Contrasting modes of inheritance (A) sexual and (B) asexual

(A) Hennig’s depiction of the demarcation between three relationships. (B) Placement of

species in the delineation between tokogenetic and phylogenetic relationships. (C) A species

derived from hybridization

(A) Hennig’s depiction of the demarcation between three relationships.

(B) Placement of species in the delineation between tokogenetic and phylogenetic relationships.

(C) A species derived from hybridization, Rana esculenta

R. lessonae X R. ridibunda=R. esculenta

Representative species concepts summarized according to their utility

Beak depth in populations of Darwin’s finches on different islands of the Galápagos

Speciation as an extended process of splitting of one ancestral lineage into two

distinct evolutionary lineages

Speciation

• Mechanisms of Genetic Differentiation– Mutation– Genetic Drift

• Bottleneck • Founder Effect

– Natural Selection– Gene Flow

Geographic variation in the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, is indicated by the subdivision of the species into 50 formally recognized subspecies

Distribution of karyotypic races of burrowing rodents in the Palestine mole rat Spalax ehrenbergi species

complex

Morphological differentiation of the yarrow, Achillea millefolium, along an elevational gradient, common garden experiment

Divergence of populations of the monarch flycatcher on the Solomon Islands east of New

Guinea, founder effect

Divergence of populations of the monarch flycatcher on the Solomon Islands east of New Guinea (Part 1)

Typical dorsal pelage color variation across the geographic distributions of the rock pocket mouse, Chaetodipus intermedius

An example of a latitudinal cline in clutch size in breeding birds

An illustration of the process of allopatric speciation mode I,

and resulting phylogenetic

patterns

Molecular phylogeny for subfamilies of the

anuran family Ranidae

Illustration allopatric speciation mode II, and resulting phylogenetic patterns

Proposed phylogeographic history of Galápagos tortoises on the larger islands

Number=order of colonizationSolid line=naturaldashed line=human?

Adaptive radiation in Galápagos

finches based on

mitochondrial DNA analysis

Adaptive radiation in Galápagos finches

based on mitochondrial DNA

analysis (Part 2)

Adaptive radiation in Galápagos

finches based on mitochondrial DNA

analysis (Part 1)

Illustration of sympatric and parapatric speciation

Variety of head shapes, mouthparts, and feeding habits resulting from adaptive

radiation of cichlid fishes in Lake Malawi

Variety of head shapes,

mouthparts, and feeding habits resulting from

adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes in

Lake Malawi

Variety of head shapes,

mouthparts, and feeding habits resulting from

adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes in

Lake Malawi

Variety of head shapes,

mouthparts, and feeding habits resulting from

adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes in

Lake Malawi

Variety of head shapes,

mouthparts, and feeding habits resulting from

adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes in

Lake Malawi

Morphology and divergence of feeding behaviors in six forms of pupfishes in Lago Chichancanab on the Yucatán Peninsula

Morphology and divergence of feeding behaviors in six forms of pupfishes in Lago Chichancanab on the Yucatán Peninsula

Morphology and divergence of feeding behaviors in six forms of pupfishes in Lago Chichancanab on the Yucatán Peninsula

Ranges of different chromosomal forms of the morabine grasshopper (Vandiemenella spp.) in southern Australia

1)

Ranges of different chromosomal forms of the morabine grasshopper (Vandiemenella spp.) in southern Australia

Figure 7.21 Regional-scale (A) and local-scale (B) distribution of two species of Plethodon salamanders

Regional-scale (A) and local-scale (B) distribution of two species of Plethodon salamanders

Proposed model of radiation of Lake Malawi cichlids

Variety of beak shapes resulting from adaptive

radiation of a selection of the diverse Hawaiian

honeycreepers

Adaptive radiation in the phlox family, showing diversity of flower form reflecting different modes of pollination

Model showing how estimated time to extinction depends on equilibrial population size, (K), and the ratio of birth rate (b) to death rate (d)

A summary of Holocene extinctions of pikas in the Great Basin, USA

Reconstructions of the ancient seabed in southern China (A) before and (B) after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction

“Punctuated” equilibrium in the evolution of fossil mollusks in Lake Turkana Basin in eastern Africa

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

Extinction Episodes—Families of Marine Animals

Diversity Through Time

Extinction episodes—marine animals

Figure 7.28 Reconstructions of the ancient seabed in southern China (A) before and (B) after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction

The Late Cretaceous Extinctions

• No vertebrate larger than 23 kg (50 lbs) survived the Cretaceous

• Collision Theory

– Meteor impact

– Iridium and shocked quartz

(Adapted from Fox.)

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

Extinction Episodes—Tetrapods

Relationship between mode of larval dispersal, extent of geographic range, and survival time in the fossil record of Late Cretaceous mollusks on the east coast of North America

The relatively gradual radiation of angiosperms as illustrated by changing composition of fossil floras representing past communities

The “replacement,” over a 600 million year period, of brachiopods by clams