CONTENTS · PK1014 Allai Batagram. The outstanding support and facilities provided by Mr. Rashid Ahmad Akhund, Project Manager German Agro Action is highly acknowledged. The pleasant

i

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................. iii

ACRONYMS…………………………………………………………………………………….iii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY………………………………………………………………………iv

1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................1

1.1. BACKGROUND: ....................................................................................................1

1.2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION: ......................................................................................3

1.3. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT: ............................................................................3

2. PRE-TRAINING ACTIVITES: ...................................................................................5

2.1. FFS SITES SELECTIONS: .....................................................................................5

2.2. TOF/FFS SETUP: ...............................................................................................5

2.3. HOPES AND FEARS:.............................................................................................6

3. PRE AND POST EVALUATION:..............................................................................8

3.1. CROP MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: ........................................................................8

3.2. PERCEPTION REGARDING AGRO ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS (AESA): .........................9

3.3. ROLE OF EXTENSION WORKER AS INSTRUCTOR/ADVISOR VS FACILITATOR ........10

3.4. PERCEPTION REGARDING PESTICIDES EFFECTS ON BENEFICIAL INSECTS. ............11

3.5. TOF PARTICIPANT’S PERCEPTION REGARDING INSECT PESTS’ IMMUNITY

SYSTEM/RESISTANT AGAINST PESTICIDES:………………………………………….11

3.6. FAMILIARITY OF TOF PARTICIPANTS WITH BENEFICIAL ORGANISMS ....................12

3.7. PERCEPTION OF TOF PARTICIPANTS REGARDING THE EFFICACY OF BENEFICIAL

INSECTS:……………………………………………………………………………...13

3.8. PERCEPTION OF TOF PARTICIPANTS REGARDING WEEDS MANAGEMENT:...........13

3.9. TOF PARTICIPANTS’ PERCEPTION REGARDING NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT:...........14

3.10. FAMILIARITY OF THE TOF PARTICIPANTS REGARIDNG IMPACTS OF WTO: ............14

3.11. TOF PARTICIPANTS’ PERCEPTION REGARDING ORGANIZATION:..........................15

3.12. PERCEPTION REGARDING FARM SERVICE CENTRE (FSC): .................................15

4. MAIZE (zea mayz l) GENERAL CROP MANAGEMENT TRAILS:........................17

4.1. GERMINATION / SEED VIABILITY TEST:................................................................17

4.2. SEED TREATMENT:............................................................................................18

4.3. SEED SOWING TRIAL: ........................................................................................18

ii

4.4. THINNING AND HOEING TRIAL: ...........................................................................19

4.5. FERTILIZER TRIAL:.............................................................................................20

5. MAIZE PLANT PROTECTION TRILS: ...................................................................22

5.1. JASSIDS (ZIGNIA SPP): .....................................................................................22

5.2. APHIDS (ROPHALOSIPHUM MAIDIS): ...................................................................29

5.3. MAIZE STEM BORER:.........................................................................................33

6. MAIZE PHYSIOLOGY AND PENOLOGY: .............................................................37

7. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS: ........................................................................................39

8. MASS CAMPAIGN: ................................................................................................40

9. ACHIEVEMENTS: ..................................................................................................41

10. CONCLUSION:.......................................................................................................42

11. LESSONS LEARNT: ..............................................................................................43

12. GENERAL AND SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS:.............................................44

12.1. GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS: .........................................................................44

12.2. SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS:..........................................................................44

ANNEXES:......................................................................................................................46

ANNEX 1 : LIST OF MASTER TRAINERS FROM THREE U/CS OF BATKOOL, JAMBERA AND

SAKARGAH TEHSIL ALLAI DISTRICT BATAGRAM ..........................................46

ANNEX 2 : MAP OF TEHSIL ALLAI (WORKING AREA OF THE PROJECT) ..........................52

ANNEX 3 : ACTION PICTURES OF FFS ........................................................................52

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to Almighty Allah for His bounties upon us in the successful completion of

farmer-led season long participatory training through TOF/FFS approach on Maize crop

in Tehsil Allai district Batagram.

I wish to express the most sincere thanks to the persons involved in this program directly

and indirectly.

We appraise Dr. M. Ashraf Poswal (Regional Director CABI South Asia) for his full

cooperation and support. We also extend our thanks to Mr. Fazal Hamid Senior scientific

Officer CABI South Asia (Line Manager-GAP Project Allai) for his continuous help and

valuable guidance.

We appreciate financial and logistic support provided by German Agro Action Project No

PK1014 Allai Batagram. The outstanding support and facilities provided by Mr. Rashid

Ahmad Akhund, Project Manager German Agro Action is highly acknowledged. The

pleasant support and sincere efforts provided by GAA staff especially Mr. Sher Nabi

senior Agriculture Field Officer is also highly appreciated.

At last but not the least, credit goes to Mr. Muhammad Salim (Field Technician) for

supporting in the successful completion of this season-long training on maize crop at

Allai Batagram.

Sayed Zarin Shah

Expert Master Trainer CABI South Asia Rawalpindi Pakistan

iv

ACRONYMS

GAA German Agro Action

AESA Agro Ecosystem Analysis

AED Agriculture Extension Department

ARS Agriculture Research Station

BAT Bat Inhalation Technique

CABI Centre for Applied Biosciences International

CMD Crop Management Decision

FFS Farmer Field School

FHA Frontier Highway.

KKH Kara korum Highway

FP Farmer Practicing Plot

FSC Farm Services Center

GAP Good Agricultural Practices

IPM Integrated Pest Management

MESA Maize eco system analysis

NPK Nitrogen Potash Phosphorus

NWFP North West Frontier Province

NGO Non-Governmental Organization.

PC-1 Planning Commission 1.

PPT Plant Protection Trial

PRA Participatory Reflection and Action

SMP Seed Multiplication Plots

SMC Social Mobilization Campaign

SA South Asia.

TOF Training of Farmers.

TOP Terms of Partners.

WTO World Trade Organization.

v

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

German Agro Action (GAA) in collaboration with CABI South Asia-Pakistan

through the Project for implementation of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP

Project) has completed Maize-crops farmers-led participatory season-long

Training of Facilitators (TOF) and Farmers Field Schools (FFS) approach in three

union councils of Tehsil Allai District Batagram.

In this connection first step was taken in the shape of survey in envisaged the

gap of technology and find out the possible potential site for FFS activities. After

the survey, forty farmers one from each village of three union councils namely

Bat kol, Jambera and Sacar Gash were selected as master trainer. Orientation

sessions were conducted. Five FFS were established.

To know about the impact changes in perceptions a comprehensive pre and post

evaluation was carried out from TOF participants. Before the training most of the

TOF participants (95%) had no previous knowledge about the existence of

beneficial insects for plant protection. After the training 96% of the TOF

participants were made familiar to identify and use the beneficial insects for plant

protection. Before training, majority of participants (82%) were in favor of

instructions to farmers whereas after receiving the training 100% were in favor of

facilitating the farmers rather than instructions and now they are empowered to

make right decision about crop management. Before the training majority of the

TOF participants (100%) were of the view that chemical fertilizers are the most

efficient source for nutrient management and now they (100%) consider that

compost is the best way for nutrient management. Before the training farmers

(100%) were not aware of Line sowing, hoeing, weed management and

earthingup while after the training they were in favor of hoeing, earthingup and

line ridges sowing for better crop production.

Different TOF field trials were carried out for all maize FFS. Simple but ample

field studies were also undertaken. Net Profit Rs 23858 per acre gained from

vi

FFS plot in comparison with Rs 10450/- from farmer practicing plot.

During the training, Five Farmer Field Schools (FFS) were established. On maize crop

some of the GAPs developed comprising of Cutworm control through BAT application,

Heliothus (Halicoverpa Armegra) through physical removal of infected plants and release

of eggs parasite like Trichogramma. Aphids/Jassids were controlled through release of

predators like chrysopha (lacewings), Lady Bird Beetles (Seven spotted), Hoverfly

(Surphid fly) and use of local formulation (Backing soda, detergent and mustard oil).

Seed rate minimized from 80-100/acre to 14 kg. Indigenous methods of Seed

Germination techniques, Seed multiplication techniques and compost were introduced.

1

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND: The District of Batagram is situated on the Karakorum Highway (KKH) in the North of

Mansehra spreading over an area of 579,976 acres. Batagram was given the status of

District in 1993. The District comprise of two subdivisions i.e. Tehsil Batagram and Allai,

which was a princely state and annexed to Pakistan in 1970 through an instrument of

accession executed between Ayub Khan of Allai and the Government of Pakistan.

The District is predominantly a mountainous terrain, with a thin and scattered population

but some of the prominent villages of Batagram Tehsil are thickly populated. Total

population of district Batagram is 309,168 persons while Union council wise Population

are given in the table below.

POPULATION HHs Avg HHs Size District Tehsil

Union

Council MALES FEMALES TOTAL

Batamori 9238 9482 18720 2340 8 Shamlai 9064 8663 17727 2532 7 Rajdhari 7735 8217 15952 1994 8 Banian 7925 7605 15530 1941 8 Peshora 6717 6037 12754 1822 7 Battagram 7024 6751 13775 1967 7 Ajmera 9751 9307 19058 2117 9 Paimal 5343 5087 10430 1158 9 Gijbori 7519 7014 14533 2076 7 Thakot 9330 9106 18436 2304 8 Kozabanda 8751 8161 16912 2114 8 Tarand 6324 5425 11749 1305 9

BA

TAG

RA

M

Sub-Total 94721 90855 185576 23670 8 Biari 8242 9492 17734 2216 8 Bateela 6575 6102 12677 1408 9 Pashto 6914 6395 13309 1901 7 Sakargha 8557 7607 16164 2309 7 Jambera 6928 6021 12949 1618 8 Batkool 9514 9065 18579 2322 8 Rashang 9051 7945 16996 2124 8 Banna 8021 7163 15184 1898 8 Sub-Total 63802 59790 123592 15796 8

BA

TAG

RA

M

ALL

AI

G Total 158523 150645 309168 39466 8 Source: - Department of (LGRD) Pakistan Army.

2

Three union councils where activities under GAA/GAP project were carried out are

highlighted in the above table.

Allai, a Tehsil of District Batagram, is situated in northwestern part of the District covering

an area of 138, 252 acres with a total population of 123592. The area is endowed with

unending natural beauty of forest and Alpine Pastures with high altitude mountains,

which remain snow-capped throughout the winter.

The population is predominantly Pathan with some proportion of other casts such as

Gujars (Shepherds, nomads) also reside in the locality. There is only one major road

leading to Bana Headquarter of Tehsil Allai from Thakot. This is dangerously cascades

through mountains and is always under the threat of landslides. The road is metaled

from KKH Thakot Bridge up to Bana Tehsil headquarters.

Batagram district spread over an area of 579,976 acres of which 350,175 acres is

comprised of settled area and 229, 806 is unsettled. The cultivable land in Batagram

District is 61,340 acres of which 8363-acre are irrigated and the rest of 52977 acres are

rain fed and un-irrigated. Whereas 13892-acre land is wasteland.

Administratively, Batagram is divided into two Tehsils i.e. Batagram and Allai having 12

and 8 union councils respectively. Allai Tehsil consists of Bana, Bateela, Rashang, Biari,

Pashto, Batkool, Jambera and Sakargah Union Councils. The project activities were

carried out in Batkool, Jambera and SacarGah union councils of Allai Tehsil.

The land of Allai is predominantly private forestland and grazing land with the falling

demographic characteristics.

3

1) Forest and grazing land is 57%, Agricultural land inclusive of rain-fed and

irrigated is 30% while wasteland is 13%. The Khans owns 67% of the land

whereas 33% of the land is owned by rest of the casts.

2) The economic base of populace revolves round off-farm income source as a

major income contributor. The natural resource that includes agriculture, livestock

and fisheries. Forest utilization is secondary sources of income. Average income

per household is Rs 1500/- per month, meaning thereby about 3/4thof the

households lives below the poverty line.

3) Maize is the major and mono crop in the upper areas of District Batagram

however, in other places wheat and rice are also grown.

4) Terracing of land, construction of check dams and retaining walls to avoid soil

erosion are also part of the Agriculture Department scope of work. People of

Batagram District particularly those living in far off villages raise livestock as a

major source of livelihood. Approximately 786975 livestock numbers of different

kinds are available in whole District.

1.2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION: CABI South Asia has been given the mandate to implement Good Agricultural Practices

(GAP) under German Agro Action Project (GAA), in three union councils of Tehsil Allai

District Batagram. The goal of CABI south Asia consultancy was to enhance the income

of small farmers towards better livelihood by helping them to increase their maize crop

production. The emphasis was on capacity building of farmers by effective execution of

the Training of Farmers/Farmer Field Schools (TOF/FFS) approach in the earthquake-hit

area of Tehsil Allai.

The Good Agricultural Practices project has been approved for a period of four months

starting from June to September 2007. The project activities were conducted in three

union councils i.e. Batkool, Jambera and SacarGah in Tehsil Allai District Batagram.

1.3. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT: The specific objectives of the project relating to Maize crop were-

A. Organize, Facilitate and support training of Farmers (TOF) Sessions in three

union councils of Tehsil Allai of District Batagram.

B. Establish Five (5) Farmer Field schools on maize crop

C. Build capacity of 40 TOF participants from farming community. D. Facilitate in establishing network between FFS and services providers.

E. Develop activities and processes for evaluation of FFS into self-sustaining

4

Farmer’s Associations (FAs).

F. Arrange special sessions on maize seed health & Maize seed multiplication.

G. Develop strategy for minimizing per acre input cost.

H. Integrate of indigenous knowledge and improved technology in Maize crop

production.

I. Empower the farming community to take decision at their level regarding their

crop management.

5

2. PRE-TRAINING ACTIVITIES. 2.1 FFS SITES SELECTIONS Five FFS sites were selected based on consultative meetings of CABI-South Asia and

German Agro action team with local communities. The CABI-south Asia team along with

Senior Agricultural Field Officer studied the area profile and organized detailed meetings

with farming communities of the Project area. The term of partner ship (TOP) of the

program were discussed in detail. As a result, 05 FFS were established in the villages in

3 Union Councils of Tehsil Allai of District Batagram as per following statement.

S# Union Council FFS Location (Village)

1 2 3

1 Batkool Topkanai

2 ---do-- Goshra

3 SacarGah Kareen

4 Jamb era Cheeran

5 --do--- Kund

2.2 TOF/FFS SETUP

Forty (40) numbers of Training of Farmers (TOF) participants were nominated by

German Agro Action Allai Batagram from forty villages of the three union councils

namely Bat kol, Jambera and

SakarGah. It was difficult for the TOF

participant to attend the TOF/FFS

sessions because of

accessibility/convenience. However,

some element like TOF/FFS

approach, learning by doing process,

strong coordination and linkages of the

German Agro Action Management/staff and CABI south Asia team with local farming

communities and qualitative and productive training played vital role in participation of

the farmers from far-flung areas, in Training of Farmers (TOF) and FFS sessions. The

Agriculture Extension department Batagram nominated two Field Assistants for the core

6

team of TOF for the first orientation sessions. The TOF participants were trained before

starting FFS sessions. Beside technological know how, the TOF participants were

equipped additionally by skills like communication, presentation, time management,

record keeping, data collection. TOF participants were divided into five groups according

to their mutual understanding. The training was conducted in five different places at

Farmer Field School (FFS) sites because of accessibility. Each group has selected their

group leader/Chairman in each FFS as per following statement. Mr. Nabiur-Rehman FFS

Top Kani, Mr. Sher Nawas FFS Goshra, Mr. Bahadar Khan FFS Cheran, Mr. Pervez

Khan FFS Kareen and Mr. Ijaz FFS Kund. First of all, orientation session was conducted

with TOF participants which included brief about the project, its objectives,

characteristics and responsibilities of group leader/chairman, leadership qualities, criteria

for group formation for TOF/FFS sessions, group dynamics, FFS guide lines,

communication skills, group work, presentation skills, facilitation skills and characteristics

of facilitator, FFS tools, AESA, FFS planning. However out of the total fourty (40)

participants 22 were alliterate whereas 7,1 and 10 participants were Matriculate,

Intermediate and 10 primary level educated respectively.

2.3 HOPES AND FEARS:

Before embarking on actual activities, the TOF participants were asked to share their

hopes and fears. Majority of the TOF participants hoped that they will get knowledge and

their capacity will be built on technical as well as social aspects for the betterment of

farming community. Similarly most of the TOF participants expressed their fear regarding

language problem, mid-stage project wind off, lose of interest etc. Detail of hopes and

fears are given in the following table .

TOF Participants Qualification

SSC, 7

Up to middle, 10

Inter, 1

Illitrate22, 54%

Inter SSC Up to middle illiterate

7

Hopes Fears

We will get education about facilitation

and knowledge in simple words

Program will be wended in the middle

stage.

We will get maximum about maize and

other crops.

There will be irregularity in the rules,

regulation and discipline.

This will help to improve life standard of

the poor farmers

Other than local language will be a

problem.

We will be able to disseminate the

knowledge gained, to the local farmers

It may be focused on a single crop

We will be able to solve our problems

through our own departments

Lack of farmers or TOF participant’s

interest could hinder to achieve our

targets and objectives.

It will enhance our self confidence weather farmer will adopt the new

concept or not

This training will help to improve both the

quality and quantity of the crops.

Regular discussion and meetings will not

be hold.

We will be able to multiply maize seed Weather the program will run on the right

track or not.

We will improve our production

technology.

Will be the training according to our

capacity or not.

We will be able to learn from each other Poor participation could create problems.

It will reduce cost production. Anti developmental elements could

create problems.

Hopes and Fears of the TOF participants before the training.

8

3. PRE AND POST EVALUATION:

Prior to initiation of season long training, the capabilities of TOF participants were

evaluated. The idea behind the pre-evaluation was to determine the capacity of the

participants and to chalk out capacity building program keeping in view the level and

potential of the participants. For the purpose, a detailed questionnaire was developed

covers all the aspects of maize crop husbandry right from land preparation to proper

storage and marketing.

It was observed that the TOF/FFS

participant’s capacity regarding

maize crop husbandry raged from

very low and negligible land. They

were unaware of the proper modern

maize crop development techniques

and IPM methodology. On the basis

of these findings special

arrangements were made during

season-long training and their

capacity was improved. Resultantly the participants were able to use the proper crop

husbandry techniques and were made aware of the integrated pest management (IPM).

After completion of training, their capability was re-evaluated. To access the training

impacts, changes in attitudes and perceptions a pre and post evaluation comparison is

compiled in the following figures.

3.1 CROP MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Crop management practices were noted from the Training of Farmers/FFS participants

like pre evaluation and post evaluation. The change in perception of the participants

regarding crop management practicing is well presented in the figure.

9

Crop Management Decissions

0

20

40

60

80

100

Pre-Avaluation

Post-Evalluation

%ag

e

AwareUn-Aware

3.2 PERCEPTION REGARDING AGRO ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS (AESA): Before training all (100%), participants had no knowledge of Agro Eco System Analysis

(AESA) as a base tool in crop management decisions. After the season-long training all

the participants were trained on the

AESA, they were fully equipped with

the tools, and methods involved for

better crop management decisions

and enabled most of the farmers to

visit their fields regularly to observe

and collect basic data for the

adoption of Good Agricultural

Practices on issue basis.

10

3.3 ROLE OF EXTENSION WORKERS AS INSTRUCTOR/ADVISOR VS FACILITATOR:

Majority of participants (82%) were in favor of instruction to farmers before training while

18% participants perceived that farmers should be facilitated as well as instructed

simultaneously. By facilitating they meant helping in the procurement of the inputs. After

the training 100% were in favor of facilitating the farmers rather than instructions and

now they perceive facilitation as “to make thing easy for other”

Fig. 4 Role of Extensions as instructor or facilitator

0

100

82

0

18

0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Pre Evaluation

Post Evaluation

Percent Response

Both Instructions Facilitation

Figure 3. TOF participants perception regarding AESA before and after the training.

0

100

100

0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Pre-Evaluation

Post Evaluation

Percent Response Aware Unaware

11

3.4 PERCEPTION REGARDING PESTICIDES EFFECTS ON BENEFICIAL INSECTS.

Before training majority of the TOF

participants (100%) were not aware

of the impact of pesticides on

beneficial insects. After the training,

95% of the TOF participants were all

to know that pesticides completely

vanishes even beneficial insects

from a locality.

3.5 TOF PARTICIPANT’S PERCEPTION REGARDING THE INSECT PESTS’ IMMUNITY SYSTEM/RESISTANT AGAINST PESTICIDES:

Before the training the farming communities had no knowledge about the immunity

system or resistance developed by the pests against chemicals. After the training,

majority of the TOF participants (85%) professed that insect pests develops

immunity/resistance against the frequent usage of pesticides and that their effect is

control lowered down.

Fig 5. Perception regarding pesticide effects

on beneficial insects.

0

10095

5 0

20 40 60 80

100 120

Aware Unaware Pre-Evaluation Post Evaluation

12

Fig. 6 TOF participants perception regarding insect pests immunity system against chemicals

100

85

0

15

0 20 40 60 80

100 120

Aware Unaware

Percent Response

Pre-Evaluation Post Evaluation

3.6 FAMILIARITY OF THE TOF PARTICIPANTS WITH BENEFICIAL ORGANISMS:

Before the training all the TOF participants (100%) had no previous knowledge about the

existence of beneficial insects for plant protection. After the season-long, training 93% of

the TOF participants were in the position to identify and use the beneficial insects as

plant protection measures.

Fig 7. TOF participants familiarity with beneficial insects

0

100

7

93

0 20 40 60 80

100 120

Aware Unaware

Percent Respondents

Pre-Evaluation Post Evaluation

13

3.7 PERCEPTION OF TOF PARTICIPANTS REGARDING THE EFFICACY OF BENEFICIAL INSECTS:

Before the training majority of the TOF participants, (95%) were non-familiar or unaware

of the beneficial and harmful insect’s interaction. After the training 96% of the TOF

participants were of the opinion that surely beneficial insects can control insect pests up

to some extent.

Fig. 8 Perception of TOF participants regarding Beneficial

Insects

0 2 03 4

95

0

96

0

50

100

150

Pre Evaluation Post Evaluation

Percent Response

Surely beneficial insects can control harmfull insect from crops.

I dout that beneficial insects can control harmfull insects

Benficial insects are so week which cant control crops from harmfullinsects. Don’t know

3.8 PERCEPTION OF TOF PARTICIPANTS REGARDING WEEDS MANAGEMENT:

Before the training, TOF participants (40%) perceived that weeds management could

play a vital role in high yield while 60% had no understanding about the impacts of

weeds on the final yield. After the season-long training majority of the TOF participants

(97%) were in favor of weeds control through hands. Some of the practices like earthling

up were introduced for the first time along with hoeing. This can be termed a significant

achievement in terms of change in perceptions.

F i g . 9 P o s t T r a i n i n g P e r c e p t i o n s r e g a r d i n g w e e d s m a n a g e m e n t

9 7

3

4 0

6 0

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

1 2 0

A w a r e U n a w a r e

Per

cent

farm

ers

P r e -E v a l u a t i o nP o s tE v a l u a t i o n

14

3.9 TOF PARTICIPANTS’ PERCEPTION REGARDING NUTRIENT

MANAGEMENT:

Before the training, all the TOF participants (100%) had no such previous knowledge of

the proper use of fertilizers. After the training majority of the TOF participants (98%)

perceived that compost is the best for nutrient management.

Fig. 1 1. TOF p ar ticip an ts pe rcep tio n reg arding th e eff ica cy o f typ e o f fe r til izer

9 8

2

100

0020406080

1 001 20

Proper Inproper

Perc

ent R

espo

nse

Pre-Evaluatio n Po st Evalu ation

3.10 FAMILIARITY OF THE TOF PARTICIPANTS THE IMPACTS OF WTO:

Before the training all (100%) of the TOF participants were not aware of the impacts of

World Trade Organization (WTO). After the training, 65% of the participants were well

aware about the concept, consequences and challenges of the World Trade

Organization (WTO).

Fig . 1 2 . Fa m ilia r ity o f T O F p a r t ic ip a n ts f f r o m th e im p a c ts o f W T O b e fo r e a n d a f te r th e t r a in in g .

1 0 0

3 5

0

6 5

02 04 06 08 0

1 0 01 2 0

A w a re U n a w a re

Perc

ent R

espo

nse

P r e -E v a l u a ti o n P o st E v a l u a ti o n

15

3.11 TOF PARTICIPANTS’ PERCEPTION REGARDING ORGANIZATION:

Before the training majority of the TOF participants (55%) were of the opinion that village

organization is not needed to pin point its problems rather it should be evaluate by an

outsider. After the training, majority of the TOF participants (90%) recognized that each

organization has to pin point its problems to the line and donor agencies for the

betterment of their livelihood as well as for increase in their per capita income. Before

training, they perceived organization as a source of waste of time and foreign

intervention in their activities, now they deem it like a welfare body, which works for the

betterment of the society and their development.

Fig . 13. TOF par ticipants pe r ce ption r e gar d ing Organization

45 55

90

100

20406080

100

Aware UnawareRe sponse type

Perc

ent R

espo

nses

P re -E v a lu a t io nP o s tE v a lu a t io n

3.12 PERCEPTION REGARDING FARM SERVICE CENTRE (FSC): Most of the TOF participants, 95% were unaware about the functioning of FSC and its

benefits. They were using low quality seed, in efferent useless nutrient management

practices and had no interactions with the FSC. After a season long training, all the TOF

participants were fully sensitized and made aware about FSC benefits, the process of its

membership and the role of FSC in village Agriculture development.

16

F i g . 1 3 . T O F p a r t i c i p a n t s p e r c e p t i o n r e g a r d i n g F S C

5

9 51 0 0

00

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

1 2 0

A w a r e U n a w a r eR e s p o n s e t y p e

Perc

ent R

espo

nses

P r e -E v a l u a t i o nP o s tE v a l u a t i o n

GAPThe Practices which are environment friendly,economically sound, and socially acceptable,

disseminated to the Training of Farmers (TOF)

and Farmer Field Schools (FFS) approach

17

4. MAIZE (zea mayz l) GENERAL CROP MANAGEMENT TRIALS

Maize (Zea mayz L) family Graminasae being the highest yielding cereal crop in the

world is of significant importance for countries like Pakistan, where rapidly increasing

population has already out stripped the available food supplies. In Pakistan, maize is

third important cereal after wheat and rice. During 2004-05 total area under Maize crop

was 18800 hectares in District Batagram NWFP while the total production is 18600 tons

during 2004-05.

4.1 GERMINATION / SEED VIABILITY TEST: Farmers of all five FFS sites were practicing traditional farming like sowing of local seeds

and there was no proper seed health awareness. During Agro Ecosystem Analysis

(AESA), they were fully informed

about the importance of quality

seed in crop production, insect

pest and disease management.

The viability test was conducted

in five FFS and each site, 100

seeds each from farmer and

improved seed were taken and

wrapped in a gunny bag. Proper

moister was retained by sprinkle water on them two to three times a day. After six days

the seeds were unwrapped and were observed for seed germination. No. Of germination

18

(shoots and roots) were counted and the following data was obtained.

4.2 SEED TREATMENT: Seed treatment is done for the control of seed born pest and diseases. Trials were

demonstrated in all five FFS. Trials to treated seed with imeda chloprid, Hunja, Ash were

conducted. The results of the treatment with Hunja were completely encouraging as

shown in the figure.

4.3 SEED SOWING TRIAL: As common practice farmers of the area broadcast maize seed in their field. They

believe that, high seed rate is better for grains production as well as forage to feed their

animals. They were using at the rate of 80-100 kg per acre, which was reduced to 14 kg

per acre. On the basis of regular

Maize Eco System Analysis (MESA) the FFS participants decided to sow maize seed in

lines, ridges and broadcasting. In lines and ridges trails, the row-to-row distance was

0

20 40 60 80

100

Gremination %age

FFS Sites

Fig. Maize Seed vaibility Test developed in Five FFS sites

Improved Seed Local Seed

Improved Seed 89 90 90 88 90 Local Seed 45 40 50 40 40

Top Kani Goshra Cheran Kareen Kund

Fig. Yield comparison of seed treatment trials

5658

55

52

48505254565860

Imidachloprid Hunja Ash No treatment

Trail Type

Yiel

d in

Mnd

s

19

kept 2 feet while plant-to-plant distance was 8 inches. The spacing thus maintained was

convenient for the farmer as well as for the health of crop, which can be judged from

production comparison of FFS plot and farmer practicing plot given in yield comparison

figure given below.

Fig. Sowing trials yield comparison

5852

40

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Ridge Lines Broadcasting Trail type

ion in 50 Kg

Mand/Acre

4.4 THINNING AND HOEING TRIAL: Based on regular AESA the Core

group (TOF Participants) introduced

thinning and hoeing trial. Before as a

common practice farming community

was not used to, aware with the

benefits of thinning, and hoeing. The

participants after hoeing its yield

appreciated results of the said trial.

The said trail was a new intervention in

the area.

4.5 FERTILIZER TRAIL: Based on initial survey/consultative

meetings, the farmers of Tehsil Allai were

not used to with the application of proper

fertilizers and its proper dose. Soil Sampling

and Analyses techniques were first

demonstrated to the farmers and then soil

was analyzed in Soil Testing and analyses

20

Laboratory at Agricultural Research institute Mingora to determine the fertilizer

requirements of the soil. During special session on the subject matter, it was decided to

practically demonstrate the benefits of recommended fertilizers and its dose. Five trials

were designed and implemented on participatory basis in each FFS site, the detail of

which is as under.

FERTILIZER TRIAL DETAIL

NPK NPK+Urea DAP FYM Urea None

1

Dose Kg/Acre 100 100+25 50

100

Hand

trolleys.

50 0

2

Production

(50 kg Mand) 52 58 40 15 25 9

During Agro Eco System Analysis (AESA) the detail effects were shared with participants

of the FFS. NPK alone and its combination with Urea have very Positive effect on plant

growth, health, Stover and grain yield.

Fig. Results of the five nutrient management trials

2600030000

20000

12500

75004500

6400 7350 61503800 2700 1840

1960022650

13850

87004800

2660

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

NPK NPK+Urea DAP Urea FYM None

Trial type

Valu

es in

Pak

Rup

ees

Production Value/ Acre Cost(Rs) Net Benefit (Rs)

21

Fig. Nutrient verification trail (results are show n w ith its yield capacity).

5258

40

25

159

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

NPK NPK+UREA NP N FYM NONE

Nutrient Kind

Prod

uctio

n in

50

Kg

Man

d/A

cre

The cost Benefit ratio of the trail is also shared with FFS participants is as above.

22

5. MAIZE PLANT PROTECTION TRAILS: Plant protection trials were carried out on the basis of regular AESA in the field. Major

problems were cutworm, stem borer, aphids and jassids. Due to these insect pests

problems, the local farming community were practicing two to three times sowing and in

case of high cropping density it was used for fodder purpose. The results i.e. infestation

level before GAPs and after the application of GAPs of the well established trails are

shown in the figure.

GAPs developed biological control like release of natural enemies (Chrysoperla

cornea(Green lacewing), Trichogramma species) and re-distribution of Cotesia flavipes.

Some new inventories were noted like; Syrphid flies and Coccinellidae species (Lady

Bird Beetle).

5.1 JASSIDS (ZIGNIA SPP). During consultative meetings Jassids were pointed out is one of the savior insects, which

attack on maize crops and causes great losses to the crop.

A. POPULATION TREND.

Jassids were present and attacked almost throughout maize growing season in the

whole project area. During FFS, session’s regular data were collected. To determine leaf

population density of jassids nine infested plants were selected and jassids were

counted on the top, middle and bottom of the leaves. It was noted that the jassids

population was more or less similar at all FFS sites without infestation was noted more

on the lower leaves. The following table shows the infestation level (Average of three

times data collection) of five FFS sites.

23

NUMBER OF JASSIDS PER PLANT

S.No. Top Mid Lower Average

1 Topkanai 8 11 17 12

2 Goshra 10 12 20 14

3 Cheeran 7 10 16 11

4 Kareen 12 8 16 12

5 Kund 13 9 17 13

Table 01 Jassids density in control plot

B MANAGEMENT OPTIONS:

B.1 Seed Treatment. Maize Seed was treated with Ameda Clopride and Hunja before sowing. The seed was

dipped in the solutions of seed treater. Seeds, which were treated, had low attack of

jassids as compared to no treated seed. The following table shows the performance of

the seed treater.

NUMBER OF JASSIDS PER PLANT S# Localities

Top Mid Lower Average

Treated 2 3 4 3 1

Topkanai Untreated 8 11 17 12

Treated 2 3 4 3 2 Goshra

Untreated 10 12 20 14

Treated 2 3 4 3 3

Cheeran Untreated 7 10 16 11

Treated 3 2 4 3 4

Kareen Untreated 12 8 16 12

Treated 4 3 5 4 5 Kund


24

Seed treatment (Amida chloprid) Performance of in Jassid control

See d Treatment performance (A.C hlopride)

02468

1 01 21 41 6

Tre

ated

Unt

reat

ed

Trea

ted

Unt

reat

ed

Trea

ted

Unt

reat

ed

Trea

ted

Unt

reat

ed

Tre

ated

Unt

reat

ed

Topk an ai G os hra Ch ee ran K are en K u nd

Loc a tio ns a nd Tre a tm e nt

Infe

stat

ion

num

bers

A ve ra ge

Amida Cloprid performance on Jassids Control

Number of Jassids per plant S # Location

Top Mid Lower Avg:

Treated

3 4 5 4 1

Topkanai


Treated 4 4 5 4.33 2 Goshra


Treated 5 5 6 5.33 3


Treated 4 3 5 3 4


5 Kund Treated 5 6 7 6

Seed treatment (Hunja) Performance of in Jassid control

25

B.2 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT: Chrisopa (lacewing) were released on both Ameda chlopride treated and untreated plots.

During AESA in each FFS, a detailed data was collected on the performance of lacewing

on the control of jassids. It was noted that lacewing had significantly controled jassids

population in maize crop. The data was analyzed which iis presented in the following

table


Top Mid Lower Avg;

Treated

0 0 1 0.33 1

Topkanai

Untreated 3 5 7 5


Untreated 2 5 8 5

Treated 0 1 1 0.66 3

Cheeran Untreated 3 4 7 4.66

Treated 2 1 1 1.66 4

Kareen Untreated 3 3 7 4.33

Treated 1 1 2 1.33 5 Kund

Untreated 3 3 5 3.33

Management of jassids through release of chrisopa (Lacewing)

Se ed Treatment (Hunja)

02468

1 01 21 41 6

Tre

ated

Unt

reat

ed

Trea

ted

Unt

reat

ed

Trea

ted

Unt

reat

ed

Trea

ted

Unt

reat

ed

Trea

ted

Top ka nai G o sh ra Ch ee ran K are en K u nd

Loc a tion s a nd T re a tm e nt

Infe

stat

ion

in N

um

bder

s

S e rie s1

26

C hrisopa(Lacewing) performance

0123456

Tre

ated

Unt

reat

ed

Trea

ted

Unt

reat

ed

Trea

ted

Unt

reat

ed

Tre

ated

Unt

reat

ed

Trea

ted

Unt

reat

ed

Top ka na i G os hra Che era n K are en K un d

Lo ca ti ons a nd tre a tm e nt

Infe

stat

ion

Lev

el (n

umbe

r)

S e rie s1

Jassids control by releasing Lacewing

B.3 MIXTURE OF SURF SODA AND MUSTERED OIL (SSO): Mixture of Surf, Soda and Mustered oil (SSO) at the rate 50gm,50gm and 20ml

respectively were used in ten liters of water for the control of jassids as well as aphids’

attack. A mixture of SSO was used in both treatments applied with Amidacloprid and

without Amidacloprid. The mixture successfully controlled both the problems and the

data collected from Five FFS regarding the jassids control is mentioned in the following

table .


Top Mid Lower Avg:

Treated

0 1 2 1 1

Topkanai

Untreated 3 3 4 3.33


Untreated 3 4 8 5

Treated 0 1 1 .66 3


Treated 0 1 2 1 4

Kareen Untreated 2 3 5 3.33


Untreated 3 4 5 4

Management of jassids through release of SSO

27

FFS KAREEN

0

5

10

15

20

Amida Cloprid

SSO Hunja Biological Control

Treatments

Infestation Level

1st July 1st August 1st Sep

SSO application for jassids control

0123456

Tre

ated

Unt

reat

ed

Trea

ted

Unt

reat

ed

Trea

ted

Unt

reat

ed

Tre

ated

Unt

reat

ed

Trea

ted

Unt

reat

ed

Topkanai Goshra Cheeran Kareen Kund

Locations a nd Tre atme nt

Infe

stat

ion

leve

l (n

umbe

rs)

Series1

Jassids control by applying SSO

TABLE 01-05 JASSIDS INCIDENT ON MAIZE CROP AT 5 FFS SITES OF TEHSIL ALLAI DISTRICT BATAGRAM.

Table No. 1

28

C heeran

02468

1 01 21 41 61 8

A m id aClop rid

S S O Hu nja B iologi ca l Co ntro l

Tre a tm e nts

Infe

stat

ion

Lev

el (

Num

bers

)

1 st Ju ly

1 st A u gu st 1 st S ep

Table No. 02

Table No. 03

F F S T O P K A N A I

024

68

1 01 21 4

1 61 8

A m idaC lo p r id

S SO Hu n ja B io lo g ic a l C on tr ol

T r e a t m e n t s

Infe

stat

ion

Leve

l ( N

o)

1s t J uly1 s t A ug u s t

1s t S e p

29

Table No. 04

Table No. 05 5.2 APHIDS (ROPHALOSIPHUM MAIDIS)

Aphids were noted and reported one

of the problem by the FFS members.

The problem had bad effect not only

on crop health but also deteriorated

the nutrient level of the Stover’s, which

is the sole source for Livestock

feeding. The Aphids attacked leaves,

FFS Goshra

0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

A m id aClop rid


Tre a tm e nts

Infs

tati

on L

evel

(Nu

mbe

rs)

1 st Ju ly


FFS Kund

0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

A m id aClop rid


Tre a tm e nt

Infe

stat

ion

Lev

el (N

umb

ers

)

1 st Ju ly


30

cobs and tassels of the crop. About the economic losses, it has been noted that a

significant losses in the farmer’s fields are due to severe Aphids attack. A total of 27

numbers plants were selected in each FFS for conducting AESA and data collection.

% ATTACK (AVERAGE OF 06 # DATA COLLECTED)

Leaves Cobs Tassels Average

1 Topkanai 30 38 34 34

2 Goshra 50 45 40 45

3 Cheeran 25 28 25 26

4 Kareen 20 25 30 25

5 Kund 32 35 41 36

Aphids incident Level (%) of control Maize Plot

The following control measures were recommended by the TOF/FFS participants and

applied for the control of Aphids.

A Biological control by releasing Lacewing. B Application of surf, soda and Mustard oil (SSO )

% Attack (Average of 06# data collected) S # Location

Leaves cobs Tassels

Avg:

Treated 7 8 9 8 1




Treated 8 5 8 7 3


Treated 4 5 6 5 4




Performance on Control of Aphids applying SSO

31

S S O p e rfo rm a n c e o n A ph id C o ntro l

01 02 03 04 05 0

Trea

ted

Unt

reat

ed

Trea

ted

Unt

reat

ed

Trea

ted

Unt

reat

ed

Trea

ted

Unt

reat

ed

Trea

ted

Unt

reat

ed

T opk an ai G os hra C he era n K a ree n K un d

L o c a tio n s a n d tre a tm e n ts

Inci

dent

Lev

el (

% )

S e rie s 1

Aphids control by applying SSO

% ATTACK (AVERAGE OF 06 # DATA COLLECTED)

S # Location Leaves cobs Tassels Avg

Treated 1 2 3 2 1




Treated 2 2 5 3 3


Treated 3 5 4 4 4

Kareen




Performance on Control of Aphids by releasing Lacewing.

32

FFS Cheran

0

5

10

15

20

15 th July 1 stAugst

15 thAugst

1 st Sep 15 th Sep

Time Period

Inci

dent

Lev

el (

% )

Control

SSOACE WNG

La c e w in g pe rfo rma nc e on A p hid C o n tro l

01 02 03 04 05 0

Trea

ted

Unt

reat

ed

Trea

ted

Unt

reat

ed

Trea

ted

Unt

reat

ed

Trea

ted

Unt

reat

ed

Trea

ted

Unt

reat

ed

T opk an ai G os hra C he era n K a ree n K un d

L o c a tio n s a n d te a tm e n t

Infe

stat

ion

Lev

el (

% )

S e rie s 1

Aphids control by releasing Lacewing

TABLE 01-05 APHIDS INCIDENT ON MAIZE CROP AT 5 FFS SITES OF TEHSIL

ALLAI OF DISTRICT BATAGRAM

FFS KAREEN

02468

1012141618

15 thJuly

1 stAugst

15 thAugst

1 st Sep 15 thSep

Time Period

inci

dent

Lev

el (

% )

Control

SSOLACE WNG

FFS KUND

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

15 thJuly

1 s tAugst

15 thAugst

1 s t Sep 15 thSep

Tim e Period

Inci

dent

Lev

el (%

)

Control

SSOLACE W NG

FFS GOSHRA

05

101520253035

15 th July 1 stAugst

15 thAugst

1 st Sep 15 th Sep

Time Period

Inci

dent

Leve

l ( %

)

Control

SSOACE WNG

FFS TOPKANAI

0

5

10

15

20

25

15 thJuly

1 stAugst

15 thAugst

1 st Sep 15 thSep

Time Period

Icid

ent L

evel

( %

)

Control

SSOLACE W NG

33

5.3 MAIZE STEM BORER: Maize Stem Borer was noted as the most important and destructive borer of maize plant

in the project area and reduced yield of Maize crop significantly. The adult female of

borer lays eggs on the under side of the leaves. On hatching the young larva started

feeding and destroyed the leaf surface and midrib.

The larva then migrated to the top of the plant, enters the stem through leaf whorl, and

started tunneling in the stem destroying the whole pant. At tasseling stage, the borer

destroyed the tassel, at ear formation stage; it also enters from its base, and made a

tunnel in the centre of the cob and destroyed the grain as well. Holes in the leaves, basal

portion of the stem and dead hearts were the visible symptoms of borer attack. The borer

attack was noted throughout the maize crop-growing season

A. CONTROL OPTIONS:

Farmers were asked and probe to know about the measures that they are following for

the control of Maize borer. They really acknowledged the negative effect of problem on

their crop but so for have not

realized and planned for its

effective control. It was noted

in almost all Project area that

they did not take care of their

crop and as a result per acre

production was negligible. The

following measures were taken

for the control of Maize borer.

A.1 CULTURAL CONTROL: Special attention was given to control the problem by using cultural measures. In this

connection it had been noted that little bed delay in sowing/growing period reduced eggs

hatching. Late sowing therefore reduced C.pertellus infestation .The findings were

reported but not disseminated because it would disturb cropping pattern as well as

cropping cycle of the area. Moreover rouging of egg and larvae had also good effect in

the reduction of stem borer infestation.

34

A.2 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL A.2.1 RELEASE OF TRICHOGRAMMA CHILONIS Trichogramma chilonis is one of the most important egg parasitoid of Maize crop. its

mass population were arranged and released in five FFS sites.Popoulation trend was

more or less similar at all localities where release was made. A significant difference was

observed in infestation level .The position of infestation level with and without release of

tricogramma is shown in the following table.

Where release were made Where release were not madeS#

Topk

anai

Gos

hra

Che

eran

Kare

en

Kund

Topk

anai

Gos

hra

Che

eran

Kare

en

KUN

D

1 July 6 7 5 4 4 29 31 28 26 25

2 August 7 8 4 3 3 31 34 32 30 28

3 Sept 6 5 3 2 2 37 45 37 35 32

4 Oct 3 3 2 1 1 32 32 29 25 22

Avg 5.5 5.75 3.5 2.5 2.5 29.7 53.5 31.5 29 26.7

Infestation Level with and without release of traicogramma

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Topkanai Goshra Cheeran Kareen KUND

FFS Locations

performance of tricogram m a on contol of M aize stem borer

W ithout releaseW ith release

35

F F S G o s h r a

05

1 01 52 02 53 03 54 0

July

August

Septem

ber

October

D u r a t io n ( M o n t h s )

% In

fest

atio

n W i t h o u t R e le a s e

w i t h r r e le a s e

p e rfo rm a n c e o f T r ic g ra m m a a t F F S T op k a n a i

05

1 01 52 02 53 03 54 0

Ju ly A u gu s t S ep t O c t

D u ra tio n ( M o n th s )

% in

fest

atio

n L

evel

W itho ut re l ea s e

W ith re l eas e

FFS CHERAN

05

10152025303540

July August Sept Oct

Time Period

% In

fest

atio

n

without releasewith release

Table # 1

Table # 2

Table # 3

36

FFS KAREEN

0

10

20

30

40

July August Sept OctTime Period

% In

fest

atio

n

without releasewith release

A.2.2 RELEASE OF COTESIA FLAVIPES (CAMERON)

Cotesia flavipes is an important endo-

larval paracitide of C.partallus. Its

female lays eggs inside the borer

larvae. After hatching paracitec larvae

feed within the borers larva. After

completing developing and killing the

host larvae the full growing paractic

larvae emerge and pupate.

Table # 4

Khund

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

July August Sept Oct

During Month

% In

fest

atio

n

37

6. MAIZE PHYSIOLOGY AND PENOLOGY: The working area in Allai Tehsil can be divided into two major portion like upper Allai and

lower Allai to differentiate sowing times in these regions having different altitudes. In

lower Allai like kunr and top kanai the Maize physiology and phonology is shown in the

table as below.

In Upper Allai like Chenar, Kareen and Gooshrha the Maize physiology and phonology is

shown in the table as below.

Table: Maize physiology and phonology in Lower Allai, 2007

June July August September

Growing Stages \ Weeks 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Seed Sowing

Seed

Emergence

Vegetative

stage

Flowering

Stage

Cobs

Vegetative

Stage

Cobs Maturity

Stage

Harvesting

38

Table : Maize physiology and phenology in Upper Allai, 2007

June July August September

Growing Stages \ Weeks 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Seed Sowing

Seed

Emergence

Vegetative

stage

Flowering

Stage

Cobs

Vegetative

Stage

Cobs Maturity

Stage

Harvesting

39

7. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS: The farming community of all five FFS sites, collected production data. Cost of

production per acre in Pak rupees, yield per acre and net profit per acre of each FFS is

shown in the figures. The net profit thus obtained is self explanatory from the figure. For

the training purpose the practicing in GAP plot was compared with the Farmer Practicing

Plot (FP Plot), which is shown in the figure below.

Fig. Maiz e cost of production, yield per acre and net profit per acre of all five FFS

8210 8140 8260

3260430915

32120

2439422775 23860

81407960

3246131900

23940 24321

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

Gooshra Cheran Top Kanai Kareen Kund

Am

ount

(Pak

Rs.

)

Cos t ofproduction(Pak Rs .)Y i e l d / a c r e( P a k R s . )

Ne tprofit/acre

Fig . M a ize Crop c os t a nd ne t profit c om pa r is on of FP a nd GAP plot o f a ll five FFS

7060

20548

23940

18161

72108210

32604

24394

15664

22775

7840

10530

7960

13488

31900

24321

32461

8140

10761

7400 8910

17732

8564

30915

81407100

8260

18370

32120

23860

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

C o s t o fp r o d u ct io n (Pak

Rs .)

Yie ld / acr e (PakRs .)

Ne t p r o f it /acr e C o s t o fp r o d u ct io n (Pak

Rs .)

Y ie ld / acr e (PakRs .)

Ne t p r o f it /acr e

Le ft s ide Fa rm e r P ra c tic ing P lot a nd Right s ide GAP P lot da ta

Valu

es in

Pak

Rup

ees

Goos hraChe ra nTop Ka na iKa r e e nKund

40

8. MASS CAMPAIGN:

Mass campaign plays an important role in sensitization and awareness of the farming

community in adoption of any good practices. As a part of German Agro Action program,

distribution of agricultural inputs to the needy and potential farming community, the CABI

South Asia team assisted this

campaign by providing the

technical support. Before

distribution of these items, the

beneficiaries in all concerned

locations were first trained on

Good Agricultural Practices.

This campaign was conducted

in all distribution sites as well as

FFS sites.

Another mass campaign was conducted on Good Livestock Management practices in all

FFS sites. The participants were oriented about the Livestock Management Practices

like; Breeds of animals, feed & feeding, urea treatment, vaccination, de-worming, hay

and silage making, animal housing, milk production, and live weight estimation.

41

9. ACHIEVEMENTS: 1 This was for the first time that interventions in the form of farmer-led participatory

training on good Agricultural Practices and IPM in Allai District Batagram, were

carried out.

2 Above all for the first time, maize-crop issues, TOF/FFS approach was

successfully implemented in Allai District Batagram.

3 For the first time the CABI South Asia team implemented the TOF design in all

five FFS at Allai District Batagram.

4 Farming community capacity was

built in terms of Seed health,

Maize Seed Multiplication,

Nutrient management, Insect Pest

Management and balance Use of

fertilizer etc through practical

demonstration, deliver of special

topics and mass campaign of

improved practices. During inputs

distribution the concerned farmers

were fully trained about the improved practices for better crop production.

5 Senses of realizations were generated in the farming communities in the

management and planning for the development of their crops.

6 Empowered them in decision making

7 Traditional old practices were replaced by introduction of the modern technology

and hence the cost of production was reduced remarkably.

8 For the first time hoeing and earthling up in the maize crop was introduced which

gave promising result.

9 Maize seed rate minimized from 80-100 kg/acre to 14kg/acre by adoption of

lline/ridgs sowing techniques.

10 Line/ridges sowing intervention demonstrated positive changes in terms of

increased yields and remitted in self-sufficiency in staple food for the need of the

local farming community.

11 Above all, the farming communities are now independent in seed production

through practical hands on seed production, selection, and storage and seed

health.

42

10. CONCLUSION:

1. This was a first time training opportunity for capacity building of the farmers of

Allai District Batagram and Village Organizations members, which should sustain

in future to address all the farming community through out the district.

2. Working with farmers at gross root level had many fruitful advantages like

adoption of Good Agricultural Practices and IPM.

3. Now, resource less poor farming community of the District Batagram

can manage their cereal crops more easily and at a cheaper rate without

dependency on others.

4. Training brought changes in perception regarding participatory approach in the

farming community and concerned line agencies.

5. Maize Seed germination techniques, Maize Seed multiplication and post harvest

management techniques were introduced in most of the areas.

6. Most of the farmers do not want to use any kind of pesticide because they are

now well aware of their negative effect on crop health and area environment and

want to adopt Integrated Management techniques in all of their crops.

7. Different interventions like BAT application, deep plough and local made

formulation spray were very successful and have adopted widely.

8. Beneficial insects (parasites and predators) also provide effective in controlling

different pests by adopting IPM methodology regularly in their crops and in the

surroundings.

9. FFS participants were very much satisfied with the way followed by CABI SA for

building their capacity and improving their knowledge in maize crop production.

43

11. LESSONS LEARNT:

1. Strong coordination with the line departments, projects, donors, and village

Organization, farming communities were very supportive.

2. TOF (TOT) is the main force that can be used for dissemination of

technology and attention given for their capacity building through practical

trainings proved very helpful.

3. Farmer and site selection are of prime importance for FFS and this

exercise should be carried out carefully.

4. Farmers can’t get all of the things in a single day. So, recap of the previous

lessons learnt should be conducted regularly in each FFS session.

5. Local language and adoption of local tradition and culture, linkages with

farming community, by the outsider, play major role in community

development through developing personal linkages and friendly

relationship for the successful implementation of the training.

6. Simple and easier format for AESA and communication in local language

can contribute more inputs in the capacity building of the farming

community.

7. At last but not the least, committed and proficient efforts by the project

team and close coordination, interest and logistic support by the client can

change the living standard of the farming community.

44

12.GENERAL AND SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS:

12.1 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Orchards introduction and management in the district Batagram can change the

livelihood of the farming community.

2. Potato and Peas are of prime important off-season vegetable and this locality is

very feasible for other vegetable productions like tomato, okra, radish, cabbage,

cauliflowers and Spanish etc.

3. Irregular walnut and apple orchards should be given prime importance and work

on the current produced and its marketing had due importance.

4. Top working of the existing plants with the improved variety will be very beneficial

in the social uplift of the farming community.

5. Orchards on Peach, Walnut, Apricot, Plum, Apple, Guava, Pear, Citrus,

Persimmon and wild persimmon are feasible in this locality and special attention

on Horticulture will be very fruitful for the livelihood improvement in district

Batagram.

6. Rice crop has very good potential and should be given importance in future

planning for improvement of Agriculture sector.

7. Tunnel technology introduction in the lower areas of Allai Tehsil can be very

fruitful.

8. Above all, the Farmer Field School (FFS) approach will play a vital role as a base

of practical adoption of the Good Agricultural Practices involved in all these

interventions on sustainable basis.

9. Maize seed multiplication trend should be continued.

The general recommendation as narrated above with a specific forum on TOF/FFS

approach need to be considered and replicated in other areas and crops where German

Agro Action (GAA) project is funding/intervening so that farmers/target groups of the

earth quick area are facilitated in enhancing their farm productivity and financial return.

12.2 SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS: The list of technical problems encountered and solutions recommended as Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for the future Maize crop, is given in the following table.

45

List of technical problems and recommended solutions as GAP

Sr.# Technical Problems Solutions 1 Poor soil structure and

texture. Lack of organic matter

Green manuring Application of well rotten Farm Yard Manures.

2 Improper nutrient application

Soil testing. Balanced nutrient application

3 Seed quality Good quality seed purchased from a well-reputed company. Azam Varity is most feasible. Jalal Varity is also recommended. Seed multiplication trend of certified seed.

4 Un-leveled field Proper Land leveling. Use of proper tillage implements

5 Sowing Methods Deep plough, Ridges/Line sowing RXR 2” PXP 8” 6 Weed management Proper weed management is required through earthling up

in case of ridge or by hoeing through ox or manual. 7 Poor germination Seed treatment with hunja

Proper seed placing Proper moisture, Germination test before sowing

8 Cutworm Cultural practices like, Ash dusting, in soil working, deep plough is required also Grass traps should be used for this purpose. Bait using.

10 Aphids Less residual mixture like Surf, Soda and Mustard mixture at ratio of 50gm: 50gm: 20ml in 10 liters water. Release of Chrisopa (Lace wing) and Lady Bird Beetle.

11 Jessed Seed treatment with amide clopred Seed treatment with Hunja and ash Spray of Surf, Soda and Mustard mixture at ratio of 50gm: 50gm: 20ml in 10 liters water

12 Stem borer Release of trichigrama Spray of garlic, hunja Removal and destroy of infested plants.

13 Blight/Smut Resistant varieties, seed treatment, removal of disease plants and .Deep plough suggested.

14 Termite Use of decomposed FYM. Increase of irrigation frequency, Poplar sticks around the field.

15 Disease management Proper seed Treatment; Proper sanitation Proper crop rotation Use of well rotten Farm yard Manures Judicious use of proper fungicide.

16 Harvesting Proper time for crop maturity index. Proper harvesting tools and equipments

17 Rodent attack after harvesting

Bait trap like tomato cut it and mix pesticide within it and for smell pour wheat/maize on wounded part of tomato

18 Store grain pests Free storage fumigation. Putting of neem leaves in the store, and tobacco sticks.

19 Moisture percentage at storage

Moisture is required for storage and grains may be dried in the sun.

46

ANNEXES

ANNEX 1.

LIST OF MASTER TRAINERS FROM THREE U/CS OF BATKOOL, JAMBERA AND SAKARGAH TEHSIL ALLAI DISTRICT BATAGRAM.

