ContractionsContractions

Turn the words in Turn the words in italics italics into a contraction into a contraction (shortened form).(shortened form). Remember that the apostrophe is located where Remember that the apostrophe is located where letters have been removed. letters have been removed. The first one has been done for you.The first one has been done for you.

1.1. Trudy Trudy does notdoes not understand her homework. understand her homework. doesn’tdoesn’t2.2. Sam rarely laughs while Sam rarely laughs while he ishe is sleeping. sleeping.3.3. Bill likes chocolate but Bill likes chocolate but he hashe has stopped eating it. stopped eating it.4.4. We haveWe have tried to be fair to everyone. tried to be fair to everyone.5.5. Karen and Sarah think Karen and Sarah think they arethey are cuter than you. cuter than you.6.6. Maria refused to admit that Maria refused to admit that she hadshe had put butter in her pocket. put butter in her pocket.7.7. Ashley promised that Ashley promised that she wouldshe would send us an e-mail. send us an e-mail.8.8. The report will be handed in but The report will be handed in but it willit will be late. be late.9.9. I wonder if I wonder if it isit is proper to eat soup with a knife and fork. proper to eat soup with a knife and fork.10.10. That is the silliest song That is the silliest song they havethey have ever sung. ever sung.

If you finish, make up and write 3 more sentences that use contractions.

*FULL MARKS = MERIT!

Adjectives and Adjectives and AlliterationAlliteration

Pirates, pirates, piratesPirates, pirates, pirates

__________, __________, __________ pirates,__________, __________, __________ pirates,

__________, __________, __________ pirates,__________, __________, __________ pirates,

Pirates, pirates, pirates.Pirates, pirates, pirates. Choose a letter. For example, ‘c’. Choose three

adjectives beginning with ‘c’ to describe the pirates. For example, cold, cunning, cannibal.

If you can, make the adjectives you choose have one, two, then three syllables in them.

Repeat with as many different letters as possible.

CLEVER WORDS!CLEVER WORDS! Some words can be classed as several different Some words can be classed as several different

‘types’ of words, for example, a noun in one ‘types’ of words, for example, a noun in one sentence and a verb in another! Take the word sentence and a verb in another! Take the word ‘park’. It has two different meanings and can be ‘park’. It has two different meanings and can be used in two different ways. used in two different ways.

E.g.E.g.You can’t You can’t parkpark the car in the city centre. the car in the city centre. Children like playing in the Children like playing in the parkpark. . Here are a few more:Here are a few more:

- hand- hand - shop- shop - party - party Write pairs of sentences for these three words Write pairs of sentences for these three words

showing the two different ways they can be used.showing the two different ways they can be used. Can you think of anymore words like this?Can you think of anymore words like this?

Word CategoryWord Category

AdjectivAdjectivee

NounNoun AdverbAdverb VerbVerb AdjectivAdjectivee

NounNoun

B - BigB - Big boysboys brutallybrutally bashbash baldbald bullies!bullies!

T - T -

L - L -

F - F - Following my example, complete this table (don’t Following my example, complete this table (don’t

spend too long drawing it out neatly etc. – the spend too long drawing it out neatly etc. – the important thing is completing the task) important thing is completing the task) TASK:TASK: Make a sentence where each word begins Make a sentence where each word begins with the letter given in the first column and is with the letter given in the first column and is made up of the word types labelled in the first row.made up of the word types labelled in the first row.

*First to finish (PROPERLY) wins and gets a merit

PronounsPronouns Pronouns take the place of nouns (naming words). Here are the most important Pronouns take the place of nouns (naming words). Here are the most important ones in the singular. ones in the singular. Can you work out the plurals?Can you work out the plurals? The first has been done for The first has been done for you.you.

