THELIFEOFTHOMASE.SCRUTTON · CONTENTS Preface ix Table of cases xii 1 Antecedents 1 1.1 The Scruttons 1 1.2 Thomas Scrutton: “Thomas the elder” 2 1.3 Thomas Urquhart Scrutton:

THE LIFE OF THOMAS E. SCRUTTON

Karl Llewellyn described Thomas Scrutton as “the greatest English-speaking commercial judge of a century”. Scrutton played a key role ina number of politically sensitive court cases from the Great War to the1930s. This biography draws on unpublished sources to evaluate hiscontribution as counsel, campaigner and judge in a number of areas:the development of a modern law of copyright; the checking of executivepower in and after the Great War; and his attempt to develop Englishcommercial law on a basis which reflected the practices and expectationsof the commercial community. In addition to providing valuable insightsinto the nature of legal practice and advancement in the Victorian andEdwardian eras, the book examines Llewellyn’s claim that Scruttonadopted a “realist” approach to the development of commercial law,and uses the body of Scrutton’s judgments to explore the limits of a“realist” approach to jurisprudence.

david foxton is a leading practitioner in commercial law and anhonorary professor at the University of Nottingham. He has won numer-ous awards and most recently was named 2012 Commercial LitigationSilk (QC) of the year.

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T.E. Scrutton c. 1920sA family photograph reproduced courtesy of Dr Mary Midgley






THE LIFE OF

THOMAS E. SCRUTTON

DAVID FOXTON






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CONTENTS

Preface ixTable of cases xii

1 Antecedents 11.1 The Scruttons 1

1.2 Thomas Scrutton: “Thomas the elder” 2

1.3 Thomas Urquhart Scrutton: “Thomas the younger” 4

1.4 The young T.E. 10

1.5 Mill Hill in retrospect 16

1.6 The school board scandal 18

2 A university man 282.1 That godless institution in Gower Street 28

2.2 Scrutton at UCL 29

2.3 The University College Debating Society 32

2.4 Scrutton’s Grand Tour 34

2.5 University College again 35

2.6 Trinity College, Cambridge 37

2.7 The Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club 46

2.8 The Cambridge University Bicycling Club 49

2.9 The Cambridge Union 52

2.10 Scrutton’s university career 58

3 Pupil, professor, husband and politician 603.1 A pupil barrister 60

3.2 The London Bicycling Club 63

3.3 Professor at UCL 65

3.4 A teaching university for London? 69

3.5 Mr and Mrs Scrutton 71

3.6 The London and Counties Liberal Union 74

3.7 The Eighty Club 78

v






3.8 The damnable question 79

3.9 A Home Rule election 82

3.10 The Eighty Club revolt 87

3.11 Scrutton’s political career in retrospect 89

4 “Patient, laborious asses”: onwards and upwardsat the Bar 914.1 The Bar in the 1880s 91

4.2 Starting out 95

4.3 The Commercial Court 100

4.4 Pupil master 105

4.5 Life outside the law 107

4.6 A silk gown 110

4.7 Scrutton the advocate 114

4.8 Time for a change? 117

5 Copyright and the author 1205.1 “Copyright” 121

5.2 Copyright advocate 124

5.3 Copyright activist 129

5.4 Repelling pirates 134

5.5 Reform at last 137

5.6 Charterparties 138

5.7 More Yorke Prizes 141

5.8 The Scrutton machine 147

6 The Bench 1506.1 Prelude to an appointment 150

6.2 On circuit 153

6.3 Crime and punishment 155

6.4 Commercial judge 159

6.5 The Revenue Paper 163

6.6 The injudicious judge 169

6.7 A judicial miscellany 173

6.8 Law on the links 175

6.9 At home 177

7 The war and the law 1807.1 The Scruttons at war 180

7.2 Trading with the enemy 186

7.3 War and contract 190

vi contents






7.4 The Brides in the Bath 192

7.5 The Court of Appeal 199

7.6 Servant of the state? 202

7.7 The protection of property 212

8 At the height of his powers: 1919–1927 2158.1 The appellate temperament 215

8.2 The Court of Appeal 219

8.3 Class and the judiciary 225

8.4 The Russian Revolution 233

8.5 The judiciary and the executive 236

8.6 “The finest commercial lawyer” 249

8.7 Man about town 254

8.8 Educating the lawyers 256

9 Scrutton the realist? 2629.1 Karl Llewellyn 262

9.2 What makes a realist judge? 264

9.3 Scrutton’s commercial “situation sense” 267

9.4 The interpretation of contracts 273

9.5 Consumer contracts 276

9.6 The problem of certainty 279

9.7 The right of rejection in sale of goods 283

9.8 The protection of third-party interests 288

9.9 Realism v. formalism? 291

10 “Old Scrutton” 29310.1 Passed over 293

10.2 Scrutton v. Hewart 299

10.3 Scrutton v. McCardie 302

10.4 Scrutton’s court 308

10.5 Recognition at home and abroad 314

10.6 The end 316

10.7 Scrutton today 318

Bibliography 321Index 339

contents vii











PREFACE

My first encounter with T.E. Scrutton came when I began pupillage atwhat was then 4 Essex Court in the Temple. An indulgent universityeducation spent studying legal history, the comparative law of tort andcriminology and penology had ill prepared me for drafting opinionsadvising on liability under the Bills of Lading Act 1855 or whether a vesselwhich was unable to discharge grain due to infestation of her holds wasoff-hire. My early efforts on these and similar questions were promptlydispatched by my pupil master – the term was still permitted – intothe wastepaper basket, as had been the efforts of many pupils before.

