Upload
garyfih53tif-burtle
View
12
Download
4
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Control of Potentially Toxic Cyanobacteria Using Chemicals or
Fish
Gary J Burtle
University of Georgia
Animal amp Dairy Science - Tifton
Unusual Number of Toxic Blooms
bull Toxic Algae blooms in Georgia causing cattle deaths
bull Blame placed on drought conditions
bull Rains in early 2012 followed by drought lead to concentration of nutrients in pond water
bull Reduced pond flushing
Cattle Deaths
bull More than two dozen ponds with reported cattle problems
ndash Six cases of cattle deaths
bull 2 to 8 cattle deaths per case
bull Aborted or still birth calves in surviving cows
ndash Others with avoidance of pond water or dense algal blooms
Main Algae Suspects
Microcystis
Cylindrospermopsis Euglena sanguinea
Euglena
Some Algae Toxins
Algae Toxins
MicrocystisAnabaenaPlanktothrix (Oscillatoria)AphanozomenonNostoc
Microcystins (liver)Anatoxin-a (nerve)
Cylindrospermopsis raciborski Cylindrospermopsin (liver kidney)Saxitoxin (nerve)
Euglena sanguinea Euglenophycin (neurological)
Lyngbya Lyngbyatoxin-a (skin)Aplysiatoxins (skin gastro-intestinal)
Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water A guide to their public health consequences monitoring and management Edited by Ingrid Chorus and Jamie Bartram World Health Organization 1999Identification of euglenophycin--a toxin found in certain euglenoids Zimba PV Moeller PD Beauchesne K Lane HE Triemer RE Toxicon 55(1)100-4 2010
Fate of toxins in the Environment
ldquoIt appears likely that cyanotoxins are produced and contained within the actively growing cyanobacterial cells Release to the surrounding water to form dissolved toxin appears to occur mostly if not exclusively during cell senescence death and lysis rather than by continuous excretion ldquo Kaarina Sivonen and Gary Jones WHO 1999
Tifton Studies on Algae Control
bull Planktivorous fish
ndash Threadfin shad (600 per acre)
ndash (Or stock 100A and encourage spawning)
bull Algicides
ndash Copper sulfate
plus sodium percarbonate
ndash Cutrine plus
How to Improve Results of Sodium Percarbonate Application
bull Increase rate of applicationhellipfrom 8 lb to 25 lbA
bull OR use in combination with COPPER
ndash 01 to 025 ppm as copper sulfate
bull Apply early in the day
before full sun or late in the day
after full sun
Treatment Evaluated
bull 025 ppm Copper Sulfate crystals (0675 lb per acre ft of pond water)
ndash Dissolve in warm water before distribution
bull 25 lb GreenClean per acre ft of water
ndash Broadcast over the pond area as evenly as possible
bull Applied before 1000 AM
Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate
Time Microcystis Aphanocapsa Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus
Initial 1544 33977 6037 1895
24 hr Post
Treat
210 22324 1334 2257
48 hr Post
Treat
929 14531 772 7582
72 hr Post
Treat
421 12987 351 7722
Pond 18 ndash Moderate Bloom
Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples
Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate
Time Microcystis Aphanizomeno
n
Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus
Initial 53212 2808 842 9547
24 hr Post Treat 54194 1544 ND 6318
48 hr Post Treat 35942 421 982 9126
72 hr Post Treat 45541 421 421 9574
Pond 22 ndash Dense Bloom
Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples
General Observations
bull Algicide treatment can be selective
bull Apply before dense scums appear
bull Reapplication will probably be necessary but perhaps only with Sodium Percarbonate
bull Cost of chemical per acre ft about $5100
Implications
bull Begin control before dense blooms develop
bull Pond owner should adopt long range plan for phytoplankton management ndash including drought conditions
bull Repeat application
ndash 1 to 2 weeks apart
bull Test for toxin
ndash County Office
ndash About $100
Unusual Number of Toxic Blooms
bull Toxic Algae blooms in Georgia causing cattle deaths
