CONTENTS FROM CLIMATE TO BUILDING Sustainable Design … · Laura Pedata 11. My training and background were of great influence on the per-spective I offer on the topic, especially

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ForewordIntroduction

1. Is it sustainable? A critical overview of green design1.1. Greenwashing and…. the ‘green bubble’1.2. Background and definitions1.3. The origins of sustainability1.3.1. Sustainability timeline1.4. Environmental hazards & approaches towards a comprehensive solution1.4.1. Priority issues1.4.2. Possible approaches to a complex issue1.4.3. The scale of solutions1.5. Principles of sustainability in architecture and urban design1.5.1. Energy efficiency1.5.2. Buildings’ sustainable design1.5.3. Sustainable urban development1.5.4. Measuring eco-design: labels, ratings and regulations

2. Sustainable design scales2.1. CLIMATE 2.1.1. Climate and scale2.1.2. Thermal zones 2.1.3. Climate and building concepts2.2. SITE & SETTLEMENT2.2.1. Influence of sun exposure on the project2.2.2. Ventilation and air circulation2.2.3. Environmental analysis tools2.3. BUILDING2.3.1. Environmental management2.3.2. Interior layout2.3.3. Energy efficiency: passive techniques/passive building’s systems2.3.4. Thermal envelope: the potential of skin and materials2.4. Energy efficiency: active techniques/ active building’s systems

3. Sustainable architecture case studies around the world3.1. Cool3.2. Temperate3.3. Subtropical3.4. Tropical

List of figuresBibliography

CONTENTSFROM CLIMATE TO BUILDINGSustainable Design SCALES

FOREWORDGreenwashing? No, thanks!Alessandra Battisti

The crisis of Western lifestyle models compared to problems linked with climate change, and the new roles that cities and buildings must take on in the current globalisation scenario, fa-vour an emerging culture, and mark a necessary turning point for our civilisation.For many decades the fight against climate change has wit-nessed the most important nations of the world committing to agreements such as the 1992 Kyoto protocol and the 2015 COP21, which are gradually defining the objectives, strate-gies, and actions aimed at the improvement of life quality and safeguard of the planet. While adapting to the different cultural, environmental, territorial, architectural and regulatory contexts, the various design forms and languages which were launched following this direction, led to the realisation and the experimen-tation of projects oriented towards climate responsive design, following a holistic and ecological vision, and a systemic ap-proach toward built environment analysis. The work by Laura Pedata takes its cue from this very vision of the built environment transformation, collecting and classify-ing the challenges posed by climate change, and linking them through documents produced by field literature while proposing an integrated rereading, which carries as a common thread the project scales, where the fluxes of matter, energy, and informa-tion interact, and whose character and quality is defined by the relationship with different levels: from macro to micro.

A set of suggestions and specific interests on the topic are linked to this vision and are responsible for fuelling Laura Ped-ata’s research. After eliminating any greenwashing approach, the research is oriented towards a design model which inks the best aspects of both emerging approaches of field literature: on one side the bottom-up approach linked to individual and com-munity needs, and therefore closely linked to the problems of a fast-evolving society, with an emphasis on social inclusion; on the other, the top-down approach linked to development poli-cies and physical and integrated actions. The author warns us that we should refrain from reducing our in-terest exclusively to the building, but rather observe the whole ur-ban structure and the territorial and political system where it’s set: the natural, historical, and infrastructural network of connections represent the connector of environmental, landscape, and cul-tural resources of the territory. In this sense, the topic of sustain-able design acquires the special connotation of a complex web made of relationships among different components of the built environment at different scales. To put it in the words of Perec, “In short, spaces have multiplied, been broken up and have diversi-fied. There are spaces today of every kind and every size, for every use and every function. To live is to pass from one space to another, while doing your very best not to bump yourself.”

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The shift of scientific attention operated by Laura Pedata, which starts from dimensional considerations on phenomena and so-lutions to then deal with the quality and quantity of systems’ relations, finds its foundation in the environment and context where a building is set, and in the overall environmental, cul-tural, and social parameters that surround it and make it unique.In each phase of the discussion, there is an underlying firm con-sideration: the awareness that the researched matters and the proposed scenarios and future development solutions are com-plex problems. The general frame is therefore heterogeneous and it opens up interdependent and multiscale problems, which sometimes lack an obvious solution or clear and predictable re-sults, but rather require a change in perspective and in terms of designers’ and residents’ behaviour.Apart from the design tools and guiding instruments, the text also considers the application of coordination tools capable at least of placing the projects in a common framework, providing common guidelines, jointly monitoring the dynamics of needs and resources, diffusing knowledge on the already experiment-ed success and unsuccess stories, projecting the discipline in a future where differentiation of design interventions becomes a common asset for everybody. The book offers a project’s systemic, interrelational, learning, coevolving vision, embracing the cultural consequences of sus-tainability adaptation and resilience concepts.The author complements the selected methodological path, and the contribute of different disciplines - essential to understand the complex topic object of research - with a vision of research results which reproposes the consequences of the systemic paradigm, and finds in the connection between different disci-plines a development process essential to manage not only the future of design but also the future connected to our way of Liv-ing on Planet Earth.

