CONTENTS-.doc

8/12/2019 CONTENTS-.doc

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UNIT 1

Nothing great was ever achieved

without enthusiasm.~ Ralph Waldo Emerson

1.1 Reading Comprehension!

Agriculture, also called farmingor husbandry, is the cultivation of animals,

plants, fungi,and other life forms for food,fiber,biofuel,medicinaland other

products used to sustain and enhance human life. Agriculture was the key

development in the rise of sedentaryhuman civilization, whereby farming of

domesticated species created food surplusesthat nurtured the development of

civilization. he study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. he history of

agriculturedates back thousands of years, and its development has been driven and

defined by greatly different climates,cultures, and technologies. !owever, all

farming generally relies on techni"ues to e#pand and maintain the lands that are

suitable for raising domesticated species. $or plants, this usually re"uires some form

of irrigation, although there are methods of dry land farming. %ivestockare raised in

a combination of grassland&based and landless systems, in an industry that covers

almost one&third of the world's ice& and water&free area. (n the developed world,industrial agriculturebased on large&scale monoculturehas become the dominant

system of modern farming, although there is growing support for sustainable

agriculture, includingperm cultureand organic agriculture

Discussion!). ranslate the reading te#t above with your own words*

+. What is the main idea of the paragraph*

. Rewrite some sentences of simple present and simple past from the te#t*

1. arts of "peech

A part of speech e#plains how a word is used. (n traditional English grammar, there

are eight parts of speech. -nowing about each part of speech will help you use

words correctly when speaking and writing. our communication skills will be

enhanced.

!ere are the eight parts of speech and their most common meanings/

Noun/ A noun is a word that names a person, place, or thing.E#amples/

0person1 2 3ichael 4ordan was a great basketball player.

0place1 2 ( left my notebook at school.

0thing1 2 ( en5oy reading a good book.

Page 1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedentismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_surplushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryland_farminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permaculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_farminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedentismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_surplushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryland_farminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permaculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_farming


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A noun that names only one person, place, or thing is a singular noun. A noun that

names more than one person, place, or thing is a plural noun. $or e#ample,

automobile is a singular noun, while automobiles are a plural noun.

ronoun/ A pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun. 6ronouns act 5ust likenouns.

E#amples/

7ob gave me the best

puppy in the litter.

8ow that cute puppy is

mine.

Ad#ecti$e/ An ad5ective is a word that describes a noun. (t can tell what kind or howmany.

E#amples/

0what kind1 hat was a wonderful movie.

0how many1 9nly several people attended the town meeting.

%erb/ A verb is a word that shows action. A present tense verb shows action that ishappening now. A past tense verb shows action that has already happened. A future

tense verb shows action that will happen.

E#amples/

0present tense1 6lease move the chair away from the wall.

0past tense1 ( walked home from school yesterday.

0future tense1 We are going on vacation in the middle of 4uly.

Ad$erb/ An adverb is a word that describes a verb. (t can tell how or when.E#amples/

0how1 ( try to eat my food

slowly.

0when1 ( like 4amie because he

neverlies.

Con#unction/ A con5unction is a word that connects words in a sentence.E#amples/

:usan and Anna are very close

friends.

( will go to the park ifyou

come too.

reposition/ A preposition is a word that links and relates a noun or pronoun toanother word in a sentence.

E#amples/

( haven;t gone to the gym since

uesday.

om said that he was against

7ill;s idea.

Inter#ection/An inter5ection is a word that e#presses emotion. (t is usually ane#clamation that is followed by an e#clamation point 0*1. :ometimes, an inter5ection

is followed by a comma 0,1.

E#amples/

Wow* hat movie was scary. 9ops , ( didn;t mean to do that.

-nowing these eight parts of speech will improve your writing and speaking.

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&'ercise 1 ( Identify parts of speech(n this e#ercise, try to identify the grammar part of the word that is in =A6(A%

%EER:.

E#ample/ 7arbara %9>E: her English class. &&& $erb

). he boy is !A66.

+. ( am taking too many =%A::E:

this semester*

. We W(%% =93E to the party

tomorrow night.

?. WE need to finish our homework.

@. 3AR got an A in English class.

. :9%(B water is called Cice.C

D. he children =A3E to play.

. hey are very good BA8=ER:*

F. he Wild Gappers BA8=E every

day.

)H. Wild Gapper dancers are BEA$.

)). hat 799- is very good.

)+. he flowers are 7EAI($I%

). ( A3 :IB(8J very hard.

)?. he birds $% very high.

)@. here is a $% in my soup*

). A piano is heavy, but a feather is

%(J!.

)D. (t is dark in here. We need to turn on

the %(J!.

). 939RR9W , ( will wake up early

for class.

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(f you would like to make a /h0 uestion, you 5ust put the "uestion word at thefront/

2h 3uestions

Where do( playM

Who doesshe playM What doyou playM When dowe play 4 Why doeshe playM !ow dothey playM

&'ercise 1 ( Correct spelling 5s/es66ut the verb into the present simple. 7e sure you spell it correctly*

E#ample/ 3y mother 0say1 NNNNNN that love is more important than money. O says

). :he 0play1 NNNNNN tennis every

:unday.

+. !e 0buy1 NNNNNN a cup of coffee

every morning.

. 4ulie 0study1 NNNNNN English at

school.?. %uke 0try1 NNNNNN hard to be polite.

@. :he 0en5oy1 NNNNNN going

swimming.

. %ucy 0wash1 NNNNNN her hair every

day.

D. 4ohn never 0cry1 NNNNNN.

. ( hope 4ulie 0pass1 NNNNNN the

e#am.

F. !e usually 0stay1 NNNNNN at a hotelin

:urabaya.

)H. :he 0teach1 NNNNNN economics at

the university.

Ad$erbs of Definite and Indefinite 7reuency

=ommon Adverbs of Befinite $re"uency

Every day wice a week 9nce a month Every other year

Adverbs of definite fre"uency occur at the beginningor at the endof a sentence.

adverb of definite

fre"uency6ronoun verb prepositional phrase

adverb of

definite

fre"uency

I study for the &nglish class twice a week.