SingularSingular PluralPluralI, meI, me WeWeYouYou ________________________He, him, she, her, itHe, him, she, her, it ____________ ____________My, mineMy, mine ________________________Your, yoursYour, yours ________________________His, her, hers, itsHis, her, hers, its ________________________

Now fill in the blanks in the following passage:Now fill in the blanks in the following passage:

I have a dog called Sam. ________ love ________ but he canI have a dog called Sam. ________ love ________ but he canbe very mischievous. One day my friends and ________ were coming home from be very mischievous. One day my friends and ________ were coming home from school when ________ dog, Sam, ran out into the road and chased ________ friend school when ________ dog, Sam, ran out into the road and chased ________ friend Mick up the hill. ________ got scared and jumped over a fence into someone’s Mick up the hill. ________ got scared and jumped over a fence into someone’s garden. _______ shouted at Sam to come to ________ but ________ refused. An old garden. _______ shouted at Sam to come to ________ but ________ refused. An old man came out of the house brandishing a stick. ________ was scowling and looked man came out of the house brandishing a stick. ________ was scowling and looked furious. ________ all legged it down the hill and Sam followed ________. furious. ________ all legged it down the hill and Sam followed ________.

PrepositionsPrepositions Prepositions are the little words that join up the more Prepositions are the little words that join up the more

important nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs. These are important nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs. These are words like:words like:from, in on, by, at, of, tofrom, in on, by, at, of, to

Take each preposition in turn and make it the first word in a Take each preposition in turn and make it the first word in a line of a poem. Try to make the poem make sense! The line of a poem. Try to make the poem make sense! The first line is written for you below. You may choose a first line is written for you below. You may choose a different line if you prefer.different line if you prefer.

From Monday to Friday I go to schoolFrom Monday to Friday I go to schoolIn……..In……..On……..On……..By……..By……..At……..At……..Of……..Of……..To……..To……..

DialectDialect Dialect is a variation in language based upon regional or social influences. Dialect is a variation in language based upon regional or social influences.

The grammar used in some dialects is different from the grammar of The grammar used in some dialects is different from the grammar of Standard English. It isn’t wrong, just different. When you talk, especially Standard English. It isn’t wrong, just different. When you talk, especially when you talk to your friends, you use lots of expressions which are not when you talk to your friends, you use lots of expressions which are not Standard English. This is fine, but when you write, it’s important to know Standard English. This is fine, but when you write, it’s important to know what the Standard English grammar is. what the Standard English grammar is.

All the expressions below use non-Standard English. Look at these dialect All the expressions below use non-Standard English. Look at these dialect expressions and see if you can give the Standard English equivalent.expressions and see if you can give the Standard English equivalent.

1.1. Where be he to?Where be he to?2.2. We was blue with cold.We was blue with cold.3.3. He’ll be home while four o’clock.He’ll be home while four o’clock.4.4. I were mad with him, I were.I were mad with him, I were.5.5. When I gets in I likes a nice cup of tea.When I gets in I likes a nice cup of tea.6.6. I never done it.I never done it.7.7. Me and my mate we sees him everyday.Me and my mate we sees him everyday.8.8. I likes them chocolate cakes.I likes them chocolate cakes.9.9. That’s the man what I saw.That’s the man what I saw.10.10. He gets hiself mad.He gets hiself mad.

Extension: Normally we would not use dialect expressions in writing. We would use Standard English, but some writers like to use dialect expressions in dialogue, when characters are talking to each other. Why do you think this is?