CLIMATE

SITEBUI

LDING

“I began to see this functioning on all three scales – micro, mezzo, and macro – if you will, starting with clothing and extending to buildings, with cities as the scale that extends beyond buildings” (James Marston Fitch, American Build-ing: The Environmental Forces that Shape it. Oxford Uni-versity Press, 1966)

SCALE is indeed a crucial aspect of architecture, especially when considering a building and evaluating its potential impact on the environment. As the readers will see in the first chapter, greenwashing spans from the scale of the single consumerist good to industrial products, to services, affecting also architec-tural artefacts, their individual technological components (glaz-ing, window frames, structural elements, wall combinations, etc.) the combination of building elements (walls, roofs, foun-dations, etc.), and the operation of entire building complexes, neighbourhoods, and cities.

INTRODUCTIONLaura Pedata

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My training and background were of great influence on the per-spective I offer on the topic, especially when it comes to the relationship between design and the environment. I received my graduate training in Italy at the Architecture school at La Sapienza in Rome, specialising in Environmental Design, in the years when the issue of sustainability and energy efficien-cy were finally becoming of great importance and EU policies were being defined. My thesis topic consisted in the study of receptive facilities in extreme climatic conditions in the UAE, ex-ploring the potential of innovative applications of materials and components as shading devices; during the research, I had to deal with a completely different climatic condition from the Med-iterranean climate and construction techniques I was familiar with and a relatively new urban condition. Later, I was exposed to US culture when I worked in a big Architecture office, where Sustainability acquired a completely new meaning, had differ-ent priorities and connotations, influenced by politics, legislation and financial interests. All these experiences in different parts of the world and dealing with different scales of Architecture enabled me to acquire an open and flexible understanding of Sustainability concepts applied to Architectural Design.

Most of the contents of this book and the case studies present-ed in the last chapter are a selection of the course material, and the work developed by the students during the Environmental Architecture Studio I lead since 2013 at POLIS University, in a challenging and stimulating learning environment such as Al-bania, where issues concerning sustainability are only recently beginning to become priorities in the Architectural field. In such an environment it is all the more important to expose young students and future architects to all the aspects of Sustainability in the field of Architecture from the very early stages of their training, to ensure that sustainable concepts and approaches become an integral and essential part of design thinking and not a set of added building components of delayed adjustment measures.

The book is divided into three chapters. After the first, introduc-tory, chapter which gives a critical overview of the term Sus-tainability and its use in the design field, the second chapter contains the core concepts behind the publication and reflect the three sustainable design scales mentioned in the book title: CLIMATE, SITE/SETTLEMENT, and BUILDING. The last chap-ter offers a selection of sustainable design case studies around the world representative of four building-specific climate clas-sification types, presenting an analysis on the functional and energy performance of the examined buildings and taking into account sun exposure, wind analysis, building materials and Mechanical Systems, functions, morphology and typology, and overall quality of space.

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The book structure also offers an organised set of steps and a methodology to approach the design and the evaluation of Architectural projects aimed at prioritising environmental sus-tainability. The first chapter sets the base to engage the project, defining the background and the necessary definitions to ap-proach the topic responsibly. The second chapter introduces one at the time, the three design scales and explains the inter-action between the numerous related aspects that ought to be considered during the design process, illustrating the complex-ity of the topic. To conclude, the last chapter presents examples of the possible application of the methodology presented in the book.

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Figure 1 – Image of a Montblanc pen. Source: Montblanc®.

This chapter is inspired by a small exercise that I usually pre-sent to my third-year Architectures students on the first day of the Environmental Architecture graduate studio. I show up to class with two pens: a disposable recycled paper pen I found in my goodies bag at the last architecture conference I attended, and the precious and expensive Montblanc pen I stole from my father many years ago….. I hold both pens in the air and I de-scribe the material they are made of and how I came to pos-sess them. Then I ask the class: Which one of these pens is more sustainable, and why? It is no surprise that the instinctive students point at the recycled paper pen, and the reason they believe it is more sustainable is that the material used is organic and it is recycled and recyclable. Sometimes I try to provoke their reaction and influence their decision by stressing the point that “my father gave me the Montblanc many years ago and that I take good care of it and make sure I don’t lose it!

