vi

A Guide to the California Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Correlation to the CaliforniaStandards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Previewing Your Textbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Scavenger Hunt . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Reading Skills Handbook . . . 36

Reference Atlas . . . . . . . . . . . 46

World: Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48World: Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Europe: Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Europe: Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Middle East: Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Africa: Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Africa: Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Asia: Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Asia: Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62North America: Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64North America: Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Middle America: Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66South America: Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68South America: Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Pacific Rim: Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70World’s People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72World: Land Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Polar Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Geography Handbook . . . . . . 77

How Do I Study Geography? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78How Do I use Maps and Globes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Understanding Latitude and Longitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81From Globes to Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Common Map Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Parts of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Types of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Using Graphs, Charts, and Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Geographic Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Tools of the Historian . . . . . . . .92Measuring Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Organizing Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96History and Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98What Is a Historical Atlas? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102How Does a Historian Work? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104Making Sense of the Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108Links Across Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Ancient Assyrian soldiers

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Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

CHAPTER 1

The First Civilizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Previewing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

1 Early Humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1222 Mesopotamian Civilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1323 New Empires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

CHAPTER 2

Ancient Egypt and Kush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Summarizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

1 The Nile Valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1562 Egypt’s Old Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1653 The Egyptian Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1784 The Civilization of Kush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

CHAPTER 3

The Ancient Israelites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Making Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

1 The First Israelites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 The Kingdom of Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2063 The Growth of Judaism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

India, China, and the Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

CHAPTER 4

Early India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

Questioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

1 India’s First Civilizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2382 Hinduism and Buddhism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2463 India’s First Empires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

CHAPTER 5

Early China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

1 China’s First Civilizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2762 Life in Ancient China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2843 The Qin and Han Dynasties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

CHAPTER 6

The Ancient Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

Taking Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

1 The First Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3122 The Mayan People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Contents

Siva

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The Greeks and Romans . . 328

CHAPTER 7

The Ancient Greeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

Comparing and Contrasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

1 The Early Greeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3362 Sparta and Athens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3443 Persia Attacks the Greeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3514 The Age of Pericles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

CHAPTER 8

Greek Civilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372

Visualizing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

1 The Culture of Ancient Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3762 Greek Philosophy and History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3923 Alexander the Great . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3984 The Spread of Greek Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406

CHAPTER 9

The Rise of Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416

Making Inferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

1 Rome’s Beginnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4202 The Roman Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4263 The Fall of the Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4354 The Early Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444

CHAPTER 10

Roman Civilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456

Making Predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458

1 Life in Ancient Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4602 The Fall of Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4743 The Byzantine Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484

CHAPTER 11

The Rise of Christianity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496

Identifying Cause and Effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . 498

1 The First Christians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5002 The Christian Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5093 The Spread of Christian Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

Athenian home

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What Is an Appendix? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529SkillBuilder Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530California Standards Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562Spanish Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569Gazetteer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585Acknowledgments and Photo Credits . . . . . . . . . 604

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Paleolithic Cave Paintings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125“Hymn to the Nile” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Selecting a New King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190The Ten Commandments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Proverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209The Talmud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222Morality in the Eightfold Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250The Bhagavad Gita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265Athenian Soldier’s Oath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341Herodotus’s History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355Pericles’ Funeral Oration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

Demosthenes’ Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399The Poetry of Theocritus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407The Aeneid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422A Roman Triumph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428Cicero Calls for War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440The Book of Epodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462Distrust of Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476Rome is Attacked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479Theodora Refuses to Flee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487Sermon on the Mount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

The Egyptian Cinderellaby Shirley Climo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Reading on Your Own . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

“The Tiger, the Brahman, and the Jackal”edited by Joseph Jacobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254Reading on Your Own . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

“Daedalus and Icarus”retold by Geraldine McCaughrean . . . . . . . . 386Reading on Your Own . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

“Baucis and Philemon”by Don Nardo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469Reading on Your Own . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

Ancient Forms of Communication . . . . . . . . . . . 148The Mighty Pharaohs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Words to Live By . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224India’s Early Religions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268Chinese Ideas About Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . 304Life From Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322Greek Historians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368Words of Wisdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412Roman Propaganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452Problems in Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492The Message of Jesus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522