AnalogiesAnalogiesComplete each analogy:Complete each analogy:1. 1. WindWind is to is to breezebreeze as as stormstorm is to ___________________. is to ___________________.rainrain snowsnow tornadotornado showershower2. 2. HaircutHaircut is to is to serviceservice as as hathat is to ___________________. is to ___________________.headhead wearwear bonnetbonnet productproduct3. 3. AudioAudio is to is to hearinghearing as as videovideo is to ___________________. is to ___________________.televisiontelevision cameracamera tapetape visionvision4. 4. IntentionalIntentional is to is to accidentalaccidental as as highhigh is to ______________. is to ______________.lowlow aboveabove loftylofty locationlocation5. 5. MicroscopeMicroscope is to is to smallsmall as as telescopetelescope is to ______________. is to ______________.largelarge spacespace instrumentinstrument distantdistant6. 6. CenturyCentury is to is to hundredhundred as as millenniummillennium is to _____________. is to _____________.thousandthousand twentytwenty yearsyears celebratecelebrate7. 7. CancelCancel is to is to nevernever as as postponepostpone is to _________________. is to _________________.repeatrepeat delaydelay laterlater rainrain

MORE ANALOGIES!MORE ANALOGIES!NounNoun is to is to adjectiveadjective as as verbverb is to ___________________. is to ___________________.actionaction beingbeing pluralplural adverbadverb

ExitExit is to is to outout as ________________ is to as ________________ is to inin..doordoor househouse enterenter extraextra

DrinkDrink is to _________________ as is to _________________ as eateat is to is to solidsolid..gasgas liquidliquid milkmilk foodfood

MercuryMercury is to is to firstfirst as as MarsMars is to __________________. is to __________________.secondsecond thirdthird fourthfourth fifthfifth

LabyrinthLabyrinth is to is to mazemaze as as medicinemedicine is to ______________. is to ______________.drugdrug doctordoctor pharmacypharmacy sicknesssickness

Now you know more about analogies, see if you can make up your own Now you know more about analogies, see if you can make up your own for the class.for the class.

Grammatical AnalogiesGrammatical Analogies1. 1. TheyThey is to is to gogo as as hehe is to ______________. is to ______________.leaveleave comecome hishis goesgoes2. 2. SeeSee is to is to seenseen as as runrun is to _______________. is to _______________.runrun ranran runsruns runningrunning3. 3. II is to is to mymy as as whowho is to _________________. is to _________________.whosewhose who’swho’s questionquestion whywhy4. 4. II is to is to I’mI’m as as whowho is to ________________. is to ________________.whosewhose who’swho’s whomwhom who’dwho’d5. 5. PanePane is to is to painpain as as he’llhe’ll is to ______________. is to ______________.they’llthey’ll he’dhe’d heelheel payingpaying6. 6. PotatoPotato is to is to aa as as orangeorange is to ______________. is to ______________.fruitfruit anan thethe singularsingular7. 7. DoDo is to is to diddid as as isis is to ___________________. is to ___________________.waswas beenbeen isn’tisn’t areare

Grammatical AnalogiesGrammatical Analogies

1. Ride is to rode as row is to ____________________.1. Ride is to rode as row is to ____________________.RoadRoad roderode rowedrowed routeroute2. Bill is to Bill’s as it is to _________________.2. Bill is to Bill’s as it is to _________________.ItsIts it’sit’s BillsBills itit3. They are is to they’re as it is is to _______________.3. They are is to they’re as it is is to _______________.itsits it’sit’s iti’iti’ i’isi’is4. Create is to creation as arrange is to ______________.4. Create is to creation as arrange is to ______________.ArrangementArrangement arrangedarranged arrangerarranger arrangesarranges5. Baby is to babies as woman is to ___________________.5. Baby is to babies as woman is to ___________________.GirlsGirls adultadult pluralplural womenwomen6. Man is to his as men is to ____________________.6. Man is to his as men is to ____________________.HerHer boysboys boyboy theirtheir

Proof ReadProof ReadThere is a word or punctuation mark in each sentence that is There is a word or punctuation mark in each sentence that is incorrect. Write the correct word or punctuation mark for each.incorrect. Write the correct word or punctuation mark for each.