bull Blame placed on drought conditions
bull Rains in early 2012 followed by drought lead to concentration of nutrients in pond water
bull Reduced pond flushing
Cattle Deaths
bull More than two dozen ponds with reported cattle problems
ndash Six cases of cattle deaths
bull 2 to 8 cattle deaths per case
bull Aborted or still birth calves in surviving cows
ndash Others with avoidance of pond water or dense algal blooms
Main Algae Suspects
Microcystis
Cylindrospermopsis Euglena sanguinea
Euglena
Some Algae Toxins
Algae Toxins
MicrocystisAnabaenaPlanktothrix (Oscillatoria)AphanozomenonNostoc
Microcystins (liver)Anatoxin-a (nerve)
Cylindrospermopsis raciborski Cylindrospermopsin (liver kidney)Saxitoxin (nerve)
Euglena sanguinea Euglenophycin (neurological)
Lyngbya Lyngbyatoxin-a (skin)Aplysiatoxins (skin gastro-intestinal)
Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water A guide to their public health consequences monitoring and management Edited by Ingrid Chorus and Jamie Bartram World Health Organization 1999Identification of euglenophycin--a toxin found in certain euglenoids Zimba PV Moeller PD Beauchesne K Lane HE Triemer RE Toxicon 55(1)100-4 2010
Fate of toxins in the Environment
ldquoIt appears likely that cyanotoxins are produced and contained within the actively growing cyanobacterial cells Release to the surrounding water to form dissolved toxin appears to occur mostly if not exclusively during cell senescence death and lysis rather than by continuous excretion ldquo Kaarina Sivonen and Gary Jones WHO 1999
Tifton Studies on Algae Control
bull Planktivorous fish
ndash Threadfin shad (600 per acre)
ndash (Or stock 100A and encourage spawning)
bull Algicides
ndash Copper sulfate
plus sodium percarbonate
ndash Cutrine plus
How to Improve Results of Sodium Percarbonate Application
bull Increase rate of applicationhellipfrom 8 lb to 25 lbA
bull OR use in combination with COPPER
ndash 01 to 025 ppm as copper sulfate
bull Apply early in the day
before full sun or late in the day
after full sun
Treatment Evaluated
bull 025 ppm Copper Sulfate crystals (0675 lb per acre ft of pond water)
ndash Dissolve in warm water before distribution
bull 25 lb GreenClean per acre ft of water
ndash Broadcast over the pond area as evenly as possible
bull Applied before 1000 AM
Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate
Time Microcystis Aphanocapsa Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus
Initial 1544 33977 6037 1895
24 hr Post
Treat
210 22324 1334 2257
48 hr Post
Treat
929 14531 772 7582
72 hr Post
Treat
421 12987 351 7722
Pond 18 ndash Moderate Bloom
Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples
Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate
Time Microcystis Aphanizomeno
n
Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus
Initial 53212 2808 842 9547
24 hr Post Treat 54194 1544 ND 6318
48 hr Post Treat 35942 421 982 9126
72 hr Post Treat 45541 421 421 9574
Pond 22 ndash Dense Bloom
Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples
General Observations
bull Algicide treatment can be selective
bull Apply before dense scums appear
bull Reapplication will probably be necessary but perhaps only with Sodium Percarbonate
bull Cost of chemical per acre ft about $5100
Implications
bull Begin control before dense blooms develop
bull Pond owner should adopt long range plan for phytoplankton management ndash including drought conditions
bull Repeat application
ndash 1 to 2 weeks apart
bull Test for toxin
ndash County Office
ndash About $100
Cattle Deaths
bull More than two dozen ponds with reported cattle problems
ndash Six cases of cattle deaths
bull 2 to 8 cattle deaths per case
bull Aborted or still birth calves in surviving cows
ndash Others with avoidance of pond water or dense algal blooms
Main Algae Suspects
Microcystis
Cylindrospermopsis Euglena sanguinea
Euglena
Some Algae Toxins
Algae Toxins