On the contrary, the paper pen is just one of the many pens I have on my desk and I don’t mind losing it because I have more… Well, in the end, someone eventually realises that the Montblanc could be considered more sustainable if we take into account the fact that it is not a disposable pen, and therefore we might hold on to it and make it last longer. Of course, in reality, several parameters ought to be considered before giving a final verdict, and it is after all only the first lecture of the year, so in the end, my objective is not to get or give a sure answer, but rather to start stimulating the students’ critical sense, opening up their curiosity, and widening their perspective.

This chapter wished to do exactly this, to stimulate a critical sense in younger (and older) generations of Architects towards issues linked to sustainability in Architecture, to turn their at-tention towards the big picture, and introduce the notion that our opinion and our qualitative and quantitative evaluation are strongly dependent on the position/distance from where we ob-serve things: from different design levels and SCALES. To fully understand sustainability and validate all the “vague assump-tions about green” practices and products (MAAS, et al. 2010, 10) we must embrace the complexity of the topic and be able to acknowledge both, the global and the local aspects of sustain-ability (i.e. climate, markets, resources, waste and transporta-tion). SCALE is an important factor when dealing with architec-ture, its performance, and its impact on the environment, as each building component is related to the whole building fabric and influences the performance of the building and its impact on the immediate surroundings and, in turn, the environment. Simi-larly, the climate, the site and its geography, the surrounding buildings and the building morphology itself, influence the per-

1. Is it SUSTAINABLE? A critical overview of Green Design

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Figure 2 - image from the 1968 study film by Charles and Ray Eames, a rough sketch of the fa-mous 1977 film “Powers of Ten”. The film features a linear view of our universe from the human scale to the sea of galaxies, then directly down to the nucleus of a carbon atom, giving a clue to the relative size of things and what it means to add another zero to any number. Source: https://www.eamesoffice.com/the-work/powers-of-ten-a-rough-sketch/, ©Eames Office.

formance and the efficiency of each building component. There is a scalar relationship between architectural and environmental scale, hence the need to approach the topic of Sustainable Ar-chitectural Design through the MICRO, MEDIUM, and MACRO SCALE.

This chapter is divided into the following sections:1.1. Greenwashing and…. the ‘green bubble’1.2. Background and Definitions1.3. The origins of Sustainability1.4. Environmental Hazards & Approaches Towards a Compre-hensive Solution 1.5. Principles of energy savings in Architecture and Urban de-sign.

From Climate to Building. Sustainable Design SCALES

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1. From: Vitruvius: The Ten Books on Architecture. Vitruvius. Morris Hicky Morgan. Cambridge: Har-vard University Press. London: Humphrey Milford. Oxford Uni-versity Press. 1914. (available at http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hop-per/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0073%3Abook%3D6%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D1)

The vast, intermediate and building scale. In this chapter, I will briefly define the three scales of Sustainable Architecture pro-jects. Starting with the vast scale of the CLIMATE, to then move onto the intermediate scale of the SITE and settlement, and concluding with the BUILDING and technological component scale.

This chapter is divided into the following sections:2.1 CLIMATE2.2 Site & Settlement2.3 BUILDING

2.1. CLIMATE

“IF our designs for private houses are to be correct, we must at the outset take note of the countries and climates in which they are built. One style of house seems appropriate to build in Egypt, another in Spain, a different kind in Pon-tus, one still different in Rome, and so on with lands and countries of other characteristics. This is because one part of the earth is directly under the sun’s course, another is far away from it, while another lies midway between these two. Hence, as the position of the heaven with regard to a given tract on the earth leads naturally to different characteris-tics, owing to the inclination of the circle of the zodiac and the course of the sun, it is obvious that designs for houses ought similarly to conform to the nature of the country and to diversities of climate.” (Marcus Vitruvius Pollio “The Ten Books on Architecture. “De Architectura”, Book VI, Chapter 1, passage 1)1

2.1.1. Climate and SCALE

Just as the observations about regional adaptation are at the base of Vitruvius’ study of the arrangement of private build-ings, a sustainable approach to design today should be an ap-proach informed by the context and the climate, based on a deep understanding of the character and qualities of the areas and sites (Reference to chapter 1.5.2). Therefore, following a scalar approach to sustainable architecture, the first dimension of the project is defined by the climate, or better its climatic con-textualisation. Climate is characterised by a temporal, spatial and dimensional reading, which determine its magnitude and influence in different moments and for different aspects of the architectural project. Let us examine all three aspects.