You drive You drive goodgood enough to win any race. enough to win any race. WellWell This group of kids are carving pumpkins.This group of kids are carving pumpkins. Did you see my new coat.Did you see my new coat. I wonder whose eating the dog’s favourite food.I wonder whose eating the dog’s favourite food. It’s not too early for you to lay down and go to sleep.It’s not too early for you to lay down and go to sleep. Elton seen the monster hiding in the bushes.Elton seen the monster hiding in the bushes. This is an once in a lifetime opportunity.This is an once in a lifetime opportunity. My sister’s names are Mary and Scary.My sister’s names are Mary and Scary. I’m innocent; I didn’t do nothing wrong.I’m innocent; I didn’t do nothing wrong. The soldiers moved careful across the bridge.The soldiers moved careful across the bridge. There were many deers in the field.There were many deers in the field. Frank is to hungry to settle for one piece of pizza.Frank is to hungry to settle for one piece of pizza. I’d like to know where you put my Halloween costume.I’d like to know where you put my Halloween costume. The wolf’s howl was loud enough to attract three more wolfs.The wolf’s howl was loud enough to attract three more wolfs. The cars are approaching the finish line and there coming fast!The cars are approaching the finish line and there coming fast!

Proof ReadingProof Reading There are two mistakes in each sentence. Find There are two mistakes in each sentence. Find

them and change them (write the correct them and change them (write the correct version out only)version out only)

1.1. Their were ten broken egg’s in the carton.Their were ten broken egg’s in the carton.2.2. Each of the boys’ are writing a different story.Each of the boys’ are writing a different story.3.3. Did Taylor and me borrow the wrong car.Did Taylor and me borrow the wrong car.4.4. how many people seen the strange object?how many people seen the strange object?5.5. Randall said, “Its too late to go out”!Randall said, “Its too late to go out”!6.6. The title of the book is The title of the book is a piece of Toast.a piece of Toast.7.7. I’d like to invite joan to visit us in florida.I’d like to invite joan to visit us in florida.8.8. We will meet every Friday during the Summer.We will meet every Friday during the Summer.

Nonsense!Nonsense! Look at this nonsense sentence:Look at this nonsense sentence:

Seepy bong drombles fellet mony tazzers.Seepy bong drombles fellet mony tazzers. This sentence does not make sense This sentence does not make sense

because you don’t know what the words because you don’t know what the words mean but you could probably answer the mean but you could probably answer the following questions about it.following questions about it.

What do the drombles do to the tazzers?What do the drombles do to the tazzers?What are the drombles like?What are the drombles like?How could you describe the tazzers?How could you describe the tazzers? Make up a nonsense sentence of your own Make up a nonsense sentence of your own

and write down some questions about it.and write down some questions about it.

Double MeaningsDouble Meanings As one word can sometimes have several meanings, it’s As one word can sometimes have several meanings, it’s

quite easy to write sentences which have more than one quite easy to write sentences which have more than one meaning. Sometimes this can be on purpose to make you meaning. Sometimes this can be on purpose to make you laugh.laugh.

Look at these jokes:Look at these jokes:What sort of jacket catches light easily?What sort of jacket catches light easily?

A blazer.A blazer.Why did the hedgehog cross the road?Why did the hedgehog cross the road?

To see his flat mate.To see his flat mate.Why do bees have sticky hair?Why do bees have sticky hair?

Because they have honey combs.Because they have honey combs.How do Martians drink tea?How do Martians drink tea?

Out of flying saucers.Out of flying saucers. Try to think of some more jokes which depend on a double Try to think of some more jokes which depend on a double

meaning.meaning.

Synonyms and AntonymsSynonyms and Antonyms Synonym = a word with a similar meaning (good/great)Synonym = a word with a similar meaning (good/great) Antonym = a word with the opposite meaning (good/bad)Antonym = a word with the opposite meaning (good/bad) There are two underlined words in each sentence. Idenitfy whether they are There are two underlined words in each sentence. Idenitfy whether they are

synonyms or antonyms. synonyms or antonyms. 1.1. I couldn’t I couldn’t recallrecall her name and I don’t even her name and I don’t even rememberremember where we met. where we met.2.2. Chris wasn’t in his seat when the teacher handed out the morning Chris wasn’t in his seat when the teacher handed out the morning

assignment. He was assignment. He was tardytardy as usual. Then he missed the bus and was as usual. Then he missed the bus and was latelate for for supper.supper.