MicrocystisAnabaenaPlanktothrix (Oscillatoria)AphanozomenonNostoc
Microcystins (liver)Anatoxin-a (nerve)
Cylindrospermopsis raciborski Cylindrospermopsin (liver kidney)Saxitoxin (nerve)
Euglena sanguinea Euglenophycin (neurological)
Lyngbya Lyngbyatoxin-a (skin)Aplysiatoxins (skin gastro-intestinal)
Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water A guide to their public health consequences monitoring and management Edited by Ingrid Chorus and Jamie Bartram World Health Organization 1999Identification of euglenophycin--a toxin found in certain euglenoids Zimba PV Moeller PD Beauchesne K Lane HE Triemer RE Toxicon 55(1)100-4 2010
Fate of toxins in the Environment
ldquoIt appears likely that cyanotoxins are produced and contained within the actively growing cyanobacterial cells Release to the surrounding water to form dissolved toxin appears to occur mostly if not exclusively during cell senescence death and lysis rather than by continuous excretion ldquo Kaarina Sivonen and Gary Jones WHO 1999
Tifton Studies on Algae Control
bull Planktivorous fish
ndash Threadfin shad (600 per acre)
ndash (Or stock 100A and encourage spawning)
bull Algicides
ndash Copper sulfate
plus sodium percarbonate
ndash Cutrine plus
How to Improve Results of Sodium Percarbonate Application
bull Increase rate of applicationhellipfrom 8 lb to 25 lbA
bull OR use in combination with COPPER
ndash 01 to 025 ppm as copper sulfate
bull Apply early in the day
before full sun or late in the day
after full sun
Treatment Evaluated
bull 025 ppm Copper Sulfate crystals (0675 lb per acre ft of pond water)
ndash Dissolve in warm water before distribution
bull 25 lb GreenClean per acre ft of water
ndash Broadcast over the pond area as evenly as possible
bull Applied before 1000 AM
Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate
Time Microcystis Aphanocapsa Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus
Initial 1544 33977 6037 1895
24 hr Post
Treat
210 22324 1334 2257
48 hr Post
Treat
929 14531 772 7582
72 hr Post
Treat
421 12987 351 7722
Pond 18 ndash Moderate Bloom
Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples
Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate
Time Microcystis Aphanizomeno
n
Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus
Initial 53212 2808 842 9547
24 hr Post Treat 54194 1544 ND 6318
48 hr Post Treat 35942 421 982 9126
72 hr Post Treat 45541 421 421 9574
Pond 22 ndash Dense Bloom
Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples
General Observations
bull Algicide treatment can be selective
bull Apply before dense scums appear
bull Reapplication will probably be necessary but perhaps only with Sodium Percarbonate
bull Cost of chemical per acre ft about $5100
Implications
bull Begin control before dense blooms develop
bull Pond owner should adopt long range plan for phytoplankton management ndash including drought conditions
bull Repeat application
ndash 1 to 2 weeks apart
bull Test for toxin
ndash County Office
ndash About $100
Main Algae Suspects
Microcystis
Cylindrospermopsis Euglena sanguinea
Euglena
Some Algae Toxins
Algae Toxins
MicrocystisAnabaenaPlanktothrix (Oscillatoria)AphanozomenonNostoc
Microcystins (liver)Anatoxin-a (nerve)
Cylindrospermopsis raciborski Cylindrospermopsin (liver kidney)Saxitoxin (nerve)
Euglena sanguinea Euglenophycin (neurological)
Lyngbya Lyngbyatoxin-a (skin)Aplysiatoxins (skin gastro-intestinal)
Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water A guide to their public health consequences monitoring and management Edited by Ingrid Chorus and Jamie Bartram World Health Organization 1999Identification of euglenophycin--a toxin found in certain euglenoids Zimba PV Moeller PD Beauchesne K Lane HE Triemer RE Toxicon 55(1)100-4 2010
Fate of toxins in the Environment
