El Paquete de los Verbos

Regulares e

Irregulares

Jenks Freshman Academy‘10-‘11

ContentsSectionNote to the StudentEssential Terms

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Part 1 Simple tenses of the indicative mood

I. Present Tense – el presenteA. Regular conjugations

1. –ar verbs2. –er verbs3. –ir verbs

B. Irregular conjugations

II. Future – el futuroA. regular future stemsB. irregular future stems

III. Simple past – el pretéritoA. regular verbsB. irregular verbs

IV. Imperfect – el imperfecto

V. Conditional – la condicional

Part 2 Compound tenses of the indicative mood

I. Auxiliary - haber

II. Past Participle

III. Compound past – A.B.

IV. Pluperfect

V. Future PerfectNote to the student

This verb pack is not designed to serve as a text for learning Spanish, but rather as a resource to complement class work and text material. You may use it as a reference tool for quick access to short explanations of tenses and verbs, examples and verb lists. Though this document is not complete, it should nevertheless fill the needs for most students.

Essential terms

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Verb

A verb is a word that identifies an action. A verb is categorized by its mood and tense.

Mood

The mood reflects the manner in which the speaker considers the action.

Tense

The time of the action is called the verb’s tense.

Conjugation

The conjugation of a verb is the list of the forms of a verb in a given tense and mood. There are usually six forms in a conjugation.

The forms of a verb depend on the number and person of the verb’s subject.

Subject pronouns as used in conjugations

Number Singular Plural

Person First person yo (I) nosotros (we)Second person tú (you-familiar) vosotros (thou,*)Third person él, ella, (he, she) ellos, ellas (they m./f.)

usted (Ud.) (you-formal) Uds. (you all formal but only in Spain)

* The vosotros form can be thought of as thou or ya’ll – it is you plural informal in Spain.

Part 1Simple tenses of the indicative moodThe indicative mood is used to state a fact or a reality.

I. Present Tense – el presente

The present indicative of a verb in Spanish can be translated into English in three ways, for example: nosotros bailamos = we dance, we

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are dancing, we do dance. The tense is used to describe actions at the current time.

A. Regular conjugations

AR verbs

Drop “AR” from the infinitive, then add:

o amosas áisa an

Example:

hablar – to speakyo hablo nosotros hablamostú hablas vosotros habláisÉl, ella, Ud. habla ellos, ellas, Uds. hablan

yo hablo = I speak, I am speaking, I do speak

INFINITIVE TRANSLATION NOTESabrazar to hug, embraceacabar (de) to finish, end, completeaceptar to acceptacercar to bring near, place nearacompañar to accompany, escortaconsejar to advise, counselacostumbrar to be accustomed, be in the habitadelantar to advance, go on, go ahead, progressadivinar to guessadmirar to admireadoptar to adoptagitar to agitate, shake up, stirahorrar to savealcanzar to reach, overtakealquilar to rentamar to loveandar to walkapagar to turn offarreglar to fixayudar to helpbailar to dancebajar to go down, descendbañar to bathebesar to kissborrar to erase

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broncear to sunbathe, tanbuscar to look forcambiar to changecaminar to walkcantar to singcelebrar to celebratecenar to eat dinnercepillar to brushcharlar to chatcocinar to cookcolocar to put, placecomprar to buycontestar to answercortar to cutcruzar to crossdecorar to decoratedejar to let, allow, leavedesayunar to eat breakfastdescansar to restdesear to wishdibujar to drawechar to hurl, pitch, throwempujar to pushenseñar to teachentrar (en) to enterescuchar to listenesperar to wait, hope, expect, awaitestudiar to studyexplicar to explainexpresar to expressfelicitar to congratulatefestejar to entertain, celebratefirmar to signformar to formfumar to smokefuncionar to functionganar to win, gain, earngozar to enjoygritar to screamhablar to speakhallar to findindicar to indicateinvitar to invitejurar to swear, take an oath (pledge)lanzar to throw, pitchlavar to washlimpiar to cleanllamar to callllenar to fillllegar to arrive