I soon discovered that at least some of the answers to the problemsI was encountering were to be found in a book called Scrutton onCharterparties and Bills of Lading, then in its eighteenth edition andedited by Sir Alan Mocatta and Stewart Boyd QC. Over the followingyears, it became clear that many more of the answers were to be found injudgments of Scrutton himself – I can recall hours spent attemptingto resolve a particular problem of the law of marine insurance, only tostumble across a clear and unanswerable statement of principle in ajudgment of Scrutton’s in a case called Phoenix Insurance Co. v. DeMonchy.1 In 1996, I became one of the editors of Scrutton on Charter-parties, and have sailed between the Scylla of critical reviews and theCharybdis of new and competing works for two subsequent editions.

While the works of Scrutton the writer and judge became familiar,I knew very little about Scrutton the man, beyond the bare facts that hehad a beard and, so I understood, was not well liked. When one of mycolleagues in chambers began term with a “holiday beard”, he remarkedto a retired judge that at least he would match Scrutton in facial hair ifnot in his accomplishments as a lawyer. The response – “he was not anice man, you know” – was a fairly typical reaction. My researches into

1 (1928) 34 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 194.

ix






other areas of law during Scrutton’s judicial tenure – decisions during theGreat War, and the Anglo-Irish “Troubles” of 1916–25 – revealed newdepths and qualities to Scrutton’s judicial achievements beyond hismastery of commercial law. The publication of the 125th anniversaryedition of Scrutton on Charterparties in 2011 prompted more extensivebiographical research, and this book is the outcome.

The task of the legal biographer is generally a forlorn one. The lives ofjudges are not of great interest to non-lawyers, and books on this subjectinhabit the world in which works unsigned by the author are muchharder to find than those bearing personal dedications, and in which asecond edition is infinitely harder to find than the first. One of theperennial difficulties is to how to address judgments – by far the subject’slargest and most lasting literary outpouring, and yet only of intrinsicinterest to those involved in the cases or in search for enlightenment onother cases in which they are involved. I have eschewed R.F.V. Heuston’sjudgments appendix,2 and attempted to analyse Scrutton’s body of judg-ments thematically, with a more detailed consideration of a smallernumber of cases of political or a particular personal significance. Inaddition, in Chapter 9 I have undertaken a more extensive analysis ofScrutton’s work as a commercial lawyer.

Within his family Scrutton was – I was told by his granddaughter –always called “Ted”.3 Among professional colleagues, apparently, he wasknown as “Ned”.4 Such familiarity seems unthinkable, and he is referredto by his surname throughout this book, save for Chapter 1, which isconcerned with many Scruttons, in which he is referred to as “T.E.”

I have been dependent on the kindness of both friends and strangers inthe course of preparing this book. I would like to thank the Bar GolfSociety; Jane Belford for producing the table of cases; the BodleianLibrary; Roderick Braithwaite; Iain Christie; Murray Craig of the Cham-berlain’s Court, Corporation of London; Cambridge University Library;Cambridge University Union; Elizabeth Dawson (Institute of AdvancedLegal Studies); Conrad Dehn QC; Kenneth Dunn (National Library ofScotland); Gray’s Inn Library; John Green; Gwynedd Archives; the House

2 See R.F.V. Heuston, Lives of the Lord Chancellors 1885–1940 (1964), in which eachbiography is followed by a short appendix summarising the subject’s judgments (“Heus-ton, Lives”).

3 Mary Midgley (Scrutton’s granddaughter), The Owl of Minerva: A Memoir (2005), p. 45(“Midgley”).

4 (1934) South African Law Times 153.

x preface






of Lords Record Office; Nigel Hague; Amy Hannon; Harvard Law SchoolSpecial Collections Department; Inner Temple Library; the Institute ofAdvanced Legal Studies; Lincoln’s Inn Library; Middle Temple Library;Dr Mary Midgley; Mill Hill School; the National Archives; the NationalLibrary of Scotland; Lord Pannick QC; Royal Ashdown Forest Golf Club;the Reform Club; Jane Robins; the Royal Archives; Tony Scott (for accessto the Climbers Club journal); David Scrutton; Elizabeth Scudder(London Metropolitan Library); Viscount Simon for permission to quotefrom the Simon Papers; Jonathan Smith, the Archivist at Trinity College,Cambridge; Colin Strachan; the University of Chicago; the SpecialCollections Department and Records Office of University CollegeLondon; Westminster City Archives; and Lesley Whitehead (MiddleTemple Archivist). I would like to acknowledge the permission of HerMajesty Queen Elizabeth II to make use of and quote from material fromthe Royal Archives.

This book is dedicated to my wife Heather, and my four children Tom,Hannah, Kate and William.

preface xi






TABLE OF CASES

Agip (Africa) Ltd v. Jackson and Others, [1991] Ch. 547, 252Aksionairnoye Obschestvo Dila Mechaniches-Koyi Obrabotky Dievera A.M. Luther

v. James Sagor, [1921] 3 K.B. 552, 233–4Albermarle v. Hind, [1928] 1 K.B. 307, 291Andersen v. Marten Marine Insurance, (1906–7) 12 Com. Cas. 309; (1907–8) 13 Com.