ldquoIt appears likely that cyanotoxins are produced and contained within the actively growing cyanobacterial cells Release to the surrounding water to form dissolved toxin appears to occur mostly if not exclusively during cell senescence death and lysis rather than by continuous excretion ldquo Kaarina Sivonen and Gary Jones WHO 1999
Tifton Studies on Algae Control
bull Planktivorous fish
ndash Threadfin shad (600 per acre)
ndash (Or stock 100A and encourage spawning)
bull Algicides
ndash Copper sulfate
plus sodium percarbonate
ndash Cutrine plus
How to Improve Results of Sodium Percarbonate Application
bull Increase rate of applicationhellipfrom 8 lb to 25 lbA
bull OR use in combination with COPPER
ndash 01 to 025 ppm as copper sulfate
bull Apply early in the day
before full sun or late in the day
after full sun
Treatment Evaluated
bull 025 ppm Copper Sulfate crystals (0675 lb per acre ft of pond water)
ndash Dissolve in warm water before distribution
bull 25 lb GreenClean per acre ft of water
ndash Broadcast over the pond area as evenly as possible
bull Applied before 1000 AM
Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate
Time Microcystis Aphanocapsa Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus
Initial 1544 33977 6037 1895
24 hr Post
Treat
210 22324 1334 2257
48 hr Post
Treat
929 14531 772 7582
72 hr Post
Treat
421 12987 351 7722
Pond 18 ndash Moderate Bloom
Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples
Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate
Time Microcystis Aphanizomeno
n
Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus
Initial 53212 2808 842 9547
24 hr Post Treat 54194 1544 ND 6318
48 hr Post Treat 35942 421 982 9126
72 hr Post Treat 45541 421 421 9574
Pond 22 ndash Dense Bloom
Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples
General Observations
bull Algicide treatment can be selective
bull Apply before dense scums appear
bull Reapplication will probably be necessary but perhaps only with Sodium Percarbonate
bull Cost of chemical per acre ft about $5100
Implications
bull Begin control before dense blooms develop
bull Pond owner should adopt long range plan for phytoplankton management ndash including drought conditions
bull Repeat application
ndash 1 to 2 weeks apart
bull Test for toxin
ndash County Office
ndash About $100
Some Algae Toxins
Algae Toxins
MicrocystisAnabaenaPlanktothrix (Oscillatoria)AphanozomenonNostoc
Microcystins (liver)Anatoxin-a (nerve)
Cylindrospermopsis raciborski Cylindrospermopsin (liver kidney)Saxitoxin (nerve)
Euglena sanguinea Euglenophycin (neurological)
Lyngbya Lyngbyatoxin-a (skin)Aplysiatoxins (skin gastro-intestinal)
Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water A guide to their public health consequences monitoring and management Edited by Ingrid Chorus and Jamie Bartram World Health Organization 1999Identification of euglenophycin--a toxin found in certain euglenoids Zimba PV Moeller PD Beauchesne K Lane HE Triemer RE Toxicon 55(1)100-4 2010
Fate of toxins in the Environment
ldquoIt appears likely that cyanotoxins are produced and contained within the actively growing cyanobacterial cells Release to the surrounding water to form dissolved toxin appears to occur mostly if not exclusively during cell senescence death and lysis rather than by continuous excretion ldquo Kaarina Sivonen and Gary Jones WHO 1999
Tifton Studies on Algae Control
bull Planktivorous fish
ndash Threadfin shad (600 per acre)
ndash (Or stock 100A and encourage spawning)
bull Algicides
ndash Copper sulfate
plus sodium percarbonate
ndash Cutrine plus
How to Improve Results of Sodium Percarbonate Application
bull Increase rate of applicationhellipfrom 8 lb to 25 lbA
bull OR use in combination with COPPER
ndash 01 to 025 ppm as copper sulfate
bull Apply early in the day
before full sun or late in the day
after full sun
Treatment Evaluated
bull 025 ppm Copper Sulfate crystals (0675 lb per acre ft of pond water)
ndash Dissolve in warm water before distribution
bull 25 lb GreenClean per acre ft of water
ndash Broadcast over the pond area as evenly as possible