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Ötzi the Iceman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Hammurabi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Hatshepsut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182Ramses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185David . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Ruth and Naomi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219The Buddha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251Chandragupta Maurya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261Emperor Asoka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263Confucius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289Qin Shihuangdi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

Jasaw Chan K’awiil I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319Pericles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361Homer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381Plato and Aristotle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430Augustus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447Constantine the Great . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478Empress Theodora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488Jesus of Nazareth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504Paul of Tarsus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507

Finding the Main Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531Taking Notes and Outlining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532Reading a Time Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533Sequencing and Categorizing Information . . . . 534Recognizing Point of View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535Distinguishing Fact From Opinion . . . . . . . . . . . 536Analyzing Library and Research Resources . . . . 537Analyzing Primary Source Documents . . . . . . . . 538Building a Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539

Summarizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540Evaluating a Web Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541Understanding Cause and Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542Making Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543Making Predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544Drawing Inferences and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . 545Recognizing Economic Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . 546Interpreting Political Cartoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547

Hatshepsut

Constantine

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Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Hieroglyphs and Computer Icons . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Head Coverings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217Papermaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299The Olympics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348The Theater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382Rights for Farmers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437Roman and Modern Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . 482Missionaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520

Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126From Farming to Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160Cats in Ancient Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Education in Ancient Israel and Judah . . . . . . . . 218The Role of Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279Chinese Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286Mayan Ball Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320Women’s Duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364Greek Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408Roman Dinner Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429Roman Aqueducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450Ancient Roman Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464Slavery in the Roman Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477Byzantine Mosaics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490Christian Catacombs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

Hammurabi’s Laws: Fair or Cruel? . . . . . . . . . . . 140Confucius: Solution to China’s Problems? . . . . . 292Alexander the Great: Villain or Hero? . . . . . . . . . 404Was Caesar a Reformer or a Dictator? . . . . . . . . 442

Mesopotamian cuneiform tablet

Students today

Dead Sea Scrolls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220Development of Sanskrit, c. 1500 B.C. . . . . . . . . . 243The Invention of Zero, c. A.D. 500 . . . . . . . . . . . . 266Chinese Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280Twelve Tables, c. 451 B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

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CHAPTER 1From Gilgamesh. Tr. John Gardner and John Maier.

(New York: Vintage Books, 1984). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149“Code of Hammurabi.” In Ancient History Sourcebook.

www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/hamcode.html . . . . .149

CHAPTER 2“Hymn to the Nile, c. 2100 B.C.E.” In Ancient History

Sourcebook. www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/hymn-nile.html . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

The Egyptian Cinderella. Shirley Climo. (New York:HarperCollins, 1989). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Egyptian scribe. Quoted in Barbarian Tides. Ed. Thomas H.Flaherty. (Virginia: Time-Life Books, 1987). . . . . . . . . . . 182

“Beit Shean Stela of Ramses II.” Hieroglyphic translation inAncient Near Eastern Texts. James B. Pritchard.www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/ramesisII_bethshan_insc.htm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

“The Selection of Aspalta as King of Kush, c. 600 BCE.”From Ancient History Sourcebook. www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/nubia1.html . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Anonymous. “Ramses II Finds the Necropolis Buildings inRuins.” From The Mammoth Book of Eyewitness AncientEgypt. Ed. Jon E. Lewis. (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2003). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

Anonymous. “The Nubian Invasion.” From The MammothBook of Eyewitness Ancient Egypt. Ed. Jon E. Lewis. (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2003). . . . . . . . . 193

CHAPTER 3Exodus 20:3–17. The Contemporary English Version [Bible].

(Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1995). . . . . . . . 2032 Samuel 23:1. The Holy Bible, 1611 Edition, King James

Version. (Massachusetts: Henderickson Publishers, 2003). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

Proverbs 10:2, 5, 9. The Contemporary English Version[Bible]. (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1995). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

From The Talmud for Today. Tr./Ed. Rabbi AlexanderFeinsilver. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1980). . . . . . 222

Genesis 6: 13, 14, 17, 18, 19 & Genesis 9: 8, 9, 11, 12, 13.The Holy Bible, English Standard Version. (Illinois: CrosswayBibles, 2001). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

Proverbs 16:18; 16:20; 17:15; 22:4. The Holy Bible, EnglishStandard Version. (Illinois: Crossway Bibles, 2001). . . . 225

Psalm 61:1–3. The Holy Bible, English Standard Version.(Illinois: Crossway Bibles, 2001). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

CHAPTER 4From The Word of the Buddha. Tr. Nyanatiloka. Ed. Buddhist

Publication Society. www.enabling.org/ia/vipassana/Archive/N/Nyanatiloka/WOB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Buddha. From The Dhammapada. Tr. Eknath Easwaran.(California: Nilgiri Press, 1986). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

“The Tiger, the Brahman, and the Jackal.” In Indian FairyTales. Ed. Joseph Jacobs. (New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1969). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

From Bhagavadgita. Tr. Sir Edwin Arnold. (New York: DoverPublications, Inc., 1993). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

From The Bhagavad Gita. Tr. Juan Mascaro. (London:Penguin Books, 1962). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

“Treasure” & “Virtue.” From Teachings of the Buddha. Ed.Jack Kornfield. (Boston: Shambhala, 1996). . . . . . . . . . 269

CHAPTER 5Confucius. Analects. From The Essential Confucius. Tr. Thomas

Cleary. (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1992). . . . . . . . . 288Confucius. In Familiar Quotations. Ed. Justin Kaplan. (Boston:

Little, Brown and Company, 1992). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289Laozi. “Higher Good Is Like Water” in “Tao Te Ching.” From

The Taoist Classics. V1. Tr. Thomas Cleary. (Boston:Shambhala, 1999). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Confucius. “Governing By Virtue(De).” In Chinese Religions.Joseph A. Adler. Religions of the World. (London: Routledge, 2002). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

Laozi. “Way of Life.” In Chinese Religions. Joseph A. Adler.(London: Routledge, 2002). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Qin Shi Huang Di. Quoted in China: Its History and Culture.W. Scott Morton. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980). . . . . 297

From The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. PatriciaBuckley Ebrey. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Confucius. From Simple Confucianism. C. Alexander Simpkins Ph. D. & Annellen Simpkins Ph. D. (Boston: Tuttle Publishing, 2000). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

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Confucius. Analects. From The Essential Confucius. Tr. ThomasCleary. (California: HarperSanFrancisco, 1992). . . . . . . 305

Lao Tzu. From Tao Te Ching. Tr. D.C. Lau. (England: PenguinBooks, 1963). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

CHAPTER 6From Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. Michael D.

Coe & Rex Koontz. (New York: Thames & Hudson, 2002). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

CHAPTER 7Athenian Ephebic Oath. From Respectfully Quoted: A

Dictionary of Quotations. Tr. Clarence A. Forbes.www.bartleby.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

Plutarch. “Spartan Discipline.” In Aspects of WesternCivilization, V1. Ed. Perry M. Rogers. (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

Xerxes, as recorded by Herodotus. From The Persian Wars,Book VII. Tr. George Rawlinson. (New York: The Modern Library, 1942). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

Pericles, as recorded by Thucydides. From History of thePeloponnesian War. Tr. William Smith. (Philadelphia:Thomas Wardle, 1845). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

Xenophon. “On Men and Women from Oikonomikos, c. 370BCE.” From Memorabilia and Oeconomicus. In AncientHistory Sourcebook. www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/xenophon-genderroles.html . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

Pericles, as recorded by Thucydides. From History of thePeloponnesian War. Tr. Rex Warner. (London: Penguin Books, 1945). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

Thucydides. From History of the Peloponnesian War. Tr. RexWarner. (London: Penguin Books, 1945). . . . . . . . . . . . 366

Homer. From Iliad. Tr. Stanley Lombardo. (Indianapolis:Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 1997). . . . . . . . . . . . 368

Herodotus. From The Histories. Tr. Aubrey de Selincourt.(London: Penguin Books, revised 1972). . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