Cas. 205, 112Andrews Brothers (Bournemouth) Ltd v. Singer and Co. Ltd, [1934] 1 K.B. 17, 277Anglo-Californian Bank (Ltd) v. London and Provincial Marine and General Insurance

Co. Ltd, (1904–5) 10 Com. Cas. 1, 112Anglo-Newfoundland Development Corporation v. The King, [1920] 1 K.B. 214, 214Arbitration between L. Sutro & Co. and Heilbut, Symons & Co., in re, [1917] 2 K.B. 348,

274Arbitration between Moore & Co. Ltd and Landauer and Co., in re, [1923] 2 K.B. 519,

284Arbuthnott v. Fagan, (1995) C.L.C. 1396, 219Arcos Ltd v. London & Northern Trading Co. Ltd, (1932) 44 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 6, 285Arcos Ltd v. Ronaasen & Sons, (1932) 43 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 1 (CA); [1933] A.C. 470

(H.L.), 285, 287–8Arnhold Karberg & Co. v. Blythe Green, [1915] 2 K.B. 379, 163Aronson v. Mologa Holzindustrie AG, (1927) 28 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 81, 252Attorney-General of New South Wales v.Makin, (1893) 14 N.S.W.L.R. 1; [1894] A.C. 57

(P.C.), 196Attorney-General and Others v. Cory Brothers, [1921] 1 A.C. 521, 218Attorney-General v. De Keyser’s Royal Hotel, [1920] A.C. 508, 212Attorney-General v. Great Southern & Western Railway Co., [1924] 2 K.B. 450, 239–40Attorney-General v. Manchester Ship Canal Co., (1922) 10 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 787, 218Attorney-General v.Wiltshire United Dairies Ltd, (1921) 37 T.L.R. 884; (1922) 38 T.L.R.

781 (H.L.), 246–8Bailey v. Stoke-on-Trent Assessment Committee, [1931] 1 K.B. 385, 313Banco do Portugal v. Waterlow, [1932] A.C. 452 (H.L.), 311Bank Line Ltd v. Arthur Capel, [1919] A.C. 435, 191Banque Belge v. Hambrouck, [1921] 1 K.B. 321, 251

xii






Banque Internationale de Commerce de Petrograd v. Goukassow, [1923] 2 K.B. 682;[1925] A.C. 150 (H.L.), 235–6

Baxter’s Leather v. Royal Mail Steam Packet, [1908] 2 K.B. 626, 117Bede Steam Shipping Co., in re, [1917] 1 Ch. 23, 200Bell v. Lever Brothers, [1931]1 K.B. 557; [1932] 1 A.C. 161 (H.L.), 311Bennison v. Hulton, The Times, 15 April 1926, 221Berge Sisar, see The Borealis AB (formerly Borealis Petrokemi AB and Statoil Petrokemi

AB) v. Stargas LtdBermal v. Breskel, The Times, 21 October 1931, 304Biddell v. Clemens Horst, [1911] 1 K.B. 934, 268Blay v. Pollard and Morris, [1930] 1 K.B. 628, 276Blyth Harbour Commissioners v. Crown, (1925) 22 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 404, 217Boaler, in re, [1915] 1 K.B. 21, 175Board of Trade v. Anglo-American Oil Co., [1911] 2 K.B. 225, 161Boosey v. Whight, [1899] 1 Ch. 836 (Ch. D.); [1900] 1 Ch. 122, 126–7Booth Steamship v. Cargo Fleet Iron Co., [1916] 2 K.B. 570, 162, 199Borealis AB (formerly Borealis Petrokemi AB and Statoil Petrokemi AB) v. Stargas Ltd

(The Berge Sisar), [2002] A.C. 60, 219Boston Fruit Co. v. British and Foreign Marine Insurance, (1905–6) 11 Com.

Cas. 196, 113Boucas v. Cooke, [1903] 2 K.B. 227, 124–5Brandt v. Liverpool Brazil v. River Plate Steam Navigation Co., [1924] 1 K.B. 575, 249Brightman and Co. v. Bunge y Born Limitada Socieded, [1934] 2 K.B. 619, 275British & Beningtons Ltd v. North West Cachar Tea Co. Ltd, (1922) 10 Lloyd’s Law Rep.

381; [1923] A.C. 48 (H.L.), 250British Marine Mutual v. Draffen; International Mutual Underwriters v. Draffen, The

Times, 8 July 1903, 112Broad v. Pryce, The Times, 26 June 1892, 97Brocklebank (T.J.) v. King, [1925] 1 K.B. 52, 248Brooker, re, The Times, 27 July 1916; 28 July 1916, 174Bulman & Dickson v. Fenwick & Co., [1894] 1 Q.B. 179, 100Burnand, in re, [1904] 2 K.B. 68, 112Butcher Wetherly & Co. Ltd v. Norman, [1934] 1 K.B. 475, 100C.B.S. Songs Ltd v. Amstrad Consumer Electronics Plc, [1988] A.C. 1013, 127Calgarth, The, [1927] P. 93, 252Cammell Laird & Co. v.Manganese Bronze and Brass Co. Ltd, [1933] 1 K.B. 141; [1934]

A.C. 402 (H.L.), 311–12Cantiere Meccanico Brindisino v. Janson and Others, [1912] 2 K.B. 112; [1912] 3 K.B.

452, 161–2Cardew v. Lotinga, The Times, 13 July 1913, 174Castle Mail Packet v. East and West India Docks, The Times, 14 January 1891, 99Central Control Board (Liquor Traffic) v. Cannon Brewery, [1919] A.C. 744, 212

table of cases xiii






Chells Farm case see Hunter v. Commissioners of Inland RevenueChester v. Bateson, [1920] 1 K.B. 829, 214China Navigation Co. v. Attorney General, [1932] 2 K.B. 197, 310Clan Line Steamers Ltd v. Board of Trade, [1928] 2 K.B. 557, 248, 253Clayton v. Le Roy, [1911] 2 K.B. 1031, 162Colquhoun v. Brooks, The Times, 30 April 1888; (1888) L.R. 21 Q.B.D. 52; (1889) 19

App. Cas. 493 (H.L.), 97Commissioners of Inland Revenue v. Duke of Devonshire, [1914] 2 K.B. 627, 168–9Commissioners of Inland Revenue v. Hallyar, [1914] 1 K.B. 528, 174Commissioners of Inland Revenue v. Southend-on-Sea Estates Co. Ltd, [1914] 1 K.B. 515;

[1915] A.C. 428 (H.L.), 169, 174La Cie des Chemins de Fer de Paris à Lyons et à la Méditerranée v. Great Western

Railway Co., (1925) 22 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 101, 216–17Conservators of Mitcham Common v. Cox, [1911] 2 K.B. 854, 176Continental Contractors Ltd and Others v. Medway Oil & Storage Co. Ltd, (1925) 23

Lloyd’s Law Rep. 124, 275Continental Tyre and Rubber Co. (Great Britain) Ltd v. Daimler Co. Ltd, [1915] 1 K.B.