2. SUSTAINABLE DESIGN SCALES

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2. The word derives from ancient Greek klínein (to incline) and it de-scribes the tilt of the earth’s axis, which is the one that determines different climate in different zones of the earths’ surface.

Climate, meteorological conditions and weather are referred to different time dimensions of atmospheric conditions: climate2 is based on average atmospheric conditions over long periods (30 to 40 years); meteorological conditions refer to the character of the weather over a few days, a week, or an entire season; while weather is usually referred to the atmospheric conditions in a specific hour or a few days. Climate also has a spatial dimen-sion, and we can operate a scalar reading of the latter based on the size of the area involved. In fact, we can identify three scales of the climate’s spatial dimension, namely: the micro-climate, the mesoclimate, and the macroclimate. The microcli-mate describes the smallest unit of space and is influenced by the meteorological conditions of layers of air about 2 metres above a location and the direct surroundings. It is influenced by vegetation, surface materials and character of the terrain, air-streams, altitude and building density and materials. The meso-cliamte refers to a condition over a few hundred metres to a few hundred kilometres from a specific location, and is character-ised by natural and cultural features such as mountains, val-leys, coasts, islands, and cities, like in the case of the regional climate. The urban climate is another example of mesoclimate. The macroclimate defines very large geographical areas and the atmospheric conditions over long periods; it is influenced by solar radiation, altitude, land and sea distribution, and global air circulation. Areas on the Earth with similar climates are grouped in climate zones, and the interaction between the different mac-roclimates of the Earth defines the Global climate. When we are dealing with the macro and mesocliamte, climate elements can be measured over longer periods defining averages, while for the microclimate, we must take exact measurement because the climate factors are constantly changing.

Climate is described in terms of climate factors and climate ele-ments. Climate factors include latitude, sea and land distribution, local and regional wind patterns, and altitude. The latter are in-fluenced by the combination and the occurrence and behaviour of climate elements. Climate elements represent measurable properties of the climate system such as air temperature and its daily/seasonal fluctuations, air pressure, evaporation, pre-cipitation, air humidity, wind and solar radiation (HAUSLADEN, LIEDL and DE SALDANHA 2012). When evaluating building strategies, it is not enough to look at individual climate elements and parameters in isolation, as the occurrence of two or more values at certain times may be more relevant. Moreover, rather than work from calculations of average values related to climate elements, one must analyse fluctuations over the course of a month or between day and night, but also the occurrence of extreme values that can cause bioclimatic strategies to fail.

The choice of location for a new settlement and its orientation and layout depends on the climate in the wider area, the local climate and the microclimate. While the microclimate is the one that affects the climate inside the building, the regional and lo-cal climate are the climatic scales that throughout history have influenced the material and formal choices in architecture.


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Figure 31 – Components of the Solar Load on a given surface. Source: redrawn by the Author Figure 32 – Behavior of incident solar radiation once it reaches a surface. Source: redrawn by the Author

Direct RadiationRefelcted Radiation

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Wind Behavior Depending on Form and Dimension of Surrounding Buildings

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GREENHOUSES

PASSIVE WINTER SYSTEMS

PASSIVE & ACTIVE Technological Solutions for Winter and Summer

PASSIVE SUMMER SYSTEMS

BUFFER SPACES

WALLS INSULATION

ROOF INSULATION

TROMBE WALLSROOF PONDS

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WATER EFFICIENCY

RAIN WATER COLLECTION / STORAGE /RCYCLING

GREY WATER COLLECTION / SORAGE / RECYCLING

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AEOLIC/MICRO AEOLIC WIND TURBINES

AEOLIC/MICRO AEOLIC WIND TURBINES

Figure 66 - List of Passive & Ac-tive Strategies and Technological Solutions for Energy Efficiency. Source: Author.

3. Sustainable Architecture CASE STUDIES around the world

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3.2. Temperate

Locations characterised by seasons with transitional periods and without extreme values in terms of outdoor air tempera-tures and air density. Climate characterised by warm summers and cold or cool winters. The critical factor is the heating energy demand. The cooling energy demand can easily be met by pas-sive measures such as night cooling. The cooling and dehu-midifying energy demand are very low. (HAUSLADEN, LIEDL and DE SALDANHA 2012, 32, 61)

The case study selected for the Temperate climate zone is the Biological House, by Een til Een (one to one) (2016), located in Middelfart, Denmark.

