phytoplankton management ndash including drought conditions

bull Repeat application

ndash 1 to 2 weeks apart

bull Test for toxin

ndash County Office

ndash About $100

Page 11: Control of Potentially Toxic Cyanobacteria Using Chemicals 2017

Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate

Time Microcystis Aphanizomeno

n

Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus

Initial 53212 2808 842 9547

24 hr Post Treat 54194 1544 ND 6318

48 hr Post Treat 35942 421 982 9126

72 hr Post Treat 45541 421 421 9574

Pond 22 ndash Dense Bloom

Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples

General Observations

bull Algicide treatment can be selective

bull Apply before dense scums appear

bull Reapplication will probably be necessary but perhaps only with Sodium Percarbonate

bull Cost of chemical per acre ft about $5100

Implications

bull Begin control before dense blooms develop

bull Pond owner should adopt long range plan for phytoplankton management ndash including drought conditions

bull Repeat application

ndash 1 to 2 weeks apart

bull Test for toxin

ndash County Office

ndash About $100

Page 12: Control of Potentially Toxic Cyanobacteria Using Chemicals 2017

General Observations

bull Algicide treatment can be selective

bull Apply before dense scums appear

bull Reapplication will probably be necessary but perhaps only with Sodium Percarbonate

bull Cost of chemical per acre ft about $5100

Implications

bull Begin control before dense blooms develop

bull Pond owner should adopt long range plan for phytoplankton management ndash including drought conditions

bull Repeat application

ndash 1 to 2 weeks apart

bull Test for toxin

ndash County Office

ndash About $100

Page 13: Control of Potentially Toxic Cyanobacteria Using Chemicals 2017

Implications

bull Begin control before dense blooms develop

bull Pond owner should adopt long range plan for phytoplankton management ndash including drought conditions

bull Repeat application

ndash 1 to 2 weeks apart

bull Test for toxin

ndash County Office

ndash About $100