893; [1916] 2 A.C. 307 (H.L.), 187Continho Caro & Co. v. Vermont & Co., [1917] 2 K.B. 587, 187Cooke, in re, (1876–7) L.R. 4 Ch. D. 555, 252Cornish v. Thornett & Fehr, (1929) 33 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 241, 302–3Cory & Son Ltd v. France, Fenwick & Co. Ltd, [1911] 1 K.B. 114, 151Cowan v. The Era, The Times, 14 January 1911, 174Cox v. Hakes, (1890) 15 App. Cas. 503, 245Curtis v. Head, The Times, 27 July 1901, 112Czarnikow Ltd v. Roth, Schmidt & Co., [1922] 2 K.B. 478, 252, 292Davis v. Benjamin, [1906] 2 Ch. 491, 125De Andia Yrarrazaval v. Willans and Redesdale, The Times, 31 July 1929, 104Deighton v. Cockle, [1912] 1 K.B. 26, 174Denholm (J. & J.) Ltd v. Shipping Controller, (1921) 7 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 66, 215, 221Deyes v. Wood, [1911] 1 K.B. 806, 160Diamond Alkali Export Corporation, [1921] 3 K.B. 443, 269–70Dieckmann, in re, [1918] 1 Ch. 331, 187Dillon v. Charing Cross Cinematographic Theatre, The Times, 15 April 1915, 174Distington Haematite Iron Co. v. Possehl & Co., [1916] 1 K.B. 811, 188Doleman & Sons v. Ossett Corporation, [1912] 3 K.B. 257, 174Donald H. Scott Ltd v. Barclays Bank Ltd, [1923] 2 K.B. 1, 270Donoghue v. Stevenson, [1932] A.C. 562, 220, 223–45, 312Driefontein Consolidated Mines v. Janson Insurance, (1899–1900) 5 Com. Cas. 296;

(1900–1) 6 Com. Cas. 198; (1901–2) 7 Com. Cas. 268, 112Duke of Argyll v. Commissioners of Inland Revenue, (1913) 109 L.T. 893, 168East and West India Dock v. Anderson and Anderson, The Times, 1 May 1890, 99

xiv table of cases






Ellerman Lines Ltd v. Read, [1928] 2 K.B. 144, 253Elliott v. Shipping Controller, [1922] 1 K.B.127, 251Embiricos v. Sydney Reid, [1914] 3 K.B. 45, 161, 192, 268English Hop Growers Ltd v. Dering, [1928] 2 K.B. 174, 300Epsom Grand Stand Association (Ltd) v. E.J. Clarke, The Times, 27 May 1919, 219Ernest Beck & Co. v. K. Szymanowski & Co., [1923] 1 K.B. 457, 285Everett v. Griffiths Lewis, [1920] 3 K.B. 163; [1921] 1 A.C. 631 (H.L.), 223Exchange Telegraph v. Gregory, [1896] 1 Q.B. 147, 128Fagernes, The, [1927] P. 311, 249Farmer & Co. Ltd v. Inland Revenue Commissioners, [1898] 2 Q.B. 141, 97Farr v. Butters Brothers, [1932] 2 K.B. 606, 224, 312Farrer v. St Catherine’s College, The Times, 22 April 1873, 120Field v. John Bull, The Times, 14 June 1914, 174Fisher, Reeves & Co. Ltd v. Armour Ltd, [1920] 3 K.B. 614, 274Foley v. Classique Coaches, [1934] 2 K.B. 1, 282Folkes v. King, [1923] 1 K.B. 282, 289Forbes v. Samuel, [1913] 3 K.B. 706, 160Fordree v. Barrell, [1931] 2 K.B. 257, 313Francis, ex parte, [1903] 1 K.B. 275, 134Francis v. Fisher, The Times, 21 May 1903; (1903) 67 J.P. 301, 134Francis, Times & Co. v. Sea Insurance, The Times, 30 June 1898, 115Fry v. Smellie, [1912] 3 K.B. 282, 174Fuller v. Blackpool Winter Gardens and Pavilion, [1895] 2 Q.B. 429, 125Gayer v. Gayer, The Times, 30 January 1917, 200General Hydraulic Power Co. Ltd v. Hancock, [1914] 2 K.B. 1, 163George v. Thomas, [1910] 2 K.B. 951, 154Getz v. Heath, The Times, 18 February 1905, 112GlasgowAssurance Corporation v.William Symondson, (1910–11) 16 Com. Cas. 109, 161Goater v. Godfrey, The Times, 13 August 1890 and 10 April 1891, 97Goerz & Co. v. Bell, [1904] 2 K.B. 136, 97Goldman v. Hargave, [1967] 1 A.C. 645 (H.L.), 251Gordon Alison & Co. v. Wallsend Slipway & Engineering Co., (1927) 27 Lloyd’s Law