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llevar to carry, wearllorar to cryluchar to fightmanejar to drivemarcar to mark, score, notemejorar to improvemirar to look (at)montar to ridenadar to swimnecesitar to needolvidar to forgetpagar to pay (for)parar to stoppasar to pass, spend (time)patinar to skatepegar to glue, beat, hit, slap, stickperdonar to excuse, forgivepintar to paintpisar to stepplaticar to chat, discusspracticar to practicepreguntar to ask preparar to preparepresentar to presentprestar to lendquitar to take off/awayregalar to give a giftregresar to returnrobar to stealsacar to take out, take (photos), get (grades)saltar to jump, hop, skipsaludar to greet, salutesecar to drysubrayar to underlinetelefonear to telephoneterminar to finish, endtirar to throw, pull, shoottocar to play (musical instrument), touchtomar to take, eat, drinktrabajar to worktratar (de + infinitive) to try (to do something)usar to useviajar to travelvisitar to visitvotar to vote

ER VERBS

Drop “ER” from the infinitive, then add:

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o emoses éise en

Example:

beber-to drinkyo bebo nosotros bebemostú bebes vosotros bebéisÉl, ella, Ud. bebe ellos, ellas, Uds. beben

yo bebo = I drink, I am drinking, I do drink

INFINITIVE TRANSLATION NOTESaprender to learnbeber to drinkcomer to eatcomprender to understandcorrer to runcreer to believedeber to have to, should, ought to, must, to owe depender (en) to dependesconder to hide somethingleer to readprometer to promiseresponder to respondtemer to fear, dreadvender to sell

IR VERBSDrop “IR” from the infinitive, then add:

o imoses íse en

Example: vivir- to live

Yo vivo nosotros vivimosTú vives vosotros vivísÉl, ella, Ud. vive ellos, ellas, Uds. viven

yo vivo= I live, I am living, I do live

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INFINITIVE TRANSLATION NOTESabrir to openaburrir to annoy, boreadmitir to admit, grant, permitañadir to addaplaudir to applaudasistir to attend, to be presentbullir to boil, bustle, hustle, stircubrir to coverdecidir to decidedescribir to describe, delineatedescubrir to discoverdiscutir to discussdistinguir to distinguishescribir to writegruñir to grumble, grunt, growl, creakimprimir to imprint, impress, printinscribir to inscribe, record, registerocurrir to occur, happenpartir to leave, depart, divide, splitpermitir to permit, admit, allow, grantprohibir to prohibit, forbidrecibir to receivesubir to rise, go upsufrir to suffer, endure, bear upsuprimir to suppress, abolishunir to connect, unite, join, bindvivir to live

B. Irregular Conjugations

INFINITIVE ENGLISH CONJUGATIONacordar to agree (upon) acuerdo, acuerdas, acuerda, acordamos,

acordáis, acuerdanadquirir to acquire, get, adquiero, adquieres, adquiere, adqueremos,

obtain adquerís, adquierenagradecer to thank, be agradezco, agradeces, agradece, agradecemos,

thankful agradecéis, agradecenalmorzar to lunch almuerzo, almuerzas, almuerza, almorzamos,

almorzáis, almuerzancaber to fit quepo, cabes, cabe, cabemos, cabéis, cabencaer to fall caigo, caes, cae, caemos, caéis, caencalentar to heat/warm up caliento, calientas, calienta, calentamos,

calentáis, calientancerrar to close cierro, cierras, cierra, cerramos, cerráis, cierrancocer to cook cuezo, cueces, cuece, cocemos, cocéis, cuecen

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colgar to hang cuelgo, cuelgas, cuelga, colgamos, colgáis, cuelgancomenzar to start/begin comienzo, comienzas, comienza, comenzamos,

comenzáis, comienzanconfiar to rely on/confide confío, confías, confía, confiamos, confiáis,

confíanconocer to know conozco, conoces, conoce, conocemos, conocéis,

conocenconstruir to construct construyo, construyes, construye, construimos,

construís, construyencontar to count cuento, cuentas, cuenta, contamos, contáis,

cuentanconvertir to convert convierto, conviertes, convierte, convertimos,

convertís, conviertencorregir to correct corrijo, corriges, corrige, corregimos,

corregís, corrigencostar to cost cuesta, cuestancrecer to grow crezco, creces, crece, crecemos, crecéis, crecendar to give doy, das, da, damos, dais, dandecir to say/tell digo, dices, dice, decimos, decís, dicendestruir to destroy destruyo, destruyes, destruye, destruimos,