bull Applied before 1000 AM
Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate
Time Microcystis Aphanocapsa Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus
Initial 1544 33977 6037 1895
24 hr Post
Treat
210 22324 1334 2257
48 hr Post
Treat
929 14531 772 7582
72 hr Post
Treat
421 12987 351 7722
Pond 18 ndash Moderate Bloom
Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples
Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate
Time Microcystis Aphanizomeno
n
Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus
Initial 53212 2808 842 9547
24 hr Post Treat 54194 1544 ND 6318
48 hr Post Treat 35942 421 982 9126
72 hr Post Treat 45541 421 421 9574
Pond 22 ndash Dense Bloom
Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples
General Observations
bull Algicide treatment can be selective
bull Apply before dense scums appear
bull Reapplication will probably be necessary but perhaps only with Sodium Percarbonate
bull Cost of chemical per acre ft about $5100
Implications
bull Begin control before dense blooms develop
bull Pond owner should adopt long range plan for phytoplankton management ndash including drought conditions
bull Repeat application
ndash 1 to 2 weeks apart
bull Test for toxin
ndash County Office
ndash About $100
Fate of toxins in the Environment
ldquoIt appears likely that cyanotoxins are produced and contained within the actively growing cyanobacterial cells Release to the surrounding water to form dissolved toxin appears to occur mostly if not exclusively during cell senescence death and lysis rather than by continuous excretion ldquo Kaarina Sivonen and Gary Jones WHO 1999
Tifton Studies on Algae Control
bull Planktivorous fish
ndash Threadfin shad (600 per acre)
ndash (Or stock 100A and encourage spawning)
bull Algicides
ndash Copper sulfate
plus sodium percarbonate
ndash Cutrine plus
How to Improve Results of Sodium Percarbonate Application
bull Increase rate of applicationhellipfrom 8 lb to 25 lbA
bull OR use in combination with COPPER
ndash 01 to 025 ppm as copper sulfate
bull Apply early in the day
before full sun or late in the day
after full sun
Treatment Evaluated
bull 025 ppm Copper Sulfate crystals (0675 lb per acre ft of pond water)
ndash Dissolve in warm water before distribution
bull 25 lb GreenClean per acre ft of water
ndash Broadcast over the pond area as evenly as possible
bull Applied before 1000 AM
Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate
Time Microcystis Aphanocapsa Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus
Initial 1544 33977 6037 1895
24 hr Post
Treat
210 22324 1334 2257
48 hr Post
Treat
929 14531 772 7582
72 hr Post
Treat
421 12987 351 7722
Pond 18 ndash Moderate Bloom
Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples
Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate
Time Microcystis Aphanizomeno
n
Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus
Initial 53212 2808 842 9547
24 hr Post Treat 54194 1544 ND 6318
48 hr Post Treat 35942 421 982 9126
72 hr Post Treat 45541 421 421 9574
Pond 22 ndash Dense Bloom
Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples
General Observations
bull Algicide treatment can be selective
bull Apply before dense scums appear
bull Reapplication will probably be necessary but perhaps only with Sodium Percarbonate
bull Cost of chemical per acre ft about $5100
Implications
bull Begin control before dense blooms develop
bull Pond owner should adopt long range plan for phytoplankton management ndash including drought conditions
bull Repeat application
ndash 1 to 2 weeks apart
bull Test for toxin
ndash County Office
ndash About $100
Tifton Studies on Algae Control
bull Planktivorous fish
ndash Threadfin shad (600 per acre)
ndash (Or stock 100A and encourage spawning)
bull Algicides
ndash Copper sulfate
plus sodium percarbonate
ndash Cutrine plus
How to Improve Results of Sodium Percarbonate Application