Rep. 285, 274Gosse Millard v. Canadian Government Merchant Marine, [1928] 1 K.B. 717, 312Great Peace Shipping Ltd v. Tsavliris Salvage (International) Ltd, [2003] Q.B. 679, 311Guaranty Trust Co. of New York v. Hannay, [1918] 2 K.B. 623, 201Hambro v. Burnand, (1902–3) 8 Com. Cas. 252; (1903–4) 9 Com. Cas. 251, 112Hamilton v. Pandorf, (1887) L.R. 12 App. Cas. 518 (H.L.), 99Hanfstaengl Art Publishing Co. v. Holloway, [1893] 2 Q.B. 1, 125Hanfstaengl v. Empire Palace, [1894] 3 Ch. 109; [1895] A.C. 20 (H.L.), 125Hanfstaengl v. H.R. Baines, [1894] 2 Ch. 1, 125Hardie & Lane v. Chilton, [1928] 2 K.B. 306, 300, 314

table of cases xv






Harnett v. Bond, The Times, 17 May 1924; [1924] 2 K.B. 517; [1925] A.C. 669 (H.L.),222–4, 306

Harris v. Harrison, (1914) 111 L.T. 534, 177Haskins v. Lewis, [1932] 2 K.B. 1, 313Henderson v. Underwriting and Agency Association, [1891] 1 Q.B. 557, 100Hilckes, in re, [1917] 1 K.B. 48, 190Hill v. Aldershot Corporation, [1933] 1 K.B. 259, 292, 313Hillas v. Arcos, (1931) 40 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 307, 271, 281–2, 286Hillen v. ICI (Alkali) Ltd, [1934] 1 K.B. 455, 309Hirachand Punamchand v. Temple, [1911] 2 K.B. 330, 174Hobbs v. C.T. Tinling, [1929] 2 K.B. 1, 253, 300–1Holt v. Markham, [1923] 1 K.B. 504, 251Homburg Houtimport BV and Others v. Agrosin Private Ltd and Another, [2003] U.K.

H.L. 12; [2004] 1 A.C. 715, 251Homing Pigeon Publishing Co. v. The Racing Pigeon Publishing Co., The Times, 20

March 1913, 174Horwood v. Millar’s Timber and Trading Co. Ltd, [1917] 1 K.B. 305, 201Howsin (Hilda Margaret), ex parte, (1917) 33 T.L.R. 527, 209Hudson v. British and Foreign Marine Insurance, (1902–3) 8 Com. Cas. 6, 113Hughes v. Liverpool Victoria Legal Friendly Society, [1916] 2 K.B. 482, 174Humber Conservancy Board v. Bater, [1914] 3 K.B. 449, 163Humphreys v. D.C. Thomson & Co., The Times, 29 April 1908, 137Hunt v. Richardson, [1916] 1 K.B. 446, 172Hunter v. Commissioners of Inland Revenue, The Times, 21 and 29 May 1913, 166–8Hussey v. Harmsworth, The Times, 29 March 1900, 125Imperial Cold Storage and Supply Co. Ltd v. King, The Times, 2–4, 9–12 and 16

November 1909, 112Ingram & Royles Ltd v. Services Maritimes du Treport, [1913] 1 K.B. 538, 160, 174Institute of Patent Agents v. Lockwood, [1894] A.C. 347 (H.L.), 240Ireland v. Livingstone, (1872) L.R. 5 H.L. 395, 269–70James Finlay and Co. Ltd v. N.V. Kwik Hoo Tong Handel Maatschappij, [1929] 1 K.B.

400, 289James Nisbet v. The Golf Agency, The Times, 15 May 1907, 128Jay v. New Bedford Palace of Varieties, The Times, 30 June 1910, 178Jebara v. Ottoman Bank, [1927] 2 K.B. 254, 302Job Edwards Ltd v. Birmingham Canal Navigation, [1924] 1 K.B. 341, 68, 251Jones v. Consolidated Anthracite Collieries Ltd, [1916] 1 K.B. 123, 169Joseph Green v. Arcos Ltd, (1931) 39 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 229, 285, 287Jowitt & Sons v. Union Cold Storage, [1913] 3 K.B. 1, 267Jude’s Musical Compositions, re, [1906] 2 Ch. 595; [1907] 1 Ch. 651, 125Kano v. Pathé Frères, (1899) 99 L.T. 114; (1900) 100 L.T. 260, 127Kelly’s Directory v. Gavin and Lloyd’s, [1901] Ch. 374; [1902] 1 Ch. 631, 128

xvi table of cases






Kempler v. Bravingtons Ltd, (1925) 33 L.T. 680, 290Kemshead v. British Transport Commission, [1958] 1 W.L.R. 173, 319King v. Commissioners of Income Tax, The Times, 23 May 1903, 97Knight v. Bolton, [1924] N.Z.L.R. 806, 68Knights Deep Ltd v. Inland Revenue Commissioners, [1900] 1 Q.B. 217, 97Landauer v. Craven and Speeding, [1914] 2 K.B. 94, 161Larrinaga & Co. Ltd v. Société Franco-Américaine des Phosphates de Medulla, (1922) 11

Lloyd’s Law Rep. 214; (1923) 14 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 457 (H.L.), 250Latham v. R. Johnson Nephew Ltd, [1913] 1 K.B. 398, 174Lauri v. Renad, [1892] 3 Ch. 402, 127Lawrence & Bullen Ltd v. Aflalo, [1902] 1 Ch. 264 (Ch. D.); [1903] 1 Ch. 318; [1904]

A.C. 17 (H.L.), 127Lazard Brothers & Co. v. Banque Industrielle de Moscou, [1932] 1 K.B. 617; [1933] A.C.