destruís, destruyendevolver to return(object) devuelvo, devuelves, devuelve, devolvemos,

devolvéis, devuelven distinguir to distinguish distingo, distingues, distingue, distinguimos,

distinguís, distinguendoler to have pain, ache, duelo, dueles, duele, dolemos, doléis ,duelen

hurt, regret, cause griefdormir to sleep duermo, duermes, duerme, dormimos,

dormís, duermenempezar to start/begin empiezo, empiezas, empieza, empezamos,

empezáis, empiezanencender to light enciendo, enciendes, enciende, encendemos,

encendéis, enciendenencontrar to find/meet encuentro, encuentras, encuentra, encontramos

encontráis, encuentranentender to understand entiendo, entiendes, entiende, entendemos,

entendéis, entiendenenviar to send envío, envías, envía, enviamos, enviáis, envíanescoger to choose/select escojo, escoges, escoge, escogemos,

escogéis, escogen

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estar to be estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, estánfaltar to miss, need, lack faltas, falta, faltan (used w/ indirect obj. pron.)freír to fry frío, fríes, fríe, freímos, freís, fríengemir to groan, moan gimo, gimes, gime, gemimos, gemís, gimenguiar to guide guío, guías, guía, guiamos, guiáis, guíangustar to like /be pleasing gustas, gusta, gustan(used w/ indirect obj. pron.)hacer to do/make hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacéis, hacenhelar to freeze hielo, hielas, hiela, helamos, heláis, hielanhervir to boil hiervo, hierves, hierve, hervimos, hervís, hiervenimpedir to impose impido, impides, impide, impedimos,

impedís, impidenincluir to include incluyo, incluyes, incluye, incluimos,

incluís, incluyenir to go voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, vanjugar to play (sport) juego, juegas, juega, jugamos, jugáis, jueganllover to rain llueve (only one form…weather expression)medir to measure mido, mides, mide, medimos, medís, midenmentir to lie miento, mientes, miente, mentimos, mentís,

mientenmorder to bite muerdo, muerdes, muerde, mordemos,

mordéis, muerdenmorir to die muero, mueres, muere, morimos, morís, muerenmostrar to show muestra, muestras, muestra, mostramos,

mostráis, muestranmover to move muevo, mueves, mueve, movemos,

moveís, muevennacer to be born nazco, naces, nace, nacemos, nacéis, nacennevar to snow nieva (only one form…weather expression)obedecer to obey obedezco, obedeces, obedece, obedecemos,

obedecéis, obedecenoír to hear oigo, oyes, oye, oímos, oís, oyenoler to smell huelo, hueles, huele, olemos, oléis, huelenparecer to seem parezco, pareces, parece, parecemos,

parecéis, parecenpedir to ask for pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, pidenpensar to think pienso, piensas, piensa, pensamos, pensáis,

piensanperder to lose pierdo, pierdes, pierde, perdemos, perdéis,

pierdenpoder to be able to/can puedo, puedes, puede, podemos, podéis, puedenponer to put pongo, pones, pone, ponemos, ponéis, ponenpreferir to prefer prefiero, prefieres, prefiere, preferimos,

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preferís, prefierenprobar to try pruebo, pruebas, prueba, probamos,

probáis, pruebanproponer to propose propongo, propones, propone, proponemos,

proponéis, proponenquerer to want quiero, quieres, quiere, queremos, queréis,

quierenrecoger to gather/pick up recojo, recoges, recoge, recogemos,

recogéis, recogenrecordar to remember recuerdo, recuerdas, recuerda, recordamos

recordáis, recuerdanreírse to laugh me río, te ríes, se ríe, nos reímos, os reís, se ríenrepetir to repeat repito, repites, repite, repetimos, repetís,

repitenresolver to resolve resuelvo, resuelves, resuelve, resolvemos,

resolvéis, resuelvensaber to know sé, sabes, sabe, sabemos, sabéis, sabensalir to leave/go out salgo, sales, sale, salimos, salís, salenseguir to continue sigo, sigues, sigue, seguimos, seguís, siguensentar to sit down siento, sientas, sienta, sentamos, sentáis, sientansentir to feel siento, sientes, siente, sentimos, sentís, sientenser to be soy, eres, es, somos, sois, sonservir to serve sirvo, sirves, sirve, servimos, servís, sirvensonar to sound sueno, suenas, suena, sonamos, sonáis, suenansonréir to smile sonrío, sonríes, sonríe, sonreímos, sonreís,

