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Contest for Dominance in the
Central City
New Haven Atlanta
Who Governs In The Age Of Urban Restructuring?
Elite ModelHunter – Atlanta
Pluralist ModelDahl – New Haven
Conflict between the two models led to disaray in urban political theory
Regime Theory Brings Order
Clarence Stone: again AtlantaAddresses considerations that led to
disarrayRole of business and entrepreneurs Importance of non-decisions Variety of influence relationships exist
and structure power in the city
Different Regimes for Different Cities
Entrepreneurial or corporate regimeGrowthIndustrialization Attract those
with money to spend
Different Regimes for Different Cities
Progressive regime Participation emphasizedSafety net issues at forefront
Global Capital submerges local interests
Growth Machine Theory empowers technocrats
Metropolitan area viewed as having a unitary interestProtect regional exportsAttract new investment capital
New York City Port Authority – best known and most powerful
The Emergence of Functional Fiefdoms in
Metropolitan Areas
Commissioners of the New York Port Authority
- Demographs that fall under the port authority’s control have no direct influence on the power and policies implemented by the Port Authority, but they do have a indirect voice thorough their respective Governors.
Kenneth J. Ringler Jr.Executive Director
Anthony R. CosciaChairman
Charles A. GarganoVice Chairman
Bruce A. BlakemanCommissioner, New York
Michael J. ChasanoffCommissioner, New York
Christine A. FererCommissioner, New York
More Commissioners of the New York Port Authority
Angelo J. Genova, Esq.Commissioner, New Jersey
David S. MackCommissioner, New York
Raymond M. PocinoCommissioner, New Jersey
Anthony J. SartorCommissioner, New Jersey
Henry R. SilvermanCommissioner, New York
Jack G. SinagraCommissioner, New Jersey
David S. SteinerCommissioner, New Jersey
List of Facilities Managed by the Port Authority Bridges and Tunnels- Every river crossing between the city
of New York and the state of New Jersey is operated by the PANYNJ. Together they carry more than 250 million vehicular crossings each year.
Airports-The three major airports – Newark, John F Kennedy and La Guardia – handled 34.2, 32.8 and 25.5 million passengers respectively in 2000, making New York a global air transport hub ranking alongside London and Tokyo
Maritime terminals-Seven public terminals, most of them located along the New York Harbor and Newark Bay, are managed by the PANYNJ, including Port Elizabeth, Port Newark, Howland Hook, Red Hook and others
The Strong Mayor As An Antidote for Functional
Fiefdoms IPreconditions for strong mayoral
leadershipResources to launch social programCity jurisdiction in vital programs (housing,
education, redevelopment, job training)Mayoral jurisdiction, within city, over above Salary that allows for full time mayor
The Strong Mayor As An Antidote for Functional Fiefdoms
II Strong staff support
for the mayor for tasks such as policy planning, speech writing, inter-governmental relations
Ready vehicles of publicity
Politically oriented groups that mayor can organize
Styles of Mayoral LeadershipCeremonial MayorCaretaker MayorProgram EntrepreneurCrusader MayorMinority Mayor
Responsiveness and Local Executive Leadership
Critical Question : To whom is the mayor responsive? Or not responsive
Non Responsiveness: to whom? - Minorities??
African-American middle class - by engaging in community organization, direct political action and electoral have been able to get into the governing coalitions
Similar pattern with Hispanics
Non Responsiveness: to whom? - Underclass
African-American mayors, despite increasing public sector employment, have yet to make substantial improvements in living conditions of underclass
Underclass of Hispanics and Asian Americans remain part of the underpriviledged strata
Non Responsiveness: Overriding Cause
Unorganized individuals Regardless of race or ethnicitySeldom have their demands attended to
by city governments.
Decentralization: An Antidote For Non Responsiveness?
Community Action and Model Cities Program (co-opted by city hall)
Community Control Decentralization of educationLittle city hallsNeighborhood Advisory councils
Despite disappointments decentralization has made it
easierfor citizen groups to demand new meaningful inputs into
government decisions.
Bias In Contemporary Urban U.S. Political Structures: Summary
Individual citizens much less influential than institutions
Individual institutions often appear as functional fiefdoms
Emergence of functional fiefdoms tends to inhibit political leadership
Bias against unorganized felt most heavily by poor and racial minorities