3.3. I thought I had a I thought I had a rarerare old bicycle that was worth a fortune. It turned out to be old bicycle that was worth a fortune. It turned out to be a a commoncommon model that nobody wanted to buy. model that nobody wanted to buy.

4.4. “ “What is that awful What is that awful smellsmell?” Troy asked as Melinda entered the room. “That ?” Troy asked as Melinda entered the room. “That wonderful wonderful fragrancefragrance is my perfume!” she replied. is my perfume!” she replied.

5.5. Yes, taking your shoes off as we entered Patrick’s house was Yes, taking your shoes off as we entered Patrick’s house was politepolite thing to thing to do. However, placing them on his coffee table was rather do. However, placing them on his coffee table was rather ruderude. .

6.6. Mr Smith never liked any of his daughter’s boyfriends. He claimed that most Mr Smith never liked any of his daughter’s boyfriends. He claimed that most of them were of them were weirdweird. He was even less comfortable about any that he . He was even less comfortable about any that he considered to be considered to be normalnormal..

7.7. Miss Snowflake was convinced that George had turned the heat up all the Miss Snowflake was convinced that George had turned the heat up all the way. She demanded that he way. She demanded that he confessconfess his guilt. The other kids knew that his guilt. The other kids knew that George would never George would never admitadmit that he had done wrong. that he had done wrong.

8.8. Drinking the water in that lake is strictly Drinking the water in that lake is strictly prohibitedprohibited. It could make you sick. . It could make you sick. But for some reason, swimming is But for some reason, swimming is allowedallowed..

Active and Passive VoiceActive and Passive Voice Active = when the subject is doing an action Active = when the subject is doing an action e.g. the cat ate the mouse (the cat is DOING something)e.g. the cat ate the mouse (the cat is DOING something) Passive = when the subject is having an action done to Passive = when the subject is having an action done to

themtheme.g. the mouse was eaten by the cat (the mouse had e.g. the mouse was eaten by the cat (the mouse had

something DONE to them)something DONE to them)

The below sentences are all in the passive voice, re-write The below sentences are all in the passive voice, re-write them so they are in the active voice.them so they are in the active voice.

The site of the castle was carefully chosen. (History textbook)The site of the castle was carefully chosen. (History textbook)Phone numbers plan attacked. (Newspaper headline)Phone numbers plan attacked. (Newspaper headline)Head suspended. (Newspaper headline)Head suspended. (Newspaper headline)This notice has been written to help you. (Examination notice)This notice has been written to help you. (Examination notice)Now and then you’ll have to be reminded it’s a diesel. Now and then you’ll have to be reminded it’s a diesel.

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Standard EnglishStandard English

Read the below passage:Read the below passage:““Me and me mates was walking down Me and me mates was walking down the street. We sees this man coming the street. We sees this man coming towards us and he was looking right towards us and he was looking right angry like…..”angry like…..”

Identify what is wrong with it and then Identify what is wrong with it and then re-write it in ‘Standard English’.re-write it in ‘Standard English’.

Now, try to define ‘Standard English’ Now, try to define ‘Standard English’ and list reasons for when/why it might and list reasons for when/why it might be important to use ‘Standard English’.be important to use ‘Standard English’.