sonríensoñar to dream sueño, sueñas, sueña, soñamos, soñáis, sueñantener to have tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienentraducir to translate traduzco, traduces, traduce, traducimos,

traducís, traducentraer to bring traigo, traes, trae, traemos, traéis, traenvaler to be worth valgo, vales, vale, valemos, valéis, valenvenir to come vengo, vienes, viene, venimos, venís, vienenver to see veo, ves, ve, vemos, veis, venvestir to dress visto, vistes, viste, vestimos, vestís, vistenvolar to fly vuelo, vuelas, vuela, volamos, voláis, vuelanvolver to return vuelvo, vuelves, vuelve, volvemos, volvéis, vuelven

II. Future Tense – el futuro

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The future indicative of a verb in Spanish can be translated into English as what one “will” do or what “will” happen, for example: nosotros bailaremos = we will dance. The tense is used to describe actions that will happen at some point in the future. .

A. Regular conjugations

AR, ER, and IR verbs

USE the infinitive (this we’ll call the regular future stem) then add:

é emosás éisá án

Example:

hablar – to speakyo hablaré nosotros hablaremostú hablarás vosotros hablaréisél, ella, Ud. hablará ellos, ellas, Uds. hablarán

yo hablaré = I will speak

B. Irregular conjugations

Use the irregular stem then add the regular future tense endings:

é emosás éisá án

The following verbs have irregular stems in the future tense:

Decir – dir For example : diré – I will say, tellHaber – habr habrá – there will beHacer – har haremos–we will do, will makePoder – podr podrán – they, ya’ll will be able toPoner – pondr pondré – I will put, will placeQuerer – querr querrás – you will like, love, wantSaber – sabr sabrá – he, she, Ud., will knowSalir – saldr saldremos – we will leave, exitTener – tendr tendrán – they, ya’ll will haveVenir – vendr vendré – I will come

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III. Simple Past – The Preterite – el pretérito

The simple past indicative of a verb in Spanish can be translated into English as actions that were completed in the past, for example: nosotros bailamos = we danced.

A. Regular conjugations

Drop the infinitive endings (-AR, -ER, or –IR) and add on the following endings:

AR Verbs: ER Verbs and IR Verbs:

é amos í imosaste asteis iste isteisó aron ió ieron

Examples:

AR Verb – hablar – to speak

yo hablé nosotros hablamos yo hablé = I spoketú hablaste vosotros hablasteisél, ella, Ud. habló ellos, ellas, Uds. hablaron

ER Verb – comer – to eat

yo comí nosotros comimos yo comí = I atetú comiste vosotros comisteisél, ella, Ud. comió ellos, ellas, Uds. comieron

IR Verb – vivir – to live

yo viví nosotros vivimos yo viví = I livedtú viviste vosotros vivisteisél, ella, Ud. vivió ellos, ellas, Uds. vivieron

***NOTE : Verbs that end in –AR and –ER that have a stem-change in the present tense do NOT have a stem change in the preterite.

Example: pensar – to think entender – to understand

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Present: pienso pensamos entiendoentendemos piensas pensáis entiendes entendéis piensa piensan entiendeentienden

BUT in the PRETERITE: pensé pensamos entendí

entendimos pensaste pensasteisentendiste entendisteis

pensó pensaron entendióentendieron

B. Irregular Conjugations

THERE ARE MANY IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE PRETERITE!

1. Ver – to see **Ver has regular endings, but there are NO written accent marks.

vi vimosviste visteisvio vieron

2. Dar – to give** Dar uses the same endings as Ver even though it is an AR verb – no accents!

di dimosdiste disteisdio dieron

3. Ir – to go & Ser – to be --- WE CALL THESE THE FUN VERBS!

**In the preterite, these two verbs have the EXACT same conjugations, with NO accent marks. The context of the sentence makes it clear if the verb is from ir – to go, or ser – to be.

fui – I went or I was fuimos – we went or we were fuiste - you went or you were fuisteis – thou, ya’ll went or werefue – he, she, you went or were fueron – they, ya’ll went or were

