CONTENTS · Simple Past 104 Present Continuous 104 Past Continuous 105 Present Perfect 105 ... Answer Key 125 Contents xiii

CONTENTS

SECTION 1. THE WRITING PROCESS 1

A. Overview of the Writing Process 2Thinking about Your Composing Process 2

Exercise C1.1: Thinking about Composing 2Exercise C1.2: Reflecting on the Composing Process 3

Understanding the Assignment 4Thinking about Audience 4Generating Ideas 5Organizing and Outlining Ideas 5Drafting 6Revising 6Editing 6

B. Understanding Writing Assignments 7Key Words in Assignments 7Possible Key Words in Assignments Chart 8

Exercise C1.3: Identifying Key Words in Writing 10Assignments

C. Thinking about Audience 11Content 11Style 12

D. Generating Ideas 12Idea-Generating Techniques: Points to Consider 12Brainstorming 13Discussion (Pair or Group Brainstorming) 13Journalistic Questions (the Wh-Words) 14Freewriting (Writing without Stopping) 14Listing 15Outlining 15Visual Mapping (Clustering) 16

Exercise C1.4: Generating Ideas 18

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SECTION 2. GRAMMAR AND STYLE 19

AT WORD LEVEL 20

A. Word Form 20Exercise C2.1: Recognizing Word Form Errors 20

B. Articles 21Count and Non-Count Nouns 22Nouns with General Reference 22Nouns with Definite Reference 23Nouns Using Zero (No) Article 24

Exercise C2.2: Articles 25

C. Prepositions 26Exercise C2.3: Using Appropriate Prepositions 27

D. Word Choice in Formal Writing Style 28Exercise C2.4: Using More Specific Words 29Exercise C2.5: Using More Formal Words 29

E. Reference Words: Pronouns and Synonyms 30Using Pronouns to Avoid Repeating Nouns 30Using Demonstrative Pronouns to Avoid Repeating 31an Entire PhraseUsing Synonyms for Reference 31

Exercise C2.6: Using Reference Words to 32Avoid Repetition

F. Reducing Wordiness 33Exercise C2.7: Reducing Wordiness 34

AT SENTENCE LEVEL 36

G. Parts of a Sentence 36Clauses 36Independent Clauses 36Dependent Clauses 36Phrases 37

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http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=5971289

H. Subject-Verb Agreement 38Exercise C2.8: Practicing Subject-Verb Agreement 39

I. Run-On Sentences and Sentence Fragments 40Run-On Sentences 40Sentence Fragments 41

Exercise C2.9: Correcting Run-On Sentences 42Exercise C2.10: Correcting Sentence Fragments 42

J. Comma Splice 42Exercise C2.11: Recognizing Comma Splices 44

K. Relative Clauses: Restrictive and Non-Restrictive 44Exercise C2.12: Comma Use in Relative Clauses 46

L. Parallel Structure 47Exercise C2.13: Creating Parallel Structures 48

M. Sentence Combining 49Exercise C2.14: Combining Sentences 51

N. Sentence Variety 52Varying the Positions of Modifiers 52Changing Emphasis with a Divided Sentence 53Example Paragraph and Revision 54

SECTION 3. PUNCTUATION 57

A. Period 58End of Sentence 58

Exercise C3.1: Period at End of Sentence 59Decimals 59

Exercise C3.2: Period with Decimals 59

B. Question Mark 60Exercise C3.3: Question Mark and Period 60

C. Exclamation Point 61Exercise C3.4: Exclamation Point 61

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D. Comma 62After Introductory or Transitional Words or Phrases 62

Exercise C3.5: Comma with Introductory or 62Transitional Words or Phrases

After Introductory Clause 63Exercise C3.6: Comma after Introductory Clause 63

Before Conjunctions 64Exercise C3.7: Comma before Conjunctions 64

In Lists of Words, Phrases, or Clauses 65Exercise C3.8: Comma with Lists of Words, Phrases, 65or Clauses

With Coordinate Adjectives 66Exercise C3.9: Comma with Coordinate Adjectives 66

With Quotations 67Exercise C3.10: Comma with Quotations 67

With Some Abbreviations 68Exercise C3.11: Comma with Abbreviations 69

With Interrupting Expressions 69Exercise C3.12: Comma with Contrasting or 71Interrupting Elements or Those Needing Separation for Clarity

E. Semicolon 72With Independent Clauses 72

Exercise C3.13: Semicolon with 72Independent Clauses

Separating Elements with Internal Commas 72Exercise C3.14: Semicolon Separating Elements 73with Internal Commas

F. Colon 74Before a Series 74Before Long Quotations 74Before Short Quotations 74Before the Second Part of Sentence 74With a Salutation 75In Bibliographic References 75In Time Expressions 75

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In Ratios 75Exercise C3.15: Using the Colon 76

G. Hyphen 77 With Compound Nouns 77With Compound Adjectives 77With Prefixes 77With Fractions 78With Syllable Division 78

H. Dash 78With Strong Interrupting Element 78With Change in Flow of Ideas 79With Introductory Series 79Before Items Listed in a Category 79

I. Double Quotation Marks 80With Direct Quotations 80With Long Direct Quotations 80For Reference to Language Use 81For Special Meaning 81

J. Single Quotation Marks 82With Direct Quotations 82

K. Parentheses 82With Interrupting Expressions 82With Numbers 82With Dates 83With Citations 83

L. Brackets 83To Show Added Words 83To Show Error in Quoted Passage 83To Show Omitted Words 84

M. Apostrophe 84With Contractions 84To Show Possession 84

N. Ellipsis 85To Show Omitted Words 85

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O. Capital Letters 85At the Beginning of a Sentence 85As Part of Spelling 86

P. Indentation of Paragraphs and Quotations 87First Line of Paragraphs 87Electronic Submissions: Blank Line between Paragraphs 88Block Indentation of Long Quotation 89

Q. Abbreviation Period 90

SECTION 4. QUICK REFERENCE 91

A. Connections between Ideas 91Examples of Appropriate Expressions for 92Connecting Ideas Time 92Space 92Means 92Comparison/Contrast 92Concession 93Cause/Reason 93Condition 93Elaboration/Analysis 93Referring to a Specific Point in Text 93Connections Chart 94

B. Words Often Confused 97

C. Active and Passive Voice 101

D. Verb Tenses 103Verb Tenses with Examples Chart 103Simple Present 104Simple Past 104Present Continuous 104Past Continuous 105Present Perfect 105Past Perfect 105Present Perfect Continuous 105Past Perfect Continuous 106

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Future 106Future Continuous 106Future Perfect 106Future Perfect Continuous 106

E. Irregular Verb Forms 107Common Irregular Verbs Chart 107

F. Gerunds and Infinitives 109Gerund Functioning as Noun 109Infinitive Functioning as Noun 109Common Verbs Followed by the Gerund 110Common Verbs Followed by the Infinitive 110Common Verbs Followed by the Gerund or 110the InfinitiveCommon Adjectives (Usually Followed 110by the Infinitive)

G. Phrasal Verbs 111Verb + Preposition Combinations 112Adjective + Preposition Combinations 112Common Preposition + Noun Phrases 112

Citation Style Guides 113

APA Style: References and Format 114MLA Style: Works Cited and Format 117

Common Correction Symbols for Editing 119

Glossary 121

Answer Key 125

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CONTENTS · Simple Past 104 Present Continuous 104 Past Continuous 105 Present Perfect 105 ... Answer Key 125 Contents xiii