Every day I study for the &nglish class.

=ommon Adverbs of (ndefinite

$re"uency

alwaysusually

often

:ometimesoccasionally

seldom

rarelynever

8ote/ $rom )HHP of the time 0KalwaysL1to HP 0KneverL1 of the time.

Adverbs of indefinite fre"uency occur in the middleof the sentence. hey occur/

). after the au#iliary verbQ

+. before any main verb e#cept beQ or

. after be if it is the main verb.

pronoun au#iliary adverb and verb preposition

After the au#iliary They can alwaysstudy until nine.

7efore main verb They usuallystart at se$en.

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After be 0main verb1 They arenever late.

&'ercise ( 8umbled /ordsWrite sentences from these words. 6ut verb in the right form 0come9comes, etc1.

E#ample/ always


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3ake a "uestion with Sbe; and Swh; 0"uestion words1

E#ample/ 4ohn < in the gardenM O (s 4ohn in the gardenM

). ( < earlyM

+. ou < tiredM. We < lateM

?. !e < $renchM

@. :he < a teacherM

. (t < good for usM

D. !arry and %ucy < from %ondonM

. What < thisM

F. When < the concertM)H. Where < my dictionariesM

)). !ow < you M

)+. Why < he < lateM

). What time < it nowM

)?. !ow old < she M

1.< Acti$e "pea=ing> ?i$ing and As=ing @pinionhere are many ways to give your

opinions when speaking English.

he e#act English e#pression you

use depends on how strong youropinion is.

ey phrases ( thinkQ ( feelQ ( reckon 0informal1

( guess 0American1

(n my view


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( am afraid ( can;t help you. ( am afraid ( forgot to post the

letters.

I supposeis used to en"uire politely, or suggest unwilling agreement. ( suppose you are very busy at

the momentM

=an you lend me some moneyM

( suppose so.

@r rather and I mean can be used to correct oneself. ( am seeing him in 3ay 2 or rather early 4une.

%et;s meet ne#t 3onday 2 ( mean uesday.

We do not usually give our own opinions with according to. (n my opinion, she is sick. 089 According to me, 1

?i$ing a strong opinion ('m absolutely convinced

that

('m sure that

( can assure you that

( strongly believe that

( have no doubt that

he fact is 0formal1

&nglish e'pressions for as=ing someone-s opinion What do you thinkM

What's your viewM !ow do you see the situationM

Bo you have any ideaM

&'ample>4im

:ue

4im

/

/

/

What do you think about our study programM

( think it;s very interesting. 7y taking this program, ( can improve my

knowledge, learn many new things, and get new friends as well. (t;s 5ust

e#citing* !owever, what;s your viewM

( can assure that this is what ( want. (;m always interested in the study of

life, and that what 7iology is*

&'ercise ( Dialogue in pairs3ake a group consisting of +& students. ry to practice using the above e#pressions

for giving and asking opinions, so that your speech sounds more varied*

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:he

(t

We

hey

!er

(t

Is

hem

Ise subject pronounswhen the pronoun refers to the doerof the action or the main

topic 0sub5ect1 of the sentence.

Fenryhit a baseballover the fence. It went right through Ers. Crabby0s

window.

Shewas furious.

She called !enry;s

parents and told themwhathappened.

8ow, he only plays

baseball at the park.

Ise object pronounswhen the pronoun refers to the receiverof the action or is the

ob5ect of a prepositional phrase.

Es. Gindon met her husband in a gold

mine. he first time shesaw him, she was in love.

!e asked herto marry him

the ne#t day. 3any friends 5oined them

in the wedding celebration.

ossessi$es

6ossessives take many forms in English. Pronouns in the possessivecase can be

used as ad5ectives to modify nouns or stand alone as sub5ects, ob5ects or

complements. $or e#ample,

Mybook is on the table.

Mineis on the table.

( put minein the refrigerator.

he red one is mine.

0used to modify a noun1

0used as a sub5ect1

0used as an ob5ect1

0used as a complement1

:ee the summary table below.

ronouns as"UH8&CT"

ronouns as@H8&CT"

ossessi$eAD8&CTI%&"

ossessi$eR@N@UN"

5sub#ectB ob#ect *complement6

( me my 3ine

ou you your ours

!e him his !is

:he her her !ers

(t (t it (tsWe Is our 9urs

hey them their heirs

he possessive is formed by adding s to singular nouns and plural nouns notending in s. :uch possessives can be used as modifiers, or they can stand alone.

(t isJohnsbicycle.

hose are the childrens

toys.

Jacksis the white one.

(;m going toJoes.

With plural nouns ending in s, only an apostrophe 0S1 is used to form the

possessive.

hegirlsbicycles are in the repair shop.

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All thestudentsbooks were stolen.

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?. !ave you met 4ohn;s sisterM

@. he bridge;s face was radiant at the wedding.

. 3y nephew is in high school.

D. he children have gone to bed.

. Bid you en5oy 7etty;s letterMF. 3rs. 4ohnson is a good friend of mine.

)H. 3athematics is easy for me.

&'ercise (2riting practice3ake a short essay in English about your study program. ell your audience what

makes you interested in taking the program. (t will consist of two to four paragraphs.

ou must use a computer to type your essay, and select English as a default language,

as well as activating spelling and grammar, thesaurus and synonyms features.

&'ercise J (Comparati$e and "uperlati$e formsOnesyllable adjectives!

Coldcoldercoldest

!igbiggerbiggest

"wosyllable adjectives!

!oringmore boringmost boring

"hree or more syllables!

Popularmore popular

"nterestingmore interestingmost

interesting

Irregular adjectives!

#ood$ bad$ far$ much%many

2riting> Tal=ing about eople). Who is the most boring person< most interesting person< most intelligent person

you knowM

+. Why is he


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UNIT

*e change$ whether we like it or not

~ Ralph Waldo Emerson

.1 Reading Comprehension

3odern agronomy,plant breeding, agrochemicalssuch aspesticidesand

fertilizers, and technological improvements have sharply increased yields from

cultivation, but at the same time have caused widespread ecological damage

and negative human health effects. :elective breeding and modern practices inanimal husbandry have similarly increased the output of meat, but have raised

concerns about animal welfareand the health effects of the antibiotics,growth

hormones, and other chemicals commonly used in industrial meat production.