4. Verbs with Irregular Stems

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** There are many verbs that have irregular stems in the preterite, but luckily they all use the same endings:

Use the irregular stem, then add these endings:

e imosiste isteiso ieron

**Notice there are NO accent marks on the irregular verbs in the preterite!

VERBS WITH IRREGULAR STEMS:Andar - anduvCaber - cupDecir – dij (with ellos, ellas, Uds. the ending is just –eron)Estar - estuvHaber - hubHacer – hic (except for él, ella, Ud. the stem is hiz)Poder – pudPoner – pusQuerer - quisSaber - supTener - tuvTraducir – traduj (with ellos, ellas, Uds. the ending is just –eron)Traer – traj (with ellos, ellas, Uds. the ending is just –eron)Venir - vin

5. –CAR, -GAR, and –ZAR verbsThese verbs that end in –CAR, -GAR, and –ZAR have special spelling changes in the yo form of the preterite. The spelling changes occur to maintain the same sound of the infinitive form of the verb.

VERBS:-CAR -GAR -ZARbuscar jugar comenzarsacar cargar empezarpracticar pegar almorzarplaticar pagar lanzar

marcar llegar gozar indicar colgar cruzar explicar apagar abrazar colocar alcanzar acercar

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-CAR verbs – in the yo form of the preteriteC changes to QU

EXAMPLES: buscar – yo busqué – I looked for Practicar – yo practiqué – I practiced

-GAR verbs – in the yo form of the preteriteG changes to GU

EXAMPLES: llegar – yo llegué – I arrived jugar – yo jugué – I played

-ZAR verbs – in the yo form of the preteriteZ changes to C

EXAMPLES: almorzar – yo almorcé – I had, ate lunch comenzar – yo commence – I began

6. Other spelling changes The verbs LEER, CREER, and HUIR have a special spelling change that occurs in the 3rd person singular and plural forms in the preterite tense. Ordinarily, since these are –ER and –IR verbs, they have ió and ieron as endings. But, since adding these endings would give them 3 vowels in a row without a written accent on the 2nd vowel to make it stronger, we must change the middle vowel to a consonant, Y.

For these 3 verbs, the endings become yó and yeron.

EXAMPLES: leer – él leyó – he read AND ellos leyeron – they read

creer – él creyó – he believed & ellos creyeron – they believed

huir – él huyó – he fled AND ellos huyeron – they fled

7. Verbs with Stem-Changes in the preteriteThere are SOME verbs that DO have stem-changes in the preterite – BUT, they are different from present tense stem-changes.

There are –IR verbs that have stem changes in the present tense where the stem may change from e->i or from e->ie or from o->ue. In the PRETERIE, though, ONLY the 3rd person singular and plural forms of these verbs (él, ella, Ud. and ellos, ellas, Uds.) have the stem-change.

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THE following verbs only change from e->i in the él, ella, Ud. and ellos, ellas, Uds. forms of the verb in the PRETERITE tense.

-IR VERBS with e->ie and e->i stem-changes in the PRESENT:Pedir sentir advertir reñirMentir despedir convertir gemirHervir medir repetir reírPreferir impedir divertirse servirReferir seguir conseguir exigirCorregir

EXAMPLES:Pedir – to ask for, request server – to servePedí pedimos serví servimosPediste pedisteis serviste servisteisPidió pidieron sirvió sirvieron

The following verbs only change from o->u in the él, ella, Ud. and ellos, ellas Uds. forms of the verb in the PRETERITE tense.

-IR VERBS with o->ue stem-changes in the PRESENT:dormir dormirse morir morirse

EXAMPLES:dormir – to sleep morir – to die dormí dormimos morí morimosdormiste dormisteis moriste moristeisdurmió durmieron murió murieron

IV.Imperfect – el imperfectoIn Spanish there are 2 different past tenses. The PRETERITE is

used to talk about a COMPLETED past action. We use the IMPERFECT to talk about actions that happened REPEATEDLY in the past.