289 (H.L.), 236Lazard Brothers v. Midland Bank, [1932] 1 K.B. 617, 314Lazarus v. Cairn Line of Steamships Ltd, (1911–12) 17 Com. Cas. 107, 161Leakey v. National Trust, [1980] Q.B. 485, 251Leitrim, The, [1902] P. 256, 113Lek v. Mathews, (1926) 25 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 525, 222–3Lens v. Devonshire Club, Eastbourne (Ltd), The Times, 3 December 1914, 177L’Estrange v. F. Graucob Ltd, [1934] 2 K.B. 394, 276–8, 313Levy v. Cohen, Sons & Co. Ltd, (1932) 44 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 5, 285–6Liddle v. Yorkshire (North Riding) County Council, [1934] 2 K.B. 101, 314Liebigs Extract of Meat Co. Ltd v. Mersey Docks and Harbour Board and Walter Nelson

& Son Ltd, [1918] 2 K.B. 381, 302Limerick v. Stott, [1921] 2 K.B. 613, 221Liversidge v. Anderson, [1942] A.C. 206 (H.L.), 248Lloyd v. Cook, [1929] 1 K.B. 103, 313Lloyd v. Grace Smith, [1911] 2 K.B. 489; [1912] A.C. 716 (H.L.), 162Lloyd’s Bank Ltd v. Chartered Bank of India, [1929] 1 K.B. 40, 310Lloyd’s Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, [1929] 1 K.B. 40, 291Lobitos Oilfields Ltd v. Admiralty Commissioners; Crown Steamship Co. v. Admiralty

Commissioners, (1917) L.J.K.B. (N.S.) 1444, 213–14London Association of Shipowners v. London and India Joint Docks Committee, [1892] 3

Ch. 242, 100London County Council v. Allen, [1914] 3 K.B. 642, 160London Jewellers Ltd v. Attenborough, [1934] 2 K.B. 206, 290Lumsden v. Commissioners of Inland Revenue, [1914] A.C. 77 (H.L.), 165Mabe v. Connor, [1909] 1 K.B. 515, 126Malmberg v. Evans, (1924) 20 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 40, 270–1Manchester Ship Canal Co. v. Brunner, Mond & Co. Ltd see Attorney-General v.

Manchester Ship Canal Co.

table of cases xvii






Maples v. Commissioners of Inland Revenue, [1914] 3 K.B. 303, 163Marshal Shipping Co. Ltd v. Board of Trade, [1923] 2 K.B. 343, 247Marten v. Whale, [1917] 2 K.B. 480, 290Martial and Armand Ltd v. Frankau and Wife, The Times, 21 November 1931, 304Mathie v. Argonaut Marine Insurance Co. Ltd, (1924) 19 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 64, 222Maxwell v. Grunhut, (1914) 31 T.L.R. 79, 189May & Butcher v. R., [1934] 2 K.B. 17, 280–2Melanie, The, [1922] P. 243, 221Mersey Shipping & Transport Co. v. Rea, (1925) 21 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 375, 250Metropolitan Railways Co. v. Fowler, [1892] 1 Q.B. 165; [1893] A.C. 416 (H.L.), 97Metropolitan Water Board v. Dick Kerr, [1917] 2 K.B. 1; [1918] A.C. 119 (H.L.), 191Meyer Ltd v. Kivisto, (1929) 35 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 265, 285–6Meyer Ltd v. Osakeyhito Carelia Timber Co., (1930) 37 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 212, 285–7Mitchell & Co. v. Dewar & Co., The Times, 28 March 1896, 125Moffatt Paige Ltd v. Gill & Sons, The Times, 2 April 1901; (1901) 84 L.T. 452; (1902) 86

L.T. 465, 124Moody v. Cox, [1917] 2 Ch. 71, 252Morgan v. Hart, [1914] 2 K.B. 183, 174Morocco Bound Syndicate v. Harris Chamberlain, The Times, 23 February 1895, 115Moul v. Greenings, [1891] 2 Q.B. 443, 124Musmann v. Engelke, [1928] 1 K.B. 90; [1928] A.C. 433 (H.L.), 249Naumann (W.) v. Edward Nathan & Co. Ltd, (1930) 37 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 249, 252Nelson v. James Nelson & Sons, [1913] 2 K.B. 471, 169Newcastle Breweries Ltd v. The King, [1920] 1 K.B. 854, 212Newmark v. National Phonograph Co., (1907) 23 T.L.R. 439, 126–7Niblett v. Confectioners Materials, [1921] 3 K.B. 387, 221Nigel Gold Mining v. Hoade Insurance, (1900–1) 6 Com. Cas. 268, 112North-Western Salt v. Elektrolytic Alkali Co., [1913] 3 K.B. 422; [1914] A.C. 461, 174Norton Malreward case see Smyth v. Commissioners of Inland RevenueOcean Coal v. Davies, [1927] A.C. 271, 221Owners of Wild Rose v. Owners of Courier, 7 November 1891, 93Palmer v. Effingham Wilson, The Times, 5 March 1898, 127Parker v. Brand, The Times, 23 April 1891, 97Paterson Zochonis Ltd v. Elder Dempster, [1923] 1 K.B. 420; [1924] A.C. 522 (H.L.), 250Peech v. Best, [1931] 1 K.B. 1, 313Perez v. John Mercer, (1921) 7 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 1, 252Petition of Right, in the matter of a, [1915] 3 K.B. 649, 212Petrel, The, [1893] P. 320, 100Phoenix Insurance Co. v. De Monchy, (1928) 34 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 194, 291Pioneer Container, The, [1994] 2 A.C. 324, 250Pitts, Pitts v. George & Co., [1896] 2 Ch. 866, 125Place v. Searle, [1932] 2 K.B. 497, 304, 306

xviii table of cases






Polemis, re, [1921] 3 K.B. 560, 254Porter v. Freudenberg, [1915] 1 K.B. 857, 186Porto Alexandre, The, [1920] P. 30, 234Prager v. Blatspiel, [1924] 1 K.B. 566, 302Princess Paley Olga v. Weisz, [1929] 1 K.B. 718, 234, 314Pritchard v. Health and Strength Ltd, The Times, 16 December 1910, 174Proctor, Garrett,Marston Ltd v.Oakwin SteamshipCo., (1925) 23 Lloyd’s LawRep. 222, 267Produce Brokers Co. Ltd v. Furness Withy & Co., (1911–12) 17 Com. Cas. 165, 201, 267Produce Brokers Co. Ltd v. Olympia Oil and Cake Co. Ltd, [1917] 1 K.B. 320, 274Property Insurance Co. v. National Protector Insurance Co., (1912–13) 18 Com. Cas.