Jenetically modified organismsare an increasing component of agriculture,

although they are banned in several countries. Agricultural food production

and water management are increasingly becoming global issues that are

fostering debate on a number of fronts. :ignificant degradation of land and

water resources, including the depletion of a"uifers, has been observed inrecent decades, and the effects of global warming on agriculture and of

agriculture on global warming are still not fully understood.

he ma5or agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers,

fuels, and raw materials. :pecific foods include cereals0grains1, vegetables,

fruits, oils, meatsandspices. $ibers include cotton, wool, hemp, silkandfla#.

Raw materials include lumberandbamboo. 9ther useful materials are

produced by plants, such as resins, dyes, drugs,perfumes,biofuelsand

ornamental products such as cut flowersand nursery plants. 9ver one third ofthe world's workers are employed in agriculture, second only to the services

sector, although the percentages of agricultural workers in developed countries

has decreased significantly over the past several centuries.

3uestions!). ranslate the reading te#t above with your own words*

+. What is the main idea of the te#t*

. Rewrite some sentences of present perfect sentences from the te#t*

Page 11
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_breedinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrochemicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_breedinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_welfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibioticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquiferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_dyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursery_(horticulture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_breedinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrochemicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_breedinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_welfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibioticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquiferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_dyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursery_(horticulture)


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. ?rammar Re$ie/> The "imple ast

a.

b.

3ary walkeddowntown yesterday.

( sleptfor eight hours last night.

he simple past is used to talk about

activities or situations that began and ended

in the past 0e.g.yesterday, last night, two

days ago, in +,,-1.

c.

d.

7ob stayedhome yesterday

morning.

9ur plane arrivedon time.

3ost simple past verbs are formed by

addingedto a verb, as in 0a1, 0c1, and 0d1.

e.

f.

( atebreakfast this morning.

:ue tooka ta#i to the airport.

:ome verbs have irregular past forms, as in

0b1, 0e1, and 0f1. T

:AE3E8 U(&ou&:he&!e&(t&We&

hey

V workedyesterday.

atebreakfast.

8EJA(>ET U(&ou&:he&!e&(t&We&

hey

V did not 0didn#t1 work

yesterday.

did not 0didn#t1 eatbreakfast.

IE:(98TBid

U(&ou&:he&!e&(t&We&

hey

V workyesterdayM

eatbreakfastM

:!9R

A8:WERes

,

8o,

U(&ou&:he&!e&(t&We&

hey

V did.

didn#t.

o make a 'wh' "uestion, of course, put the "uestion word at the beginning of the

sentence/

-2h- 3uestions Where did(goM When didit rainM

What didyouplayM Where didwe eatM

Why didshe listenM !ow didthey travelM

!ere are some important irregular verbs/

begin

breakbring

build

buy

catch

come

do

drink

eat

beganbro=ebroughtbuiltboughtcaughtcamediddran=ate

fall

find

fly

forget

get

give

go

have

hear

know

fellfoundfle/forgotgotga$e/enthadheard=ne/

leave

lose

make

meet

pay

put

read

ring

say

see

leftlostmademetpaidputreadrangsaidsa/

sell

sit

sleep

speak

stand

take

tell

think

win

write

soldsitsleptspo=estoodtoo=toldthought/on/rote

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T :ee Appendi# + for a list of irregular verbs

&'ercise 1 ( Irregular $erbs

=hoose the correct words and change them to the past forms to fill in the gaps. Ise theverbs once only.

begin

cut

drink

drive

eat

find

go

hold

keep

leave

lose

meet

read

shut

take

E#ample/

:ue drank a cup of coffee before class this morning.

). ( NNNNNN an interesting article in the newspaper yesterday.

+. 3arty walked to school. :andy NNNNNN the bus.

. We NNNNNN a delicious dinner at a 6adang restaurant last night.

?. When it NNNNNN to rain yesterday afternoon, ( NNNNNN all of the window in the

boarding house.

@. :am hurt his finger when he was fi#ing his dinner last night. !e accidentally NNNNNN

it with a sharp knife.

. 4essica didn;t throw her old shoes away. :he NNNNNN them because they were

comfortable.

D. Bave NNNNNN his apartment in a hurry this morning because he was late for school.

. 4ack NNNNNN his pocketknife at the park yesterday. his morning he NNNNNN back to

the park to look for it. $inally he NNNNNN it in the grass. !e was glad to have it back.

F. 6eter was nervous when he NNNNNN his baby in his arms for the first time.

)H. ( NNNNNN 4ennifer;s parents when they visited her. :he introduced me to them.

&'ercise ( Ei'ed 7orms3ake the past simple negative or "uestion/

). 0( < not < go out last night1

+. 0you < not < come to the meeting1

. 0she < not < love chocolate as a child1

?. 0%ucy < not < meet her friends last week1

@. 0you < not < do your homework1

. 0it < not < rain yesterday1

D. 0we < meet in )FFDM1

. 0the film < start on timeM1

F. 0( < leave my bag in the ta#iM1

)H. 0they < stay in last nightM1

)). 04ulie < watch a film on :aturdayM1

)+. 0%ucy < pass the e#amM1

). 0who < you < meet at the partyM1

)?. 0how < she < come to work this morningM1

)@. 0where < ( < leave my glassesM1

). 0when < he < get home last nightM1

)D. 0who < they < talk to earlierM1

). 0how < she < finish so "uicklyM1

)F. 0why < you < arrive so lateM1

+H. 0when < you < start your 5obM1

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The ast "imple /ith -be-(t's similar to the present simplebecause it has different rules for the verb 'be', which

becomes 'was' or 'were'. !ere's how to make the positive with Sbe;/

( /ascold ou /eretired !e /asin the garden :he /aslate

(t /assunny We /ereon holiday hey /erehungry

o make the negative with 'be', 5ust add 'not'/

Negati$e /ith -be- Negati$e "hort 7orm ( was notsleepy ( wasn-tsleepy ou were noton the bus ou weren-ton the bus !e was notat school !e wasn-tat school (t was notcold (t wasn-tcold We were notat work We weren-tat work hey were nottired hey weren-ttired

o make a "uestion, 5ust like the present simple, we change the position of 'was < were'

and the sub5ect. !ere are the past simple 'yes < no' "uestions with 'be'/

-es 9 No- 3uestions /ith -He- 2asIsleepyM 2ereyoulateM 2asheat the cinemaM 2asshekindM