DictionaryDictionary You need to find and note down the definition for as many You need to find and note down the definition for as many

words as you can in ten minutes!words as you can in ten minutes!uniform uniform knowledgeknowledgebusinessbusiness musicmusiccitizencitizen objectiveobjectiveheirheir clientclientherohero novelnovelknowledgeknowledge businessbusiness

HINT: the dictionary can be thought of as being in four HINT: the dictionary can be thought of as being in four quarters: quarters:

1. abcdef1. abcdef2. ghijkl2. ghijkl3. mnopqrs3. mnopqrs4. tuvwxyz4. tuvwxyz

FormalityFormality

Think of Think of ten synonymsten synonyms (different (different words with similar meaning) for the words with similar meaning) for the word ‘good’word ‘good’

In the margin In the margin raterate each word on a each word on a scale of 1-10 for how formal you think scale of 1-10 for how formal you think it isit is

Now, write down the most Now, write down the most formalformal synonym for the word ‘bad’ you can synonym for the word ‘bad’ you can think of, and the most think of, and the most informalinformal??

CommasCommas Commas can be used in two ways: to list things (listing commas) Commas can be used in two ways: to list things (listing commas)

OR to separate extra information in a sentence instead of a OR to separate extra information in a sentence instead of a bracket (bracket commas)bracket (bracket commas)

Place the commas in the correct place in these sentences Place the commas in the correct place in these sentences and note down what type of comma each sentence uses and note down what type of comma each sentence uses (list or bracket):(list or bracket):

Saturday morning TV is great. I especially like SMTV CDUK The Saturday morning TV is great. I especially like SMTV CDUK The Saturday Show and Sabrina the Teenage Witch.Saturday Show and Sabrina the Teenage Witch.

Chris Tarrant who presents “Who Wants to Be a Millionaire” used to Chris Tarrant who presents “Who Wants to Be a Millionaire” used to present the Saturday morning TV show “Tiswas”.present the Saturday morning TV show “Tiswas”.

Now, try to write a sentence about school which uses Now, try to write a sentence about school which uses ‘listing commas’ and then a different sentence about ‘listing commas’ and then a different sentence about school which uses ‘bracket commas’.school which uses ‘bracket commas’.

If you can, try to write a sentence that uses BOTH types of If you can, try to write a sentence that uses BOTH types of comma.comma.

SyllablesSyllables A syllable is a chunk of sound which makes up one part of a word. A syllable is a chunk of sound which makes up one part of a word. All words have at least one syllable, but many have more than one and can All words have at least one syllable, but many have more than one and can

be split up into their syllables:be split up into their syllables:- but-ter-fly- but-ter-flySplit the following words up into their syllables like the examples:Split the following words up into their syllables like the examples:- attentionattention- specialismspecialism- chemistrychemistryNow, write down these words and the number of syllables they have:Now, write down these words and the number of syllables they have:ruler ruler detentiondetentionboard board assemblyassemblyteacher teacher dictionary dictionary uniform uniform EnglishEnglishhomework homework commendationcommendationinformation information workwork Now, come up with a list of words that increase in their number of syllables Now, come up with a list of words that increase in their number of syllables

(start with 1, then 2 and so on…) Merit for person with highest number of (start with 1, then 2 and so on…) Merit for person with highest number of syllables in their final word!syllables in their final word!

Sniff Out the Mistakes!Sniff Out the Mistakes!

There is one common error in each of these sentences. Work it out and write out the correct version of each sentence.

Semi-ColonsSemi-Colons

They look like this ;They look like this ; They can be used to join two connected They can be used to join two connected

clauses of a sentence together instead of a clauses of a sentence together instead of a connective.connective.

E.g. Elephants live in hot countries; they cool E.g. Elephants live in hot countries; they cool off by bathing.off by bathing.

Technology at Bath High School is a Technology at Bath High School is a real success; the computers are top quality.real success; the computers are top quality.

Write 5 sentences using a semi-colon to Write 5 sentences using a semi-colon to join two connected clauses.join two connected clauses.

Complex SentencesComplex Sentences

Re-arrange the words and phrases below into a Re-arrange the words and phrases below into a complex sentence, making use of commas where complex sentence, making use of commas where necessary.necessary.

Can you do it any differently?!Can you do it any differently?!