N.B. For the case study Biological House by Een til Een (2016), located in Middelfart (Denmark) at Lat. 55.4972° N, Long. 9.7472° E, the weather file adopted to operate environmental analysis with Ecotect V. 5, was Copenhagen (Denmark) located at Lat. 55.6761° N, Long. 12.5683° E.

References: https://www.archi-tectmagazine.com/project-gallery/biological-house_o; http://eenti-leen.dk/forside


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Living Room Kitchen Balcony Children Rooms

AERIAL MAP

WORLD LOCATION: LAT. 55.4972° N, LON. 9.7472° E

Project Name: Biological HouseArchitect: Een til Een (one to one) Year: 2016Building Type: Single Family HouseContext: SuburbanLocation: Middelfart (Denmark)

The house is part of the BIOTOPE, which is an exhibition park and resource centre that’s designed to showcase the latest in sustainable construction technologies. It is flexible, modular home that can be assembled quickly becasue it is built with innovative digital manufacturing processes. Since the home sits on top of steel piles it can be disassembled and rebuilt in another location, with a different comfiguration.

Denmark

The building is located in the Temperate Region.The zone is classified as Cfb - C (Temperate), f (without dry season), b (warm summer) - in the Köppen climate classification.Denmark is a lowland country, is located about 50 m below sea level, so that its territory is dominated by temperate marine type of climate all year round, influenced by the location in the middle of several seas, with western winds blowing warm air across most of the country. Day and night temperatures don't fluctuate that much, while wind gusts and shifts in wind direction can drastically change the weather any time of year.The weather in Denmark consists of 4 seasons. Spring starts in March, where you can get about 4 hours of sunshine a day and ends in May where the sun shines about 8 hours a day.

CLIMATE DATA

On average, July is the wettest month and March the driest month.The average amount of annual precipitation is: 603.0 mm (23.74 in)

Average monthly precipitation over the year (rainfall, snow, hail)

* Data from nearest weather station: Skrydstrup, Denmark (42.0 KM).Source: https://weather-and-climate.com

Average humidity over the year

On average, January is the most humid, and May is the least humid month.The average annual percentage of humidity is: 79.0%

Average minimum and maximum temperature over the year

On average, the warmest month is August, and the coolest month is January.The average annual maximum temperature is: 11.0° Celsius (51.8° Fahrenheit)The average annual minimum temperature is: 5.0° Celsius (41° Fahrenheit)

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CLIMATE/SITE - Project overview biophysical/bioclimatic analysis

Environmental Design Studio 2018Instructor: Laura Pedata Assistant: Enrico PorfidoStudents: Aurora Çepele; Bertila Çekrezi

TEMPERATE CLIMATEBiological HouseMiddelfart (Denmark)


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SITE CROSS SECTION B-B’ - scale 1:500

SITE CROSS SECTION A-A’ - scale 1:500

FIGURE GROUND PLAN - original scale 1:500

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CLIMATE/SITE - Project overview biophysical/bioclimatic analysis

Biological HouseMiddelfart (Denmark)


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forest

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Longitude: 55 .5°ELatitude: 9 .7° NTime zone UTC/GMT +2 hour

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SHADOW RANGE 09:00-15:00 SUMMER SOLSTICE (21 JUNE)

SHADOW RANGE 09:00-15:00 WINTER SOLSTICE (21 DECEMBER)

SITE/BUILDING - bioclimatic analysis



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Biological HouseGreenhouses

FUNCTIONAL AGGREGATION

GROUND FLOOR - scale 1:200

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Dimensions:Living Room- 5.45m; 4.54m (24.6 sq mt)Kitchen- 4.61m; 4.37m (20 sq mt)Double Bedroom- 2.72m; 3.77m (10,2 sq mt)Teknik Room- 1m; 1.75m (1.7 sq mt)Toilet1- 1.73m; 2.66m (4.6 sq mt)Passage- 1.68; 4.56m (7.9 sq mt)Single Bedroom1- 3.26m; 3.56m (11.6 sq mt)Single Bedroom2- 3.26m; 3.56m (11.6 sq mt)Toilet2- 2.14m; 2.34m (5 sq mt)

Total exterior surface of building m2- 50 sq mtTotal interior surface of building m2- 140 sq mt

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Most of the openings are in the south facade

Small openings in the north facade because of the indirect lighting and also to prevent cold breeze coming inside

East facade is the best one for bedroom orientation because it provides light in the morning and hot climate in the building

There are just few openings in the West facade.