2asithotM 2ere/ehungryM 2eretheyat workM

And the 'wh' "uestions with 'be' 0the "uestion word 5ust goes at the beginning, everything

else is the same1/

-2h- 3uestions /ith -be-

Why /asIsleepyM

!ow /asitM Where /ereyouM Why /ere/ehungryM When /asheat the cinemaM When /eretheyat workM

&'ercise ) ( "imple past /ith be03ake the past simple 0use positive, negative or "uestion1/

). 0( < be < at the cinema last night.1

+. 0the children < be < naughtyM1

. 0we < be < in a cafe when you called.1

?. 0( < be < lateM1

@. 0she < be < a teacher when she was young.1

. 0where < we < beM1

D. 0you < be < okayM1

. 0we < be < too tiredM1

F. 0how < the party < beM1

)H. 0they < be < late for the interview.1

Azar, 7etty :chrampfer. )FF.undamentals of /nglish #rammar0p. )&+@

3urphy, Raymond. +HH)./ssential #rammar in 1se 23nd/d.4.p. H&)

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the sentence CE#plaining grammar is one of my favorite activitiesC. (n English,

sub5ect must agree in person and number with the main verb of the sentence.

Types of sub#ect /5amples

). "ingle /ords Bogs, water, 4effery, (, you, we, they, it& Adogis a carnivore.

+. Article : Noun he teacher, a cat, some ice& "he teacherhas a large number of vocabularies.

. Ad#ecti$e5s6 : Noun A big, black spider& $ big% blackspidersuddenly appeared.

?. Noun : relati$e clause he man who lives there& The manwho livesthereis my uncle.

@. ?erunds :kiing& Skiingis challenging.

. Infiniti$es o sing

& "o singin front of public makes her nervous.D. Noun clauses Whatever you doQ whoever she is& &hatever you dois your business.

& 2hoe$er they areis not important.

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somewhere.

a. here

b. black

c. a black cat

d. somewhere

a. here

b. are

c. five

d. five "uestions

D. Why are you tiredM

a. Why

b. are you

c. you

d. you tiredM

). he girl ate the delicious cake.

a. he girl

b. ate

c. the delicious

d. the delicious cake

. What time is itM

a. What time

b. time is

c. is

d. itM

)D. he children played on the

computer.

a. he

b. he children

c. played

d. on the computer

F. =ome here*

a. 0ou1

b. =ome

c. =ome here*

d. here*

)

.

Bo these e#ercises*

a. Bo

b. these

c. e#ercises*

e. no sub5ect

http/


17/46

UNIT )

&he ones who want to achieve

and win championships

motivate themselves.~ 3ike Bitka

).1 Acti$e "pea=ing> &'pressing feelings he followings are some e#pressions

we can use to e#press happiness,

boredom or disappointment.

%isten and repeat.

&'pressing happiness 0formal1/ 9h, (;m so happy.

( can;t say how pleased ( am.

( had a splendid time there.

(t;s the most marvelous place

(;ve ever seen.

(t;s an outstanding adventure.

(t;s a sensational trip.

Jreat* 0informal1Q E#citing*Q $antastic*Q errific*Q :mashing 0!ritish /nglish1

!ey, that;s terrific


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&'ercise ).1 ( Describe the follo/ing pictures.6ractice e#pressing the following feelings or situations.

). +. .

disappointed

happy 5oyous

?. @. .

cheerful great adventure bored

). %ocabulary Re$ie/> 2ould you li=e K4 I0d li=e K.2ould you li=e K4 L 6o you want )MWe use 2ould you li=e K4 to offerthings/

A/ Would you like some coffeeM

7/ 8o, thank you. A/ What would you like, tea or coffeeM

7/ ea, please.

A/ Would you like a chocolateM

7/ es, please.

We use 2ould you li=e K4 to invite somebody/ Would you like to go for a walkM

A/ Would you like to have dinner with us on :undayM

7/ es, (;d love to. 0Y ( would love to have dinner with you.1

What would you like to do this eveningM

I0d li=e K is a polite way to say S" want;. I0d likeL I /ouldlike/

2ould you li=eM and Do you li=eM

2ould you li=e M < I0d li=e Would you like some teaM Y Bo you

want some teaM

Do you li=e M < I li=e Bo you like teaM Y Bo you think tea is

niceM

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A/ Would you like to go to the

cinema tonightM 0Y Bo you

want to go to the cinema

tonightM1

7/ es, (;d love to.

(;d like an orange, please. 0Y =an

( have an orangeM1

What would you like to do ne#t

weekendM

A/ Bo you like teaM

7/ es, ( do.

A/ Would you like some nowM

7/ 8o, thank you. 8ot now.

A/ Bo you like to going to the

cinemaM 0in general1

7/ es, ( go to the cinema a lot.

( like oranges. 0in general1

What do you like to do ne#t

weekendM

&'ercise 1 ( 2hat do you say4What do you say to :ue in these situationsM Ise 2ould you li=e to K4). ou want to go to the cinema tonight. 6erhaps :ue will go with you. 0go1

ou say/ .

+. ou want to play badminton tomorrow. 6erhaps :ue will play too. 0play1

ou say/ .

. ou;ve got some holiday photographs. 6erhaps :ue hasn;t seen them yet. 0see1

ou say/ .

?. ou have an e#tra ticket for a concert ne#t week. 6erhaps :ue will go. 0go1

ou say/ .

@. (t;s raining. :ue hasn;t got an umbrella but you have one. 0borrow1

ou say/ .