119, 268R. (on the application of Husain) v. Asylum Support Adjudicator, [2001] EWHC Admin

852; [2002] A.C.D. 10, 219R. v. Ball (William Henry), (1910) 5 Cr. App. Rep. 238; [1911] A.C. 47 (H.L.), 155R. v. Bennett, (1911) 6 Cr. App. Rep. 203, 157R. v. Bird ex parte Needles, [1898] 2 Q.B. 340, 98R. v. Blake, (1910) 4 Cr. App. Rep. 275, 151R. v. Bradley, (1910) 4 Cr. App. Rep. 225, 151–2, 155R. v. Brownhill (Archibald), (1913) 8 Cr. App. Rep. 258, 156R. v. Buckland, [1933] 1 K.B. 767, 307R. v. Casement, [1917] 1 K.B. 98; (1917) 12 Cr. App. Rep. 125, 205R. v. Chetwynd (George Rowland), The Times, 4 November 1912, 157R. v. Conlon (Harry), (1911) 6 Cr. App. Rep. 289, 158R. v. Connor, (1913) 8 Cr. App. Rep. 152, 155, 157R. v. Council of Metropolitan Borough of Poplar (No. 1) ex parte London County

Council, [1922] 1 K.B. 72, 228R. v. Denison ex parte Nagle, (1916) L.J.K.B. (N.S.) 1744, 206R. v. Denyer, [1926] 2 K.B. 258; The Times, 24 April 1928, 300R. v. Governor of Brixton Prison ex parte Chateau Thierry, [1917] 1 K.B. 922, 211R. v. Governor of Brixton Prison ex parte Soblen (No. 1), [1963] 1 Q.B. 829, 212R. v. Governor of Brixton Prison ex parte Soblen (No. 2), [1963] 2 Q.B. 243, 212R. v. Halliday ex parte Zadig, [1917] A.C. 260 (H.L.), 207R. v. Inspector of Cannon Row Police Station ex parte Brady, (1921) 125 L.T. 344; (1921)

37 T.L.R. 75, 237R. v. Minister of Health ex parte Yaffe, [1931] A.C. 494 (H.L.), 240R. v. Norton, (1910) 5 Cr. App. Rep. 7 (1910) 5 Cr. App. Rep. 65; [1910] 2 K.B. 496, 151,

155R. v. Rhodes, (1910) 5 Cr. App. Rep. 35, 151R. v. Roberts ex parte Scurr and Others see Roberts v. HopwoodR. v. Smith (George Joseph), (1916) 11 Cr. App. Rep. 229, 191R. v. Superintendent of Chiswick Police Station ex parte Sacksteder, [1918] 1 K.B. 578,

210–11

table of cases xix






R. v. Thomas (Frederick Henry), (1912) 7 Cr. App. Rep. 36, 155, 157Ralli Brothers v. Compania Naviera Sotar y Aznar, [1920] 2 K.B. 287, 250Reckitt v. Barnett, Pembroke and Slater Ltd, [1928] 2 K.B. 244; [1929] A.C. 176 (H.L.),

290Rederi Aktiebolaget Aeolus v. W.N. Hillas, (1925) 23 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 90, 253Reid v. British and Irish Steam Packet Co. Ltd, The Times, 4 February 1921, 226Reigate v. Union Manufacturing (Ramsbottom) Ltd, [1918] 1 K.B. 592, 250Reversion Fund and Insurance Co. v. Maison Cosway Ltd, [1913] 1 K.B. 364, 174Rio Tinto Co. Ltd v. Ertel Bieber, (1916) L.T. 810; (1917) 116 L.T. 810; (1917) 33 T.L.R.

437; [1918] A.C. 260, 188–9Roberts v. Cunningham, (1925) 40 T.L.R. 769; The Times, 8 December 1925; (1925) 42

T.L.R. 162 (H.L.), 231Roberts v. Hopwood, [1924] 2 K.B. 695; (1925) 40 T.L.R. 769; [1925] A.C. 578 (H.L.),

227, 230–1, 233Robinson Gold Mining v. Alliance Marine and General Insurance, (1903–4) 9 Com. Cas.

301, 112Robinson v. The King, [1921] 3 K.B. 183, 221Roe v. Russell, [1928] 2 K.B. 117, 313Ronnfeldt v. Phillips, (1918) 34 T.L.R. 553; (1918) W.N. 328, 210Rose & Frank & Co. v. Crompton & Bros. Ltd v. Brittains Ltd, (1923) 14 Lloyd’s Law

Rep. 519, 216, 282–3Rose v. Bank of Australasia, [1894] A.C. 687 (H.L.), 101Rose v. Crompton, [1923] 2 K.B. 261, 252Rowland v. Divall, [1923] 2 K.B. 500, 250Rumley v. Winn, (1889) L.R. 22 Q.B.D. 265, 96Russian Commercial & Industrial Bank v. Le Comptoir d’Escompte de Mulhouse, [1923]

2 K.B. 630; [1925] A.C. 112 (H.L.), 235–6Scott v. Barclays Bank, (1923) 14 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 142, 271Scruttons Ltd v. Midland Silicones Ltd, [1962] A.C. 446 (H.L.), 18Sea Insurance Co. v. Rossia Insurance Co. of Petrograd, (1924) 20 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 308,

236Secretary of State for Home Affairs v. O’Brien, [1923] 2 K.B. 361; [1923] A.C. 608 (H.L.),

242–5Sedleigh-Denfield v. O’Callaghan, [1940] A.C. 880 (H.L.), 251Sharp Brothers & Knight v. Chant, [1917] 1 K.B. 771, 206Sheppard v. Glossop Corporation, [1921] 3 K.B. 132, 224Sleigh v. Tyser Insurance, (1899–1900) 5 Com. Cas. 271, 112Smith v. Incorporated Council of Law Reporting for England and Wales, [1914] 3 K.B.