bull Increase rate of applicationhellipfrom 8 lb to 25 lbA
bull OR use in combination with COPPER
ndash 01 to 025 ppm as copper sulfate
bull Apply early in the day
before full sun or late in the day
after full sun
Treatment Evaluated
bull 025 ppm Copper Sulfate crystals (0675 lb per acre ft of pond water)
ndash Dissolve in warm water before distribution
bull 25 lb GreenClean per acre ft of water
ndash Broadcast over the pond area as evenly as possible
bull Applied before 1000 AM
Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate
Time Microcystis Aphanocapsa Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus
Initial 1544 33977 6037 1895
24 hr Post
Treat
210 22324 1334 2257
48 hr Post
Treat
929 14531 772 7582
72 hr Post
Treat
421 12987 351 7722
Pond 18 ndash Moderate Bloom
Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples
Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate
Time Microcystis Aphanizomeno
n
Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus
Initial 53212 2808 842 9547
24 hr Post Treat 54194 1544 ND 6318
48 hr Post Treat 35942 421 982 9126
72 hr Post Treat 45541 421 421 9574
Pond 22 ndash Dense Bloom
Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples
General Observations
bull Algicide treatment can be selective
bull Apply before dense scums appear
bull Reapplication will probably be necessary but perhaps only with Sodium Percarbonate
bull Cost of chemical per acre ft about $5100
Implications
bull Begin control before dense blooms develop
bull Pond owner should adopt long range plan for phytoplankton management ndash including drought conditions
bull Repeat application
ndash 1 to 2 weeks apart
bull Test for toxin
ndash County Office
ndash About $100
How to Improve Results of Sodium Percarbonate Application
bull Increase rate of applicationhellipfrom 8 lb to 25 lbA
bull OR use in combination with COPPER
ndash 01 to 025 ppm as copper sulfate
bull Apply early in the day
before full sun or late in the day
after full sun
Treatment Evaluated
bull 025 ppm Copper Sulfate crystals (0675 lb per acre ft of pond water)
ndash Dissolve in warm water before distribution
bull 25 lb GreenClean per acre ft of water
ndash Broadcast over the pond area as evenly as possible
bull Applied before 1000 AM
Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate
Time Microcystis Aphanocapsa Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus
Initial 1544 33977 6037 1895
24 hr Post
Treat
210 22324 1334 2257
48 hr Post
Treat
929 14531 772 7582
72 hr Post
Treat
421 12987 351 7722
Pond 18 ndash Moderate Bloom
Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples
Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate
Time Microcystis Aphanizomeno
n
Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus
Initial 53212 2808 842 9547
24 hr Post Treat 54194 1544 ND 6318
48 hr Post Treat 35942 421 982 9126
72 hr Post Treat 45541 421 421 9574
Pond 22 ndash Dense Bloom
Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples
General Observations
bull Algicide treatment can be selective
bull Apply before dense scums appear
bull Reapplication will probably be necessary but perhaps only with Sodium Percarbonate
bull Cost of chemical per acre ft about $5100
Implications
bull Begin control before dense blooms develop
bull Pond owner should adopt long range plan for phytoplankton management ndash including drought conditions
bull Repeat application
ndash 1 to 2 weeks apart
bull Test for toxin
ndash County Office
ndash About $100
Treatment Evaluated
bull 025 ppm Copper Sulfate crystals (0675 lb per acre ft of pond water)
ndash Dissolve in warm water before distribution
bull 25 lb GreenClean per acre ft of water
ndash Broadcast over the pond area as evenly as possible
bull Applied before 1000 AM
Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate
Time Microcystis Aphanocapsa Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus
Initial 1544 33977 6037 1895
24 hr Post
Treat