&'ercise ( 2hich is right4

E#ample/ SBo you like < 2ould you li=ea chocolateM; Ses, please;

). SBo you like < Would you like bananasM; Ses, ( love them;

+. SBo you like < Would you like an ice creamM; S8o, thank you.;

. SWhat do you like < would you like to drinkM; A glass of water, please.;

?. SBo you like < Would you like to go out for a walkM; S8ot now. 6erhaps later.;

@. ( like < (;d like tomatoes but ( don;t eat them very often.

. What time do you like < would you like to have dinner this eveningM

D. SBo you like < Would you like something to eatM; S8o, thanks. (;m not hungry.

. SBo you like < Would you like your new 5obM; Ses, (;m en5oying it.;

F. (;m tired. ( like < (;d like to go to sleep now.

)H. SBo you like < Would you like reading in the libraryM; Ses, ( do.;

3urphy, Raymond. )FDD./ssential #rammars in 1se. p. D&DF

).) ?rammar Re$ie/> repositions of place 5in9on 9at 9to66repositions are used in many different ways in English & perhaps that's why a lot of

people have problems with them. !ow can we use these little words correctlyM

6lace prepositions are prepositions that are used to describe the place or position

of all types of nouns. (t is common for the preposition to be placed before the noun.

When we refer to place prepositions, we usually refer to CinC, ConC and CatC.

Page 19


20/46

in in on on at

(f something is contained inside a bo# or a wide flat area, we usually use Sin;/

inthe newspaper in%ondon ina house inEnglandina cup ina book ina drawer ina pubina bottle ina field ina bag inthe seainbed inmy stomach ina car ina river

(f something is on a line or a horizontal or vertical surface, we use Son;/

onthe table ona chair onthe wall ona bagonthe floor onthe river onthe fridge ona t&shirtonmy face onthe ceiling ona plate ona bottleonthe page ona bike onthe sofa onhis foot

Page 20


21/46

(f something is at a point, 0it could be a building1 we use Sat;/

atthe airport atthe traffic lights atthe door atthe frontatthe table atthe back atthe bus stop atschoolatthe cinema atuniversity atat the top atthe windowatthe bottom atthe hospital atthe pub atthe piano

Page 21


22/46

!ere are some more common ones that don;t really fit/ athome on> onthe bus ona plane

atwork onthe radio ona train

3urphy, Raymond. )FDD./ssential #rammars in 1se. p. +H&+HD

http/


23/46

&'ercise ( ?aps fill;in$ill in< on< atin the blank spaces.

). Where;s 4ulieM :he;s NNNNNN school.

+. here is a spider NNNNNN the bath.. 6lease put those apples NNNNNN the bowl.

?. $rank is NNNNNN holiday for three weeks.

@. here are two pockets NNNNNN this bag.

. ( read the story NNNNNN the newspaper.

D. he cat is sitting NNNNNN the chair.

. ('ll meet you NNNNNN the cinema.

F. 4ohn is NNNNNN the garden.

)H. here's nothing NNNNNN > tonight.

)). ( stayed NNNNNN home all weekend.

)+. When ( called %ucy, she was NNNNNN the bus.

). here was a spider NNNNNN the ceiling.

)?. Infortunately, 3rs 7rown is NNNNNN hospital.

)@. Bon't sit NNNNNN the table, sit NNNNNN a chair.

?rammar Re$ie/> repositions of time 5in9on9at6

AT @N INa specific time days and dates period of time2years, months,

seasons

at +/HH on my birthday in a few days

at lunchtimeon the first day of the school

yearin a couple of months

at ?/HH A3 on ))


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&'ercise 1 ( ?aps fill;in 5166ut in the correct preposition 0at, in, on, or no preposition1/

). %ucy is arriving NNNN $ebruary the )th NNNN o'clock NNNN the morning.+. he weather is often terrible in %ondon NNNNN 4anuary.

. (t;s better to get a ta#i if you are out alone NNNNN night.

?. :he got married NNNNN :eptember.

@. hey usually go to the south of $rance NNNNN the summer.

. =olumbus sailed to the Americas NNNNN the )th century.

D. he 7eatles were popular NNNNN the )FHs.

. ( graduated from university NNNNN +HH).

F. !is birthday is NNNNN 4une.

)H. ( usually go to my parents; house NNNNN (dul $itri. We eat together NNNNN (dul

$itri Bay.

&'ercise ( ?aps fill;in 566ut in the correct preposition 0at, in, on, or no preposition1/

). here was a loud noise which woke us up NNNN midnight.

+. Bo you usually eat chocolate eggs NNNN EasterM

. What are you doing NNNN the weekendM

?. NNNN last week, ( worked until Fpm NNNN every night.

@. 3y father always reads the paper NNNN breakfast time.

. :he plays tennis NNNN $ridays.

D. he trees here are really beautiful NNNN the spring.

. (;ll see you NNNN uesday afternoon, then.

F. :hakespeare died NNNN )).)H. :he studies NNNN every day.

)). 4ohn is going to buy the presents NNNN today.

)+. (n my hometown the shops open early NNNN the morning.

). :he met her husband NNNN )FF.

)?. he party is NNNN ne#t :aturday.

)@. We are meeting NNNN $riday morning.

). ( often get sleepy NNNN the afternoon.

)D. !is daughter was born NNNN the +?th of August.

). 3obile phones became popular NNNN the nineties.

)F. he meeting will take place NNNN this afternoon.

+H. %uckily the weather was perfect NNNN her wedding day.

www.perfect&english&grammar.com

).< ?rammar Re$ie/> The resent erfect Tense

:AE3E8/'$(E/'$S : A"T ARTICIG& he basic form of the presentperfect/ have or has : the pastparticiple. Ise havewith"$ you$we$ they$ora plural noun 0e.g.

students1. Ise has with she, he,

it, or a singular noun 0e.g. 4im1.With pronouns, have is

contracted to apostrophe X ve

0Sve1 and has to apostrophe X s

0a10b1

0c1

( have finishedmy work.he students have finished=hapter ).

4ulie has eatenlunch.

0d1

0e10f1

I#ve


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0Ss1.

8EJA(>E/'$(E/'$S :*O" : A"T ARTICIG& have X notY haventhas X notY hasnt0g1

0h1

( have not +haven#t,finished my work.

Ann has not +hasn#t,eaten lunch.

IE:(98/'$(E/'$S : "UH8&CT: A"TARTICIG&

(n a "uestion, the helping verb0haveor has1 precedes the

sub5ect.0i1051

0k1

!ave you finished your workM!as 4im eaten lunchM

!ow long have you lived hereM

0l1

0m1

A/ !ave you seen that movieM

7/ es, ( have. 9R/8o, ( haven;t.A/ !as 8adia eaten lunchM

7/ es, she has. 9R/8o, she hasn;t.

he helping verb is used in a

short answer to a Syes


26/46

)@. ( NNNNNN 0drink1 three cups of coffee this morning.

). ( NNNNNN 0drink1 seven cups of coffee yesterday.

3urphy, Raymond. +HH)./ssential #rammar in 1se 23nd/d.4.p.

Azar, 7etty :chrampfer. )FF.undamentals of /nglish #rammar0p. )H&)+

&'ercise ; 2riting> What have you done so far in improving your English abilityM!ave you practiced your English intensivelyM !ave you ever taken the English

courses


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. The police as=ed Nic=.

A. 8ick is asked by the police.

7. 8ick was asked by the police.

=. 8ick had been asked by the police.

). Dr. Aust paid for the piOOa.

A. he pizza was paid for by Br. Aust.

7. he pizza has been paid for by Br. Aust.

=. he pizza is paid for by Br. Aust.


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. 3aria crashed into the blue car.

?. Ale# learned the poem.

@. :teven has forgotten the book.

. he mechanic has not repaired the B>B recorder

D. hey play handball.. :ue puts the rucksack on the floor.

F. he girls had lost the match.

)H. he teacher is not going to open the window.

).J Conditional "entences

=onditional sentences are used to e#press that the action in the main clause 0without if1

can only take place if a certain condition 0in the clause with if1 is fulfilled. here are

types conditional type ), +, and .

=onditional :entences are also known as Conditional Clausesor"f Clauses.

Conditional "entences Type 1 refer to the future.

An action in the future will only happen if a certain condition is fulfilled by that time.

We don't know for sure whether the condition actually will be fulfilled or not, but the

conditions seems rather realistic 2 so we think it is likely to happen.

$orm/ if < =imple Present$willuture

E#ample/ (f ( find her address, ( will send her an invitation.

( want to send an invitation to a friend. ( 5ust have to find her address. ( am "uite

sure, however, that ( will find it.

E#ample/ (f 4ohn has the money, he will buy a $errari.

( know 4ohn very well and ( know that he earns a lot of money and that he loves

$erraris. :o ( think it is very likely that sooner or later he will have the money to buy a

$errari.

Conditional "entences Type refer to situations in the present.

An action could happen if the present situation were different.

We don't really e#pect the situation to change, however. We 5ust imagine > what would

happen if . . .?

$orm0 if


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( know 4ohn very well and ( know that he doesn't have much money, but he

loves $errari. !e would like to own a $errari 0in his dreams1. 7ut ( think it is very

unlikely that he will have the money to buy one in the near future.

Conditional "entences Type ) refer to situations in the past.

An action could have happened in the past if a certain condition had been fulfilled.

hings were different then, however. We 5ust imagine, K what would have happened if

the situation had been fulfilled.L

$orm/ if


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would buy myself a $errari

J. Felen /ould be $ery upset if ...

she knows about 4ohn's past.

she knew about 4ohn's past.

Q. If only I had =no/n about your difficult situation I

will help you.

would have helped you.

. 2e /ouldn-t ha$e gone ban=rupt if ...we had conducted better market research.

we conduced better market research.

S. If you hadn-t gi$en your appro$al ...this would never have happened.

this would never happen.

1. ?eraldine /ould ne$er ha$e left 8im if ...he were more reasonable and understanding.

he had been more reasonable and understanding.

11. 7rance /ould ne$er ha$e /on the /orld cup if ...the final stage were played in 7razil.the final stage had been played in 7razil.

1. If /e had had a better mar=eting strategy /e ...would easily have con"uered the Jerman market.

will easily con"uer the Jerman market.

).Q "pea=ing ractices

The follo/ing are the ossible 3uestions from the Inter$ie/er of the I&GT""pea=ing Test >

). (ntroduce yourself.

+. Bescribe your hometown. What is special about itM

. =ompare your hometown with another town.

?. Bescribe your country;s education system. What is your attitude toward this

systemM Bo you think it;s effectiveM

@. Bescribe the organization you work for. Where is itM What does it doM What is

your 5ob functionM

. Bescribe the process of taking a 5ob in your country.

D. =ompare the role of men and women in your country.

. What is 7rain drainM What are the causes and effects of itM

F. Biscuss why you would like to visit a particular country. When are you going to

visit it and whyM

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)H. Biscuss the factors affecting people to have more or less children in your

country.

)). Bescribe a traditional dish in your country. What are the ingredientsM

)+. Bescribe the traditional Architecture of your country. (s there something special

about itM). =ompare traditional houses with modern houses in your country.

)?. Biscuss why you like a special kind of book, music, sports, or film.

)@. Jive reasons why the divorce rate has or has not increased in your country.

). Bescribe a traditional instrument in your country.

)D. Bescribe the ethnic mi# in your country.

). Bescribe a traditional garment in your country.

)F. What is your favorite colourM WhyM What is the relationship between the colour

of clothes and the personality of peopleM What is the relationship with moodM

+H. Bescribe a historical place in your country. Where is itM What is special about itM

+). alk about mass media. 8ewspapers and their attractions for you.