674, 163Smith v. Smith, [1923] P. 191, 253Smyth v. Commissioners of Inland Revenue, The Times, 16, 18, 27–8 May, 3 July 1913,

166–8

xx table of cases






Société d’Avances Commerciales v. Merchants Marine Insurance Co., (1924) 20 Lloyd’sLaw Rep. 140, 223

South African Reserve Bank v. Samuel & Co., (1931) 40 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 291, 273Southern Foundries, (1926) Ltd v. Shirlaw, [1939] 2 K.B. 406, 250Starsin, see The Homburg Houtimport BV and Others v. Agrosin Private Ltd and

AnotherSteedman v. Hakim, (1889) L.R. 22 Q.B.D. 16, 96Stevens v. Bromley, [1919] 2 K.B. 722, 250Stopes v. Sutherland, The Times, 26 and 27 June and 21 July 1923, 305Sueter v. Willis, The Times, 27 March 1914, 174Svensden v. Wallace, (1884) 13 Q.B.D. 69, 312Tamplin (F.A.) v. Anglo-Mexican Petroleum, [1916] A.C. 397, 191Thomas v. Bradbury Agnew & Co., [1906] 2 K.B. 607, 98Thomas v. Jones, [1921] 1 K.B. 22, 222Thorne v. Motor Trade Association, [1937] A.C. 797 (H.L.), 300Tingley v. Muller, (1917) 33 T.L.R. 166; [1917] 2 Ch. 144, 189Tolley v. Fry, [1931] A.C. 333 (H.L.), 177Underground Electric Railways Co. of London Ltd and Glynn Mills Currie & Co. v.

Commissioners of Inland Revenue, [1914] 1 K.B. 210, 163Universal Steam Navigation v. James McKelvie, [1922] 1 K.B. 518; [1923] A.C. 492

(H.L.), 250–1Van Nievelt Goudriaan Stoomvaart Maatschappij v. C.A. Forslind & Son, Ltd, (1925) 22

Lloyd’s Law Rep. 49, 216Varing, The, [1931] P. 79, 275–6Velaquez v. Commissioners of Inland Revenue, [1914] 2 K.B. 404, 160, 163Verren v. Anglo-Dutch Brick Co. (1927) Ltd, (1929) 34 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 211, 310Village Main Reef Gold Mining v. Stearns, (1899–1900) 5 Com. Cas. 246; (1904–5) 10

Com. Cas. 8, 112Vizetelly v. Music Select Library, [1900] 2 Q.B. 170, 98W.T. Lamb and Sons v. Goring Brick Co. Ltd, [1932] 1 K.B. 710, 282Wadsworth Lighterage & Coaling Co. Ltd v. Sea Insurance Co. Ltd, (1929) 34 Lloyd’s

Law Rep. 285, 316Wallis, Son & Wells v. Pratt & Haynes, [1911] 3 A.C. 394, 277Walter v. Lane, The Times, 15 July 1899; [1899] 2 Ch. 749; [1900] A.C. 539 (H.L.), 115,

128–9Ware and De Freville Ltd v. Motor Trade Association, [1921] 3 K.B. 40, 251, 299–300,

314Waterhouse & Co. v. Gilbert, (1884–5) L.R. 15 Q.B.D. 569, 96Webster v. Terry, [1914] 1 K.B. 51, 161Weiss & Co. v. Produce Brokers Co., (1921) 7 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 211, 267–8Weldon v. Riviere, The Times, 16 November 1888, 97Whitney v. People of State of California 274 U.S. 357, (1927), 314

table of cases xxi






Wigzell, in re, [1921] 2 K.B. 835, 252Wilkes v. Spooner, [1911] 2 K.B. 473, 174William Hansen v. Gabriel, Wade & English Ltd, (1924) 17 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 245, 215Willis Faber & Co. v. Joyce, (1910–11) 16 Com. Cas. 190, 267Wilson Holgate v. Belgian Grain Co., [1920] 2 K.B. 1, 269Wilson v. Lloyd, The Times, 18 May 1892, 97Wooderson v. Raphael Tuck, The Times, 12 November 1887, 125Working Harbour and Dock Board v. Trade Indemnity, (1934) 49 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 430,

317Woyka & Co. v. London & Northern Trading Co., (1922) 10 Lloyd’s Law Rep. 110, 224Xantho, The, (1887) L.R. 12 App. Cas. 503 (H.L.), 99Yangtze v. Indemnity Marine Mutual Insurance, (1907–8) 13 Com. Cas. 283, 112Zinc Corporation v. Hirsch & Sons Ltd, [1916] 1 K.B. 541, 188

xxii table of cases






Documents

THELIFEOFTHOMASE.SCRUTTON · CONTENTS Preface ix Table of cases xii 1 Antecedents 1 1.1 The Scruttons 1 1.2 Thomas Scrutton: “Thomas the elder” 2 1.3 Thomas Urquhart Scrutton: