XI

Contents

List of Abbreviations ................................................................................. XV

Part 1 General Tables

1 The Fundamental ConstantsWerner Martienssen .................................................................................. 31.1 What are the Fundamental Constants

and Who Takes Care of Them? ........................................................... 31.2 The CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Constants ....... 4References................................................................................................ 9

2 The International System of Units (SI), Physical Quantities,and Their DimensionsWerner Martienssen .................................................................................. 112.1 The International System of Units (SI) ................................................ 112.2 Physical Quantities ........................................................................... 122.3 The SI Base Units .............................................................................. 132.4 The SI Derived Units .......................................................................... 162.5 Decimal Multiples and Submultiples of SI Units .................................. 192.6 Units Outside the SI .......................................................................... 202.7 Some Energy Equivalents .................................................................. 24References................................................................................................ 25

3 Rudiments of CrystallographyWolf Assmus, Stefan Brühne ...................................................................... 273.1 Crystalline Materials ......................................................................... 283.2 Disorder ........................................................................................... 383.3 Amorphous Materials........................................................................ 393.4 Methods for Investigating Crystallographic Structure .......................... 39References................................................................................................ 41

Part 2 The Elements

1 The ElementsWerner Martienssen .................................................................................. 451.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 451.2 Description of Properties Tabulated ................................................... 461.3 Sources ............................................................................................ 491.4 Tables of the Elements in Different Orders ......................................... 491.5 Data ................................................................................................ 54References................................................................................................ 158

XII Contents

Part 3 Classes of Materials

1 MetalsFrank Goodwin, Sivaraman Guruswamy, Karl U. Kainer, Catrin Kammer,Wolfram Knabl, Alfred Koethe, Gerhard Leichtfried, Günther Schlamp,Roland Stickler, Hans Warlimont ............................................................... 1611.1 Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys .................................................... 1621.2 Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys ..................................................... 1711.3 Titanium and Titanium Alloys............................................................ 2061.4 Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys ........................................................ 2171.5 Iron and Steels ................................................................................. 2211.6 Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys ................................................................... 2721.7 Nickel and Nickel Alloys .................................................................... 2791.8 Copper and Copper Alloys ................................................................. 2961.9 Refractory Metals and Alloys ............................................................. 3031.10 Noble Metals and Noble Metal Alloys ................................................. 3291.11 Lead and Lead Alloys ........................................................................ 407References................................................................................................ 422

2 CeramicsHans Warlimont ....................................................................................... 4312.1 Traditional Ceramics and Cements ..................................................... 4322.2 Silicate Ceramics............................................................................... 4332.3 Refractory Ceramics .......................................................................... 4372.4 Oxide Ceramics ................................................................................. 4372.5 Non-Oxide Ceramics ......................................................................... 451References................................................................................................ 476

3 PolymersManfred D. Lechner................................................................................... 4773.1 Structural Units of Polymers .............................................................. 4803.2 Abbreviations................................................................................... 4823.3 Tables and Figures............................................................................ 483References................................................................................................ 522

4 GlassesDieter Krause ............................................................................................ 5234.1 Properties of Glasses – General Comments ........................................ 5264.2 Composition and Properties of Glasses .............................................. 5274.3 Flat Glass and Hollowware ................................................................ 5284.4 Technical Specialty Glasses................................................................ 5304.5 Optical Glasses ................................................................................. 5434.6 Vitreous Silica .................................................................................. 5564.7 Glass-Ceramics ................................................................................. 5584.8 Glasses for Miscellaneous Applications .............................................. 559References................................................................................................ 572

Contents XIII

Part 4 Functional Materials

1 SemiconductorsWerner Martienssen .................................................................................. 5751.1 Group IV Semiconductors and IV–IV Compounds................................. 5781.2 III–V Compounds .............................................................................. 6041.3 II–VI Compounds .............................................................................. 652References................................................................................................ 691

2 SuperconductorsClaus Fischer, Günter Fuchs, Bernhard Holzapfel, Barbara Schüpp-Niewa,Hans Warlimont ....................................................................................... 6952.1 Metallic Superconductors .................................................................. 6962.2 Non-Metallic Superconductors .......................................................... 711References................................................................................................ 749

3 Magnetic MaterialsHideki Harada, Manfred Müller, Hans Warlimont ....................................... 7553.1 Basic Magnetic Properties ................................................................. 7553.2 Soft Magnetic Alloys ......................................................................... 7583.3 Hard Magnetic Alloys ........................................................................ 7943.4 Magnetic Oxides ............................................................................... 811References................................................................................................ 814

4 Dielectrics and ElectroopticsGagik G. Gurzadyan, Pancho Tzankov........................................................ 8174.1 Dielectric Materials: Low-Frequency Properties .................................. 8224.2 Optical Materials: High-Frequency Properties .................................... 8244.3 Guidelines for Use of Tables .............................................................. 8264.4 Tables of Numerical Data for Dielectrics and Electrooptics ................... 828References................................................................................................ 890

5 Ferroelectrics and AntiferroelectricsToshio Mitsui ............................................................................................ 9035.1 Definition of Ferroelectrics and Antiferroelectrics ............................... 9035.2 Survey of Research on Ferroelectrics .................................................. 9045.3 Classification of Ferroelectrics ........................................................... 9065.4 Physical Properties of 43 Representative Ferroelectrics ....................... 912References................................................................................................ 936

Part 5 Special Structures

1 Liquid CrystalsSergei Pestov, Volkmar Vill ........................................................................ 9411.1 Liquid Crystalline State ..................................................................... 9411.2 Physical Properties of the Most Common Liquid Crystalline Substances 946

XIV Contents

1.3 Physical Properties of Some Liquid Crystalline Mixtures ...................... 975References................................................................................................ 977

2 The Physics of Solid SurfacesGianfranco Chiarotti ................................................................................. 9792.1 The Structure of Ideal Surfaces .......................................................... 9792.2 Surface Reconstruction and Relaxation .............................................. 9862.3 Electronic Structure of Surfaces ......................................................... 9962.4 Surface Phonons .............................................................................. 10122.5 The Space Charge Layer at the Surface of a Semiconductor.................. 10202.6 Most Frequently Used Acronyms ........................................................ 1026References................................................................................................ 1029

3 Mesoscopic and Nanostructured MaterialsFabrice Charra, Susana Gota-Goldmann .................................................... 10313.1 Introduction and Survey ................................................................... 10313.2 Electronic Structure and Spectroscopy ................................................ 10353.3 Electromagnetic Confinement ........................................................... 10443.4 Magnetic Nanostructures .................................................................. 10483.5 Preparation Techniques .................................................................... 1063References................................................................................................ 1066

Acknowledgements ................................................................................... 1073About the Authors ..................................................................................... 1075Detailed Contents ...................................................................................... 1081Subject Index ............................................................................................. 1091