Main function: Single family houseNr. of floors= OneNr. of people/target= One family (parents & two children)

BUILDING - functional/morphological analysis



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MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS:

ENVELOPE CHARACTERISTICSTotal exterior surface: 400 m2 Total exterior opaque surface: 366.25 m2Total exterior glazed surface: 129.45 m2Opaque/Glazed surfaces ratio: 2.8

All the other construction materials aremade from taking organic waste like grass, straw and seaweed, upcycling them into valuable building mediums

Clading: Sustainably-sourced softwoods is converted through an innovative process developed in Norway, into durable hardwood panels, by heating the wood with a bio-based liquid, basically polymerising the wood’s cell wall.

From left to righr: Board made from eelgrass, Board made from tomato stems, Board made from woodchip, Board made from seaweed, Board made from upcycled straw

Transparent Glass

Wooden platform

wood: Kebony Character 21x148

PPGI Roof

+6.59

+3.74

+0.17

+5.19

+0.17

±0.00 ±0.00

+6.42

+0.17

±0.00

+6.57

+0.17

±0.00

+5.19

+0.17

±0.00

+6.57 +6.57

+4.75

+0.17

±0.00+6.57

+0.17

+5.74

+4.36

+3.34

+0.17

±0.00 ±0.00NORTH FACADE - scale 1:200

EAST FACADE - scale 1:200

SOUTH FACADE - scale 1:200

WEST FACADE - scale 1:200

BUILDING/ENVELOPE - bioclimatic analysis



1403

0

116400232800349200465600582000

698400814800931200

10476001164000+

Wh/m2

N

NORTH FACADE- Total surface: m2MONTHLY INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION GRAPH

NORTH FACADE SHADOW MASK

SOUTH FACADE - Total surface: m2MONTHLY INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION GRAPH

SOUTH FACADE SHADOW MASK

EAST FACADE - Total surface: m2MONTHLY INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION GRAPH

EAST FACADE SHADOW MASK

WEST FACADE - Total surface: m2MONTHLY INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION GRAPHT

WEST FACADE SHADOW MASK

N15°

30°

150°

165°180°

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6

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10111213

14

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1st Ju l

1st Aug

1st Sep

1st Oc t

1st N ov

1st D ec

Stereographic Diagram Loc ation: 55.6°, 12.7°

Sun Position: 129.9°, 49.9° H SA: -140.1° VSA: 122.8°

T ime: 10:00 D ate: 21st Jun (172)

D otted lines: Ju ly-D ec ember.

N15°

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165°180°

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10111213

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T ime: 10:00 D ate: 21st Jun (172)


%

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N15°

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T ime: 10:00 D ate: 21st Jun (172)


%

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N15°

30°

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165°180°

195°

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4

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910

11121314

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1st Jan

1st Feb

1st M ar

1st Apr

1st M ay

1st Jun1st Ju l

1st Aug

1st Sep

1st Oc t

1st N ov

1st D ec



T ime: 10:00 D ate: 21st Jun (172)


%

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30

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10

0

N15°

30°

45°

60°

75°

90°

105°

120°

135°

150°

165°180°

195°

210°

225°

240°

255°

270°

285°

300°

315°

330°

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10°

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60°

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80°

4

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910

11121314

15

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1st Jan

1st Feb

1st M ar

1st Apr

1st M ay

1st Jun1st Ju l

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1st N ov

1st D ec



T ime: 10:00 D ate: 21st Jun (172)


%

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N15°

30°

45°

60°

75°

90°

105°

120°

135°

150°

165°180°

195°

210°

225°

240°

255°

270°

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4

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910

11121314

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1st Jan

1st Feb

1st M ar

1st Apr

1st M ay

1st Jun1st Ju l

1st Aug

1st Sep

1st Oc t

1st N ov

1st D ec


Sun Position: 129.9°, 49.9° H SA: 129.9° VSA: 118.4°

T ime: 10:00 D ate: 21st Jun (172)


02

04

06

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

Hr

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

0000

17.525498.7402202.948259.214317.681911.3651876.422348.141944.111502.261021.5

341.896148.956112.12176.584529.5506

0000

00000000

1008.112577.293442.223259.882703.472065.861487.49911.518238.685

0000000

000000

87.78192050.874614.466033.116283.625861.044748.844017.553255.762242.561414.99345.073