A. Regular VerbsTo form the IMPERFECT tense, drop the infinitive –AR, -ER, or –IR ending, then add these following endings:

-AR verbs -ER and –IR verbs-aba -ábamos ía íamos-abas -abais ías íais-aba -aban ía ían*Note:accent on the nos. form *Note: accents on all forms

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EXAMPLES:-AR – hablar – to talk -ER – comer – to eathablaba hablábamos comía

comíamoshablabas hablabais comías

comíaishablaba hablaban comía

comían

-IR – vivir – to livevivía vivíamosvivías vivíaisvivía vivían

B. Irregular VerbsIn the IMPERFECT, there are not as many irregular verbs. ONLY ir, ser, and ver are irregular. Here are there forms:

Ser – to be ---remember ERA was a brand of soapera éramos Example: yo era – I was eras eraisera eran

Ir – to go ---remember I went to Gallagher-Iba to watch OSU.iba íbamosibas ibaisiba iban

Ver – to see ---remember to keep the –e and use the –ER endings.veía veíamosveías veíaisveía veían

IV. The Conditional Tense – La condicionalThis is the tense we use to explain what “Would” happen if another thing were true. It is the tense used to indicate that an action or state is dependent on something else. It is formed in English by using the helping verb “would”. In Spanish this tense is also known as the hypothetical future because it is a hypothetical statement that something will occur based on another condition or event being met.

To form this tense:

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Use the infinitive form of the verb, then add these endings: yo – ía nosotros – íamostú – ías vosotros - íaisél, ella, Ud – ía ellos, ellas, Uds. – ían**Note: The conditional is formed just like the future, you just use different endings. Always use the infinitive before adding the appropriate ending.

**Also note that the yo and él, ella, Ud. endings are the same, so unless it is identified in context, you should supply the subject.

Example of Regular verbs in the conditional:

Hablar – would talkyo hablaría (I would talk) nosotros hablaríamostú hablarías vosotros hablaríaisél, ella, Ud. hablaría ellos, ellas, Uds. Hablarían

Example: Yo no hablaría con ella. I wouldn’t talk with her.

IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE CONDITONAL:

The conditional has the same irregular verbs as the future tense and uses those same stems. We just use the future and conditional stems and add the CONDITONAL endings:

Decir – dir For example : dirías – you would say, tellHaber – habr habría – there would beHacer – har haríamos–we would do, would makePoder – podr podrían – they, ya’ll would be able toPoner – pondr yo pondría – I would put, would placeQuerer – querr querrías – you would like, love, wantSaber – sabr él sabría – he would knowSalir – saldr saldríamos – we would leave, exitTener – tendr tendrían – they, ya’ll would haveVenir – vendr yo vendría – I would come

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PART 2 – Compound Tenses of the Indicative Mood

I. Auxiliary verb “haber”

Auxiliary verbs are also known as helping verbs. There are many helping verbs in the English language, to be, to have, should, etc. The helping verb haber, which is the helping verb “to have” is used to form compound tenses in Spanish. You can use haber in different tenses: for example, present tense (have done something), the past tense (had done something). The compound perfect verb tenses refer to completed actions, but they aren't the only way of referring to completed actions.

Here is an example of referring to a completed action in the past using the helping verb haber: He salido - "I have left". It is clear that the action described by the verb is completed; it's something that was over by a specific time.

In both English and Spanish, the perfect tenses are formed by using a form of the verb haber, "to have" followed by the past participle (el participio in Spanish). In English, the past participle usually is formed by adding "-ed" to verbs; the Spanish participle is usually formed by using the ending of -ado for -ar verbs and -ido for -er and -ir verbs.

Present tense forms of haber:

yo he nosotros hemos

tú has vosotros habéis

él, ella, Ud. ha ellos, ellas, Uds. han

II. Past Participle

The past participle in English typically is a verb that ends in –ed. For example, walked, talked, laughed, etc. The past participles in

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English are always used with the helping verb “to have”. For example, I have walked, he has walked, we have walked, etc.

In Spanish, the regular past participle is formed by dropping the infinitivo –ar, -er, and –ir endings, and adding –ado for –AR verbs, or –ido for –ER and –IR verbs.

Examples of Regular Past Participles:

Hablar – hablado (talked)

Comer – comido (eaten)

Vivir – vivido (lived)

There are many irregular past participles in both Spanish and English and you have to memorize what the participle form of the verb is.

Common Irregular Past Participles:

Hacer – hecho (made, done)

Decir – dicho (said, told)

Romper – roto (broken)

Poner – puesto (put, placed)

Ver – visto (seen)

Abrir – abierto (opened)

Escribir – escrito (written)

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