210 22324 1334 2257
48 hr Post
Treat
929 14531 772 7582
72 hr Post
Treat
421 12987 351 7722
Pond 18 ndash Moderate Bloom
Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples
Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate
Time Microcystis Aphanizomeno
n
Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus
Initial 53212 2808 842 9547
24 hr Post Treat 54194 1544 ND 6318
48 hr Post Treat 35942 421 982 9126
72 hr Post Treat 45541 421 421 9574
Pond 22 ndash Dense Bloom
Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples
General Observations
bull Algicide treatment can be selective
bull Apply before dense scums appear
bull Reapplication will probably be necessary but perhaps only with Sodium Percarbonate
bull Cost of chemical per acre ft about $5100
Implications
bull Begin control before dense blooms develop
bull Pond owner should adopt long range plan for phytoplankton management ndash including drought conditions
bull Repeat application
ndash 1 to 2 weeks apart
bull Test for toxin
ndash County Office
ndash About $100
Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate
Time Microcystis Aphanocapsa Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus
Initial 1544 33977 6037 1895
24 hr Post
Treat
210 22324 1334 2257
48 hr Post
Treat
929 14531 772 7582
72 hr Post
Treat
421 12987 351 7722
Pond 18 ndash Moderate Bloom
Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples
Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate
Time Microcystis Aphanizomeno
n
Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus
Initial 53212 2808 842 9547
24 hr Post Treat 54194 1544 ND 6318
48 hr Post Treat 35942 421 982 9126
72 hr Post Treat 45541 421 421 9574
Pond 22 ndash Dense Bloom
Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples
General Observations
bull Algicide treatment can be selective
bull Apply before dense scums appear
bull Reapplication will probably be necessary but perhaps only with Sodium Percarbonate
bull Cost of chemical per acre ft about $5100
Implications
bull Begin control before dense blooms develop
bull Pond owner should adopt long range plan for phytoplankton management ndash including drought conditions
bull Repeat application
ndash 1 to 2 weeks apart
bull Test for toxin
ndash County Office
ndash About $100
Changes to Phytoplankton after Treatment025 ppm Copper Sulfate plus 25 lbAcre Sodium Percarbonate
Time Microcystis Aphanizomeno
n
Rhabdoderma Scenedesmus
Initial 53212 2808 842 9547
24 hr Post Treat 54194 1544 ND 6318
48 hr Post Treat 35942 421 982 9126
72 hr Post Treat 45541 421 421 9574
Pond 22 ndash Dense Bloom
Colony units per milliliter average of 4 samples
General Observations
bull Algicide treatment can be selective
bull Apply before dense scums appear
bull Reapplication will probably be necessary but perhaps only with Sodium Percarbonate
bull Cost of chemical per acre ft about $5100
Implications
bull Begin control before dense blooms develop
bull Pond owner should adopt long range plan for phytoplankton management ndash including drought conditions
bull Repeat application
ndash 1 to 2 weeks apart
bull Test for toxin
ndash County Office
ndash About $100
General Observations
bull Algicide treatment can be selective
bull Apply before dense scums appear
bull Reapplication will probably be necessary but perhaps only with Sodium Percarbonate
bull Cost of chemical per acre ft about $5100
Implications
bull Begin control before dense blooms develop
bull Pond owner should adopt long range plan for phytoplankton management ndash including drought conditions
bull Repeat application
ndash 1 to 2 weeks apart
bull Test for toxin
ndash County Office
ndash About $100
Implications
bull Begin control before dense blooms develop
bull Pond owner should adopt long range plan for phytoplankton management ndash including drought conditions
bull Repeat application
ndash 1 to 2 weeks apart
bull Test for toxin
ndash County Office
ndash About $100