Thucydides. From History of the Peloponnesian War. Tr. RexWarner. (London: Penguin Books, 1954). . . . . . . . . . . . 369

CHAPTER 8Homer. From The Iliad. Tr. Robert Fitzgerald. (New York:

Anchor Books, 1974). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381Daedalus and Icarus. In Greek Myths. Retold by Geraldine

McCaughrean. (New York: Margaret K. McElderry, 1992). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

Thucydides. From History of the Peloponnesian War. Tr. RexWarner. (London: Penguin Books, 1945). . . . . . . . . . . . 397

Demosthenes. “The First Philippic (351 B.C.E.).” From Orationsof Demosthenes. In Aspects of Western Civilization, V1. Ed.Perry M. Rogers. (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000). . . 399

Michael Wood. From In the Footsteps of Alexander the Great.(Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997). . . . 404

Arrian. “From Arrian, The Anabasis of Alexander.” From TheAnabasis of Alexander. www.luc.edu/faculty/ldossey/arrian.htm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

Theocritus. “First Idyll.” In The Idylls of Theokritos. Tr. BarrissMills. (Indiana: Purdue University Press, 1963). . . . . . . 407

Plato. Republic. From The Republic of Plato. Tr. FrancisMacdonald Cornford. (London: Oxford University Press, 1941). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412

“The Father and His Sons.” From Aesop’s Fables. Tr. GeorgeFyler Townsend. In Ancient History Sourcebook. www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/aesop-fables.html . . . . . . 413

“The Wolf and the Lamb.” From Aesop’s Fables. Tr. GeorgeFyler Townsend. In Ancient History Sourcebook. www.ford-ham.edu/halsall/ancient/aesop-fables.html . . . . . . . . . . 413

CHAPTER 9Virgil. The Aeneid. Tr. Robert Fitzgerald. (New York: Random

House, 1981). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422Zonaras. “A Roman Triumph.” In Aspects of Western

Civilization, V1. Ed. Perry M. Rogers. (New Jersey: PrenticeHall, 2000). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428

Livy. From The Rise of Rome: Books One to Five. Tr. T. J. Luce. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998). . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

Cicero. “The Sixth Oration of M. T. Cicero Against MarcusAntonius.” From The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero, V4.Tr. C. D. Yonge. (London: George Bell & Sons, 1894). . . 440

Augustus. “Res Gestae: The Accomplishments of Augustus.” InAspects of Western Civilization, V1. Ed. Perry M. Rogers.(New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447

Pliny. From Letters and Panegyricus. Ed. E.H. Warmington. Tr.Betty Radice. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452

“Julius Caesar in Gaul.” From Rome and the Classical West.J.M. Roberts. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

Augustus. “Res Gestae: The Accomplishments of Augustus.” InAspects of Western Civilization, V1. Ed. Perry M. Rogers.(New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

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Primary Source Quotes

CHAPTER 10Horace. “The Book of Epodes.” In The Complete Works of

Horace. Tr. Charles E. Passage. (New York: Frederick UngarPublishing Co., 1983). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462

“Baucis and Philemon.” In Greek and Roman Mythology.Don Nardo. (San Diego: Lucent Books, 1998). . . . . . . . 469

“Distrust of Imperial Coinage (260 C.E.).” OxyrhynchusPapyrus, no. 1411, V2. Tr. A.S. Hunt. In Aspects of WesternCivilization, V1. Ed. Perry M. Rogers. (New Jersey: PrenticeHall, 2000). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476

Jerome. “News of the Attacks.” In Aspects of WesternCivilization, V1. Ed. Perry M. Rogers. (New Jersey: PrenticeHall, 2000). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

Theodora. Quoted in “The Nika Riot (532)” by Procopius. InAspects of Western Civilization, V1. Ed. Perry M. Rogers.(New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

Procopius. “The Secret History of Justinian and Theodora.” InAspects of Western Civilization, V1. Ed. Perry M. Rogers.(New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .488

Fronto. “Bread and Circuses.” In Aspects of WesternCivilization, V1. Ed. Perry M. Rogers. (New Jersey: PrenticeHall, 2000). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492

