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Contestant #1 I am a womanizer, have self-interested policies
and unfortunately suffer from ailing health.
Contestant #2I have a drinking habit and a defiant tongue or attitude
Contestant #3I am a decorated war hero,
do not drink and want to create a stable economy
Treaty of Versailles Black Tuesday 1929- stock market crashes
Great Depressionduring 1930s
Increasing influence of new political parties that emphasize
state control-For example: Communism,
Nazism, Fascism
Total Controlof State by a
Dictator
Government establishes complete control of all aspects of the state(political, military, economy, social, cultural)
Highly nationalistic (flags, salutes, rallies, uniforms)
Strict controls and laws (over the police, military, communications, and economic and educational systems)
Military state (secret police, army, military)
Censorship (opposing literature and ideas)
Propaganda (media – radio, newspapers, posters)
One leader (dictator); charismatic
Total conformity of people to ideas and leader
Control through terror and fear – secret police have the power to arrest, detain, torture, imprison, and execute anyone considered to be an “enemy of the state”
*These theories, specifically Communism and Fascism, are completely different theories that are bitterly opposed; however they exhibit the same behaviour
Totalitarianism
I am Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union from 1922-1953.
What is Communism?LEFT WING• based on theory by Karl Marx• revolutionary idea of a political,
economic and social system that creates a “classless society”, where citizens would share equally in the wealth of the state;
• state ownership and control of the means of production (no private ownership)
• Soviet Communism or “Stalinism”, was more of a totalitarian and military state combined with elements of communism
The Rise of Communism in Russia
March, 1917 – democratic revolution ended tsarist rule of the Russian empire;
November – Bolshevik revolution marks the start of communist rule in Russia;
The “Russian Revolution” kills the Russian economy
1928 – Josef Stalin becomes the leader of the Soviet Union and introduces his 5 year economic plan, which includes massive industrialization and the collective ownership of agriculture
During the 1930s, Stalin feared people were working to overthrow him
Began the “Great Purge” to rid society of “undesirable elements”;
Between 1934 and 1940, millions of Soviet citizens were convicted of crimes, even if they didn’t exist, and either executed or sent to Siberian prison camps.
I am Benito Mussolini the leader (Il Duce) of Italy from 1922 to 1943.
What is Fascism? RIGHT WING• intense nationalism and elitism• totalitarian control • interests of the state more important than
individual rights• maintain class system and private
ownership• Rejects the idea of individual liberty and
the equality of persons and races;• Citizens have “collective rights” that are
defined by the state and policed by the military;
• The leader demands unquestioning support by the citizens by promoting a “national myth” – a story about the history and destiny of the country or people.Interesting Fact: Fascism name was derived
from the fasces, an ancient Roman symbol of authority consisting of a bundle of rods and an ax
The Rise of Fascism in Italy
After WWI, the cost of living in Italy increased by 500%;
1922 – Mussolini and his fascist followers “marched on Rome” and overthrew the government;
1925 – Mussolini declared himself dictator of Italy;
Democratic government abolished;
Propaganda used to reform Italy society;
Believed that aggressive expansion abroad was the answer to Italy’s problems; consequently, in 1935, he ordered the invasion of Ethiopia.
Fascism in Japan
The Great Depression was very hard on Japan, and militarism became to be seen as necessary for national survival;
Japan’s small size made it difficult for recovery;
it was decided that expansion into China was needed to stimulate economic recovery, by providing the natural resources necessary to do so;
additionally, Japan’s increasing population needed room to grow.
In the late 1920s, a group of young officers took control of the army, supported by businessmen who wanted raw materials and a guaranteed market for Japanese industry.
In September, 1931, Japan invaded the Chinese region of Manchuria, and renamed it Manchuko.
Japan’s Imperialism 1931: Manchuria
1933: storms out of League of Nations
1937: invades China
1938: at war with China
1940: Axis Pact with Germany and Italy
1941: Pearl Harbor attack
Rape of Nanking, 1937
Full-scale Japanese invasion of China
In systematic attacks on port city after surrender, 300,000 civilians killed; 80,000 women raped
FASCISM IN SPAIN
The Depression was hard on Spain – very difficult to maintain democracy.
1936 – first attempt by army and conservative coalition to seize power – only successful in some parts of the country.
Led to a brutal civil war between the Nationalists, under General Francisco Franco, and the Republicans.
Nationalists were supported by Hitler and Mussolini.
Strategy focused on terror tactics to scare people into submission.
Hitler used the Spanish Civil War as practice for his Luftwaffe.
Republicans were supported by Mexico and initially the USSR.
By Feb. 1939, the Nationalists controlled all of Spain.
Franco ruled through a ruthless, totalitarian regime. Critics of the
government were silenced through censorship and violence
Tactics included torture, long prison sentences, forced labour, and concentration camps.
I am Adolf Hitler the leader (der Fuhrer) or dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945. What is Nazism?• extremely fascist , nationalistic and
totalitarian • based on beliefs of the National
Socialist German Workers Party• belief in the racial superiority of the
Aryan, the “master race”• belief that all Germans should have
“lebensraum” or living space in Europe• Violent hatred towards Jews (anti-
Semitism) and blamed Germany’s problems on them
• Use of propaganda to “brainwash” the German people;
• Attacked anyone who opposed Nazi policy and eliminated all opposition;
• Belief in a strong military
The Rise of Nazism in Germany
Germans were suffering greatly as a result of the Great Depression and the Treaty of Versailles;
Hitler was a peaceful orator who spoke of a new German Empire that would destroy the Treaty of Versailles, take back Poland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia;
Hitler was a dictator – one supreme leader with all power; Skillfully used propaganda – promised jobs, denounced the
Treaty of Versailles, and promised to make Germany the master of the world;
Attacked anything/anyone that opposed Nazi policies, including democracy, the Treaty of Versailles, peace, communism, socialism, and the League of Nations;
Declared the Aryans the “master race” (blue eyes and blond hair);
Practiced anti-semitism – the hatred and prejudice towards Jews;
Eliminated all opposition; Rearmed Germany.