++. Bescribe a traditional


32/46


33/46

Rice is a staple for all classes in contemporary (ndonesia, and it holds the central

place in(ndonesian cultureand(ndonesian cuisine/ it shapes the landscapeQ is sold

at marketsQ and is served in most meals both as a savory and a sweet food. he

importance of rice in (ndonesian culture is demonstrated through the reverence of

Bewi :ri, the rice goddess of ancient 4ava and 7ali. raditionally the agricultural

cycles linked to rice cultivations were celebrated through rituals, such as :undanese

=eren &aunrice harvest festival. (n 7alithe traditional subakirrigation management

was created to ensure the water supplies for rice paddies, managed by priest and

created around Cwater templesC.

Rice is most often eaten as plain rice with 5ust a few protein and vegetable dishes as

side dishes. (t is also served, however, as nasi uduk0rice cooked in coconut milk1,

nasi kuning0rice cooked with coconut milk and turmeric1, ketupat0rice steamed in

woven packets of coconut fronds1, lontong0rice steamed in banana leaves1, intipor

rengginang0rice crackers1, desserts, vermicelli,noodles, arak beras0rice wine1, and

nasi goreng0fried rice1.Nasi gorengis omnipresent in (ndonesia and considered as

national dish.

3uestions!). ranslate the reading te#t with your own words*

+. What is the main idea of the paragraph*. $ind out some passive sentences from the te#t*

Con#unctions and Connecting 2ords=on5unctions 5oin two parts of a sentence and help to show the connection between

the two parts of the sentence.

H. Hasic Con#unctions

conjunction function e-ample

and tells you more We went home and went straight to

bed.

but makes a contrast hey are rich but they aren;t

happy.because answers the "uestion

whyB

We went home because we were

tired.

so tells you the result We went home early, so we missed

the end of the concert.

when answers the "uestion

whenB

We went home when 4ane wanted

to.

before, after answers the "uestion

what happened firstB

We went home before the concert

ended. We went home after 3a#

4ones had sung his first song.

although, though,

even though

tells you something

surprising

We went home although < though

we did not really want to.

Page 33
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewi_Srihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seren_Taunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subak_(irrigation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_udukhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_kuninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_kuninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketupathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intip&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermicellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noodleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noodleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_gorenghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_gorenghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fried_ricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_dishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewi_Srihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seren_Taunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subak_(irrigation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_udukhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_kuninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketupathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intip&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermicellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noodleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_gorenghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fried_ricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_dish


34/46

if makes a condition We will go home if we are tired.

C. @ther Connecting 2ordshe words in this table are useful for making connections between words and

phrases.

word function e-ample

only says something is not very

big or very much

!e sleeps only three hours every night.

even says something is

surprising or unusual

Even their )H&year&old son works in the

shop.

like makes a comparison :he looks like her dad.

than used after a comparative

ad5ective or adverb

:he works harder than he does.

also, too,

as well

says something e#tra !e works in the shop and she does

also < too < as well.

&'ercise 1 ( 2ord choice=hoose one of the underlined words to complete the sentence.

). :am liked school because < although < if he had many

friends there.

+. :am left school so < but < and he 5oined the navy.

. !e hadn;t travelled much but < before < after he 5oined the navy.

?. :am was seasick when < if < so he left the navy.

@. !e got a 5ob in a bank because < although < and he had no "ualifications.

. !e will stay at the bank when < if < though he likes it there.

&'ercise ( Combining sentencesWrite down ten 0)H1 sentences from the table. use each of the con5unctions once.

after :he loves him.

although :he doesn;t love him.

3ary agreed to marry 6aul and :he loved him.

because :he didn;t love him.

before hey had two sons.

but !e moves to %ondon.

if !e moved to %ondon.

3arry will marry 6aul so !e was a pop star.

though hey decided to set up a business together.

when

&'ercise ) ( ?aps fill;in$ill in the gaps with words from the table in 7.

( love swimming and my brother loves swimming 0)1 NNNNNN. Almost all my

family loves swimming. 0+1 NNNNNN my grandmother swims every day. :he

swims 01 NNNNNN a fish. 0?1 NNNNNN my father doesn;t like it very much. ( can

swim better 0@1 NNNNNN my father.

&'ercise < ( "entence building=omplete these sentences foryourself.

). ( am learning English because NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

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+. (;ll learn more English if NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

. ( am learning English and NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

?. ( am learning English although NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

@. ( started learning English when NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

. ( can speak some English, so NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNND. (;ll learn more English but NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

3ac=arthy, 3ichael and $elicity 9;Bell. )FFF. ocabulary in 1se 2elementary4.

=ambridge/ =ambridge Iniversity 6ress


36/46

sentence 7, which action occurred firstM 9bviously, CAle5andro played footballC first,

and as a conse"uence, C3aria went shopping. (n sentence =, C3aria went shoppingC

first. (n sentence =, CAle5andro played footballC because, possibly, he didn't have

anything else to do,foror becauseC3aria went shopping.C !ow can the use of other

coordinators change the relationship between the two clausesM What implications wouldthe use of CyetC or CbutC have on the meaning of the sentenceM

C@EG& "&NT&NC&

A comple# sentence has an independent clause 5oined by one or more dependent clauses.

A comple# sentence always has a subordinator such as because$ since$ after$ although$ or

whenor a relative pronoun such as that$ who$orwhich. (n the following comple#

sentences, sub5ects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the subordinators and their

commas 0when re"uired1 are in red.

A. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last

page.

7. he teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error.

=. he students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.

B. After they finished studying, 4uan and 3aria went to the movies.

E. 4uan and 3aria went to the movies after they finished studying.

When a comple# sentence begins with a subordinator such as sentences A and B, a

comma is re"uired at the end of the dependent clause. When the independent clause

begins the sentence with subordinators in the middle as in sentences 7, =, and E, no

comma is re"uired. (f a comma is placed before the subordinators in sentences 7, =, andE, it is wrong.

8ote that sentences B and E are the same e#cept sentence B begins with the dependent

clause which is followed by a comma, and sentence E begins with the independent

clause which contains no comma. he comma after the dependent clause in sentence B

is re"uired, and e#perienced listenersof English will often heara slight pause there. (n

sentence E, however, there will be no pause when the independent clause begins the

sentence.