Dio Cassius. “Empire for Sale.” In Aspects of WesternCivilization, V1. Ed. Perry M. Rogers. (New Jersey: PrenticeHall, 2000). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

“The Institutes.” From Medieval Sourcebook.www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/535institutes.html . . . 493

CHAPTER 11Jesus of Nazareth. John 12:46. The Contemporary English

Version [Bible].(Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1995). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504

Jesus of Nazareth. Matthew 5:11–12. From Good News Bible,2nd Edition. (New York: American Bible Society, 1992). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

Paul. Acts 20:35. The Contemporary English Version [Bible].(Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1995). . . . . . . . 507

Luke 15:1–7. The Holy Bible, English Standard Version.(Illinois: Crossway Bibles, 2001). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522

Luke 15:11–32. The Holy Bible, English Standard Version.(Illinois: Crossway Bibles, 2001). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

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Reference Atlas . . 46World: Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48World: Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Europe: Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Europe: Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Middle East: Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Africa: Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Africa: Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Asia: Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Asia: Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62North America: Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64North America: Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Middle America: Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66South America: Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68South America: Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Pacific Rim: Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70World’s People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72World: Land Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Polar Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Geography Handbook . . . . . . .77

How Do I Study Geography? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78How Do I use Maps and Globes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Understanding Latitude and Longitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81From Globes to Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Common Map Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Parts of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Types of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Using Graphs, Charts, and Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Geographic Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Unit 1The Rise of Farming Communities,

7000–2000 B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Ancient Mesopotamia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Assyrian Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144Chaldean Empire, c. 605 B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Spread of Early Humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150Ancient Egypt, c. 3100 B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Egyptian Kingdoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Kush Kingdom, c. 250 B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Ancient Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194Ancient Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210Israelite Kingdoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Unit 2Geography of India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239Aryan Migration, 2000–500 B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242Mauryan Empire, c. 250 B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260Gupta Empire, c. A.D. 600 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264Early India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270The Geography of China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277Shang Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278Zhou Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282Qin and Han Empires, 221 B.C.–A.D. 220 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295Trading in the Ancient World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Zhou & Qin Empires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306Migration to America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

Unit 3Ancient Greece, c. 750 B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337Greek Colonies and Trade, 750–550 B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342Sparta and Athens, c. 700 B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345The Persian Empire, 500 B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352Persian Wars, 499–479 B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354The Peloponnesian War, 431–404 B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365Ancient Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370Alexander’s Empire, 323 B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400Hellenistic World, 241 B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403Hellenistic World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414Italy, 500 B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421Growth of the Roman Republic, 500–146 B.C. . . . . . . . . 427The Punic Wars, 264–146 B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432The Roman Empire: Trade and Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . 448Growth of Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454Germanic Invasions of Rome, c. A.D. 200–500 . . . . . . . . 480The Byzantine Empire, A.D. 527–565 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486Byzantine Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494Spread of Christianity, A.D. 325 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510Spread of Christianity, A.D. 325–1100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518Spread of Christianity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524

National Geographic Maps

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Maps, Charts, Graphs, and Diagrams

Charts and GraphsUnit 1Comparing the Neolithic and Paleolithic Ages . . . . . . . . 130Comparing Mesopotamia to Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Alphabets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Hebrew Prophets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Major Jewish Holy Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

Unit 2Early India’s Social System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244Major Hindu Deities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248Chinese Numbering System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288Chinese Philosophers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290Four Chinese Dynasties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

Unit 3The Greek Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340Comparing Governments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360Greek Gods and Goddesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377Greek Philosophers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394Greek Scientists and Their Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . 409The “Good Emperors” of the Pax Romana . . . . . . . . . . 448Greek and Roman Gods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468The Decline of Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475Early Church Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513The Cyrillic Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519

Diagrams

Diagram of ancient Egyptian society

Archaeological Dig . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124Ancient Egyptian Society . . . . . . . . 163Inside a Pyramid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Typical Home in Early India . . . . . . 241Chinese Village . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285Athenian Homes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362The Trojan Horse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379The Parthenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384Roman Legionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424The Roman Colosseum . . . . . . . . . 463A Roman House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

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