000000

00000

102.2312429.925360.657452.388334.518173.027147.3

5796.045256.474398.473290.412408.511345.76268.752

00000

0000

105.1521909.3

5080.968017.6

10133.310687.810208.18992.227211.9

6217.615215.774019.343248.352262.921329.03

206.20000

0000

386.7272223.935073.987732.429801.9810333.210442.69732.218505.447611.666506.955137.344080.462987.611855.49653.89

0000

0000

199.7891779.164401.927100.319467.3810471.610704.99944.068539.697460.836432.855155.774090.772937.721899.49640.855

0000

00000

470.9833236.486274.768843.859603.7

9846.258936

7331.996408.8

5405.334048.643030.341946.21873.36877.1117

0000

000000

604.4162921.194815.385821.866283.665999.865133.364621.293729.662732.441745.49676.4246.42597

00000

0000000

636.922693.353970.384491.254220.833400.672930.292180.411328.05337.769

0000000

00000000

436.7551706.722207.572180.841783.631485.53910.317178.628

00000000

000000000

810.5741543.281755.881388.08996.638489.918

000000000

Wh/ m²

10800

9720

8640

7560

6480

5400

4320

3240

2160

1080

0

INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION - Total Monthly COPENHAGEN, DNK

02

04

06

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

Hr


0000

13.645664.8755106.368121.83

130.155505.213981.4421169.921202.271060.47762.262262.837116.21488.451278.142823.7769

0000

00000000

301.112883.7771188.531439.611478.721353.181058.9

654.532179.667

0000000

000000

41.3959592.2171322.251760.282261.982484.4

2528.982562.182240.15

16221045.67263.703

000000

00000

79.5991948.9771609.382298.62633.3

3088.113479.423483.593376.122967.132412.071801.141037.63215.764

00000

0000

81.87341194.722247.332615.753111.283590.624000.224210.1

4134.643782.143407.352975.812505.151795.591254.79161.832

0000

0000

301.1121494.692596.753002.853533.964172.364713.415098.925180.675017.754487.823850.693189.592441.251690.96522.704

0000

0000

155.5591203.932326.022853.013447.173992.164500.694719.6

4785.144678.744309.423786.013214.482331.211783.66538.423

0000

00000

340.441460.842154.3

2733.383197.743772.3

3959.553894.683952.623600.882962.3

2308.871519.07764.00560.0405

0000

000000

356.2151172.011948.752527.942980.053196.933178.463083.162616.172008.451307.95522.6045.00337

00000

0000000

356.1491119.851654.3

2085.042294.732272.441988.611599.711001.13261.085

0000000

00000000

226.516671.3611049.8

1235.831262.211087.1

685.462137.82

00000000

000000000

331.132735.496872.861909.249717.756372.069

000000000

Wh/ m²

5200

4680

4160

3640

3120

2600

2080

1560

1040

520

0


02

04

06

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

Hr


0000

13.258746.847686.4986128.175146.937534.5451080.291365.971348.151912.091437.24342.353161.831155.529103.18523.4894

0000

00000000

383.191106.131552.361766.1

1722.972347.772405.661780.37398.246

0000000

000000

43.3916752.5931748.362407.642932.5

3113.943007.344163.914168.13570.9

2437.41499.628

000000

00000

77.3426926.4542014.442942.853474.243893.024083.833883.3

5068.835322.365111.174325.232526.96233.685

00000

0000

79.5524886.6921956.673057.233918.954511.284883.464928.124616.166110.186684.546710.126095.44387.2

1624.54157.888

0000

0000

292.5761132.862184.473287.334158.444831.285388.325642.135544.9

6661.736812.196603.355706.874164.922001.05514.714

0000

0000

151.149925.2371947.313096.044042.014718.385268.085423.625286.186574.597158.077178.6

6468.344913.412326.41542.998

0000

00000

294.8831308.082493.153450.394062.044667.274771.644507.966037.026307.545883.6

5042.673194.76983.94158.3384

0000

000000

351.0471338.852275.172949.343443.893625.063502.254463.434480.443985.982792.11823.5944.86153

00000

0000000

370.9131290.161964.842445.822601.623060.523378.482886.751680.43316.469

0000000

00000000

242.733806.5941219.671382.151697.131810.091098.63168.573

00000000

000000000

388.977848.2071028.841000.121312.37595.312

000000000

Wh/ m²

7200

6480

5760

5040

4320

3600

2880

2160

1440

720

0


02

04

06

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

Hr


0000

13.935142.734474.6181119.781145.145688.2291868.833719.384585.284233.272331.76441.948139.747100.35852.994823.2252

0000

00000000

465.5591721.793378.354610.725205.975406.144341.592727.2

441.0130000000

000000

40.5194693.4331986.353447.885705.017401.798232.937942.4

6166.254167.312138.58348.919

000000

00000

81.2882765.5061832.7

3189.844512.266631.197890.717960.488266.427134.955275.013302.431406.61210.477

00000

0000

83.6107803.5921617.122631.754058.5

5623.847981.799364.419601.6310071.68655.6

6363.934215.192220.13

953.8163.505

0000

0000

307.5021062.321900.422891.734100.525608.727761.039267.949817.049752.538444.296341.294380.452582.69

1369515.135

0000

0000

158.86874.1971713.112755.673981.075459.447752.949531.6610104.910579.39198.687096.774903.012762.381373.73495.626

0000

00000

296.8181108.882189.693570.475013.327570.2

9390.9210122.810101.58369.026031.523862.231926.03652.99461.3145

0000

000000

344.9781308.972535.223746.165433.946696.257176.347092.965931.084075.222198.81616.2425.10954

00000

0000000

384.4441552.133049.814721.395829.26302.46041.7

4291.971889.57309.085

0000000

00000000

285.2471429.762645.943518.813551.393196.1

1660.37186.829

00000000

000000000

692.3641915.563263.823118.312722.01993.138

000000000

Wh/ m²

10600

9540

8480

7420

6360

5300

4240

3180

2120

1060

0


INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION BUILDING SURFACES

BUILDING/ENVELOPE - bioclimatic analysis



1413

1st Feb

Aluminium roofs with gutters to collect the rain water

Walls made by mixing organic waste like: seaweed, straw etc.

Small steel piles prevent the house from touching the ground allowing for air circulation

BIOCLIMATIC SECTION SUMMER/WINTER - scale 1:200

WINTER

SUMMER

W E

W E

N

IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL STRATEGIES

+6.42

+0.17 +0.68

+6.42

+0.17 +0.68

BUILDING/ENVELOPE – technological solutions passive & active strategies for energy efficiency



1423

Wet corelocates kitchens and bathroom

Duct and pipe runs

Volume arrangement and orientation create a courtyard protected from wind in winter and shaded in summer

MORPHOLOGY

PASSIVE & ACTIVE SYSTEMS FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY SUMMER & WINTER

PASSIVE WINTER SYSTEMS N S E W Roof INSULATION WALLSINSULATION ROOFDIRECT HEAT GAIN SYSTEMS

SPEACIAL GLAZINGVEGETATION

FACADES

ACTIVE WINTER SYSTEMS PRESENTHEAT RECOVERY VENTILATION (HRV) FLOOR HEATINGBIOMASS BOILER

PASSIVE SUMMER SYSTEMS N S E W Roof

VENTILATED FAÇADEVENTILATED ROOF

ROOF INSULATIONSKIN INSULATIONSPEACIAL GLAZINGSHADING DEVICESVEGETATION

Wet core

Gutters and canals

Underground drainageand water collecti

WATER EFFICIENCYThe pitched roof favors rain water runoff and snow retention

Winter sunExtensive southglazing favor passive solar heat gain in winter

Summer sun

PASSIVE SYSTEMS

SHADINGThe west facade is characterized by a deep window, this allows the glass to be shaded during summer, when the angle of incidence of the sun is higher, while the rays can penetrate deep into the building in winetr.

DAYLIGHTINGNumerous openings on alla facades and in the higher portion of the south and west facades allow for natural light to enter the house and save energy

NATURAL VENTILATINOpenings placed on opposite sides favor cross ventilation

PASSIVE AND ACTIVE SYSTEMS FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY SUMMER AND WINTER

VEGETATION

PASSIVE SUMMER SYSTEMS

VEGETATION

WALLS INSULATION

ROOF INSULATION

SPECIAL GALZING

ROOD INSULATION

SKIN INSULATION

SPECIAL GALZING

PASSIVE WINTER SYSTEMS ACTIVE WINTER SYSTEMS

WATER EFFICIENCY

FLOOR HEATING

HEAT RECOVERY VENTILATION (HRV)

CONDENSING BOILER

RAIN WATER COLLECTION / STORAGE / RCYCLING

VENTILATED FACADES

VENTILATED ROOF

SHADING DEVICES

BUILDING/ENVELOPE – technological solutions passive & active strategies for energy efficiency



1433

PED FRPED INTPED RET

Documents

CONTENTS FROM CLIMATE TO BUILDING Sustainable Design … · Laura Pedata 11. My training and background were of great influence on the per-spective I offer on the topic, especially