S # Name of MT Father Name

Village U/C Contact No

1 Noor Muhammad Amir Zada Aban Batkool 0345-8081097

2 Taj Muhammad Adam

Khan

Tarkhay/Tangai -do- 0997-207047

3 Isum Khan Mian

Syeed

Kanai -do- 03458118309

0996-411060

03458118345

4 Nabiur Rehman Hazrat

Yusuf

Hutel -do- 03469628157

5 M.Akber Qaim Khan Gudlay -do- 03469628157

6 Shahib Zada Shamshila Qala -do- 0997-207117

03469741855

7 Ijaz Lawangin Goshra -do- 0996-253600

0997-207049

03469620675

8 Nasib Zada Fazal

Rehman

Dabber -do- 03469678969

9 Ali Khan Malik Mian Surgai -do- 0997-254010

0997-234158

10 Shafi Tamaz Sardaliya -do- 0997-207058

11 Hafizullah Syedullah Drab Khwar -do- 0997-243158

12 Muntaqim Mashooq

Jan

Bab -do- 03453814535

13 Babu Hussain Jalkot Faqiro/Kundara -do- 03453380907

14 Shamsher Imrooz

Khan

Shishal -do- 03453761740

47

15 Abdul Wali Anif Tarkhay -do- 0997-251413

16 Mukhtajullah Ikhteyar

Malik

Garang -do- 0346-9622578

17 Abdul Haq Haji Tooti Tandol

Bala/pateen

Sakargah 0997-319030

0301870784

18 Tika Khan Eshtaman Karkand/Laghri -do- 0345-3814012

03459621654

19 Muhammad

Tahir

Saad Malik Sakargah

Payeen

-do- 0996-400124

20 Fazli Rabi Fazal

Ahmad

Dhir Khad -do- 0996-410392

21 Niqab Irshad

Khan

Jabri

Bala/Payeen

-do- 03015907266

22 M.Parvaize Khaparai Karin/Juki -do- 0996-410392

23 Anar Malik Sangin

Malik

Bela -do- 0997-319030

0301870784

0996-440640

24 Afrin Khan Nagin

Khan

Farid Ghari/Bela -do- 0997-253217

25 Abdullah Zardad Sakargah Bala -do- 0996-400124

0966-400124

0966-400372

26 Gul Afzal Haji

Saddar

Sakargah

Payeen

-do- 0996-410570

0966-400206

27 Ijaz Jamraize Kund Saidan Jambera 0996-400628

28 Muhammad

Parvaize

Bunarai Shilona -do- 0996-401019

29 Munawar khan Mantiq Chaprai -do- 03469678560

30 M.Bahadar Ali Khan Chiran -do- 03458988408

03469620684

31 Fazal Din M.Rehman Kandora -do- 0996-400628

32 Shina Samandar Such Behar -do- 03463011059

33 Amir Zada Bustan Jambera Proper -do- 03456105817

34 Gul Zaman Khaista Gul Shaltay -do- 0996-406569

48

03469600422

35 Shamozai Abdur

Rashid

Kund Bela -do- 0996-400628

36 Member Jaffar Galshut -do- 0996-406287

37 Bakas Shah Jihan Darya Sar -do- 0996-406567

38 Raju Aqat Khan Shahtoot Sar -do- 0996-406287

0966-406174

39 Zaidad Khushal Sar Banjar -do- 03469621495

40 Durain Ibrahim Kot Sar -do- 0996-406174

During the training keeping the interest of the farming community the number of

participants increased up to 120. Revised list of the TOF participant is as under.

S.No Name of farmer Father Name Village 1 M.Bahader Ali Khan Chiran Proper 2 Monawar Khan Mantiq Chaprai 3 M.Parvaiz Bunarai Shilon 4 Mustaqaim Mashooq Jan Bab 5 Babu Hussain Jal Kot Faqiro/Kundera 6 Raju Aqat Khan Shahtoot Sar 7 Zaidad Khushal Shaltay 8 Jehan Zeb Saifur Cheran Bala 9 Zubair Sadar Khan Cheran Bala 10 Umar Rahman Hasan Zai Cheran Bala 11 Abdullah Sire kath Khsn Faqiro/Kundera 12 Rahim Dad Tawas Khan Cheran Bala 13 Gul Zaib Saifur Khan Cheran Bala 14 Amanullah Saran Matak 15 Usman Zada Jum Faqir Chiran pain

126 Fazal Rabi Sher Afzal Chiran pain 17 Ikram Akram Matak 18 Saleem Gul Nawaz Chiran Bala 19 Nawaz Khan Nadar Khan Bab 20 Niaz Ali Sro Zarin Bab 21 Bakht Zada Ali Khan Chiran Bala

S.No Name of farmer Father Name Village 1 Noor Mohd Sobat Aban 2 Taj Mohd Adam Khan Tarkhay/Tangai 3 Isum Khan Mian Syed Kanai 4 Nabiur Reman Hazrat yusuf Topkani 5 Abdul Fariq Bodal Gudlay 6 Sham Sher Amrooz Khan Shishal 7 M.Karim M.Sadiq Karamot 8 Shina Samandar Such Behar

49

9 Doreen Ibrahim Kot Sar 10 Amir Zada Bustan Jambera proper 11 moza khan Abdul Wahid Hothal 12 Inamullah Madi Khail Topkani 13 Hussain Ali Hazrat yusuf Topkani 14 Sharifullah Bazir Khan Hothal 15 Anmwar Rehman Sher Khan Hothal 16 Thalimand Bazir Khan Topkani 17 Abid Thalizar Khan Topkani 18 Nazir Ahmad Awrangzeb Hothal 19 Nazirullah Bazir Khan Hothal 20 Thaibur Rahman Thalimand Topkani 21 Namitullah Abdul Mathin Topkani 22 Ijaz Sher Khan Topkani 23 Hamid Ali Hothal 24 Sardarullah Mada Khail Topkani 25 Ibrahim Nasarullah Aban

26 Muhammad Shah Khan Abdar Main Aban

27 Saifullah Muhammad Sharif Kani 28 Muhammad Nazir Adam Khan Tangai 29 Nisar Amireen Tangai 30 Wazir Kazeer Sheshal

S.No Name of farmer Father Name Village

1 Shahip Zada Shamshila Qala

2 Mir Mast Lawangeen Goshra

3 Umar Zada Gul Rangeen Sardalya

4 Nasib Zada Fazal Rehman Daber

5 Ali khan Malik mian Surgai

6 Hafizullah Syedullah Drab khwar

7 Gul Wahid Gul Mohd Garang

8 Disthar Hazrat Ahmad Dabbar

9 Lawangeen Rangeen Goshra

10 Idrees Sher Nawas Goshra

11 Main Sarfaraz Ahmad Jan Goshra

12 Muhammad Zarin Amroz Goshra

13 Sabirullah Sawab Goshra

14 Fazal Rehman Rahmat Gul Dabbar

15 Sarfaraz Khan Ziarat Wali Dabbar

16 Amareen Farid Goshra

17 Fazal Raheem Akbar Shah Goshra

50

18 Bakht Sher Rangeen Goshra

19 Mukhtajullah Ikhtyar Malook Sourgai

20 Nasrullah Azo Khan Dabbar

21 Bakhtsenullah Maseet Drab


1 Abdul Haq Haji Tooti Tandol Bala

2 Tika Khan Eshtaman Karkand Laghri

3 M.Tahir Saad Malik Sakargah Bala

4 Fazli Rabi Fazal Ahmed Dhir Khad

5 Niqab Irshad Khan Jabri Bala/Payeen

6 M.Parvaize Khaparai Karin

7 Abdullah Zardad Sakargah Payeen

8 Azim Khan Hafizai Karin

9 Fuji Khan Amir Khan Karin

10 Nsaeer Khan Tawas Khan Karin

11 Khiraj Main Samad Khan Karin

12 Niamat Khan Shah Room Khan Karin

13 Zar Mast Amir Khan Karin

14 Umar Dad Muhammad Hadi Karin

15 Basar Khan Tawas Khan Karin

16 Sher Azam Bakht Nabi Karin

17 Gul Afzal Mohammad Afzal Sakargah Bala

18 Babu Mandra Tandol Pain

19 Mayoor Umar Saeed Jabri Bala

20 Muhammad Nabi Muhammad Nero Laghrai

21 Habibuullah Faqir Dhir Khad

22 Mankhiraj Mir Samad Khan Karin

23 Gul Zaman Lawang Karin

24 M Sabir Dost Muhammad Dhir Khad


1 Ijaz Ali Jamraize khan Kund

2 Afreen khan Malik Najeen Khan Farid Gari/Pazang

3 Anar khan Malik Sangeen khan malik Bela Pazang

4 Fazal Rehman M.Rehman Kandora

51

5 Shamozai Abdur Rashid Bela

6 Bakas Shah Jahan Darya Sar

7 Gul Zaman Khasta Gul Shaltay

8 Naik Mohd Amir Gulshut

9 Shamsul Tamrez Jamraize khan Kund

10 Rizwan Abdul Hamid Kund

11 Javid Gul Dad Khan Kund

12 Bais Khan Zenoor Shah Kund

13 Gharibullah Asmat Bela

14 Sheraz Ahmad Muhammad Ayaz Kund

15 Faraz Shah Tareen Kund

16 Gohar Ali Sahib Shah Kund

17 Fazal Din Ghulam Khan Kandora

18 Awas Khan Janas Kandora

19 Hussain Dad Janakay Kandora

20 Javid 2 Talizar Shah Bela

21 Fida Muhammad Taj Muhammad Kund

22 Sultan Room Mula Dada Kund

23 Alqamooth Nisar Khan Kund

24 Haqiqur Rahman Noorane Kund

Group Dynamic Exercise

52

Annex 2. Map of Tehsil Allai (Working area of the project):

53

Chart preparation

Annex 3. FFS in Pictures

Agro Eco system Analysis

Insect Zoo FFS concept under the tree without walls

54

Documents

CONTENTS · PK1014 Allai Batagram. The outstanding support and facilities provided by Mr. Rashid Ahmad Akhund, Project Manager German Agro Action is highly acknowledged. The pleasant