C@EG& "&NT&NC&" 9 AD8&CTI%& CGAU"&"

$inally, sentences containing ad5ective clauses 0or dependent clauses1 are also comple#because they contain an independent clause and a dependent clause. he sub5ects, verbs,

and subordinators are marked the same as in the previous sentences, and in these

sentences, the independent clauses are also underlined.

A. he woman who0m1 my mom talked to sells cosmetics .

7. he book that 4onathan read is on the shelf.

=. he house which AbrahA3 %incoln was born in is still standing.

B. he town where ( grew up is in the Inited :tates .

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Ad5ective =lauses are studied in this site separately, but for now it is important to know

that sentences containing ad5ective clauses are comple#.

&'ercise& Write down )H simple sentences, )H compound sentences, as well as )Hcomple# sentences.


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either . . . or . . .

neither . . . nor . . .

not only . . . but also

whether . . . or

&'amples>

( likebothskiing andskating.

0wo ingwords1

We will travel eitherby caror by bus.

0wo prepositional phrases1

3any people in the world canneitherreadnor write.

0wo main verbs sharing the helper can1

he boys have not onlycut the grass but alsoweeded the garden.0wo main verbs sharing the helper have1

( can;t decide/hetherto read a bookorto watch television.

0wo infinitive word groups1

&'ercise 1; =orrect any errors in parallel structure in the following sentences. wo ofthe sentences are correct.

). Bavid has neither done the dishes nor has he made his bed. 2'int0 make sure you

have the same kind of structure after noras you have after neither.4

+. 4anet hopes to finish college, get a 5ob, and to find her own apartment.. o learn proper grammar and writing effectively are my goals.

?. ( plan to travel this summer either in Europe or =entral America.

@. he suspect has sold his house, packed his belongings, and has left town.

. Jreg can't decide whether to enroll in :ocial :ervices or to choose Jeneral Arts.

D. !e is both tired from 5et lag, and he is irritated by the long line&ups.

. 3r. Ames will write the report, proofread it, and mail it before tomorrow.

F. hat student is studying English, psychology, and is taking two computer courses as

well.

)H. 8ot only are we paying for our daughter's wedding but also for the honeymoon.

&'ercise ; =orrect any errors in parallel structure in the following sentences. wosentences are correct.

). Reading trashy novels, the soaps, and eating 5unk food are -aren's only vices.

+. 3att is either studying in the library, or he is working in the computer lab.

. ( know how to brainstorm, write a good thesis statement, and ( can organize my

ideas well, too.

?. Amanda has trouble with study skills, memory techni"ues, and managing her time.

@. his weekend, 4ason will both research his essay topic on the (nternet, and he will

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also write the first draft of his essay.

. he disk in the sky revolved rapidly, emitted a humming sound, and then it began to

descend slowly towards the surface of the earth.

D. !oping to thumb a ride and cross the border, the escaped prisoner cautiouslyapproached the highway.

. Although we en5oyed the article on =even Dears in &ibet, we have neither seen the

movie nor read the book.

F. he members of the tour group boarded the bus wearily, endured a two&hour drive

to the resort, and then they discovered that they had no reservations.

)H. he rebels not only attacked the village, but they also took several hostages.


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F@2 D@ @U 2RIT& A ARA?RAF4lanning is essential.Even in situations where time is limited, you should plan bybriefly noting your points.A plan can look like this/

When you are planning, 4ot down 5ust enough to remind you of your points.Number your pointsso that when you write you know what order you are going towrite them in.

2RITIN?...

"ample of the finished paragraph>

here are three levels of government in Australia. he =ommonwealth looksafter areas of national importance such as postal services, foreign affairs, and

collecting and distributing ta#es. (t also supervises the armed forces. he :tate

Jovernments' responsibilities include hospitals, schools and the state police

forces. %ocal concerns, such as suburban streets and garbage services, are

looked after by %ocal Jovernment. :o, in general, the responsibilities of each

level of government are appropriate to the geographical area it serves.

&'ercise 1 ; Re/rite and underline the Topic9"ub#ect and Controlling Idea 5CI6 forthe topic sentences belo/.

). Jold is prized for two important characteristics.+. Although wealthy, she is not an arrogant girl.

). :pectacular beaches make 6uerto Rico as a tourist paradise.

+. 6articipation in class discussion in English is a problem for foreign students

. Educating the public can slow the spread of A(B:.

&'ercise ; "elect among these topic sentences for /riting a good paragraph.). :ports are great to watch as well as to play.

+. 3any things make learning English difficult.

. he !onda 4azz is an e#cellent automobile.

?. 3alang is an ideal place to live.

art ; 2riting &ssays

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1. F@2 D@ I INT&RR&T TF& T@IC4o write an effective essayyou must follo/ the directions you find in the assignment.A perfectly written essay that doesn't answer the "uestion< task will lose marks. Essays

show how well you understand a topic and allow you to share your thought and opinions0supported by e#perts1.

hink clearly about your task.

2hat information do I need4(nformation on the main topic and the specific areas of the topic.

2hat do I do /ith that information4he essay topic is directed by an action /ord.he action word tells you what must be done with the topic in the essay.

Bo you know your action wordsM Biscuss, analyze, evaluate, compare are the e#amplesof action words.

. F@2 D@ I GAN TF& &""A AND @R?ANI"& E ID&A"4ou have gathered your information and begun to organize it during your note taking.

8ow you need to sort the material again & brainstorm, make connections between ideas

by mind mapping, or by a list of headings. 8e#t, you order the material into a logical

se"uence for how you want to present the ideas.

7irst> 2hat is your ans/er to the uestion4What is the answer to your "uestionM

What points do you need to make to support or give evidence to prove your answerM

What is the best order to arrange these pointsM Are they relevant to the topicM hese

points become your paragraphs in the body of your essay. Remember you are arguing

your point of view, showing you are aware of their views, but maintaining your stance.

hese "uestions can be answered by using/

Eind Eap

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(magine that you are in the kitchen debating your assignment with one or more people.

What stand do you take and what points do you make to support itM Role play other

points of view. =hallenge your own* ape your debate if you wish*

). Fo/ to 2rite an &ssayhere are many ways to write an essay. !owever, the standard essay form follows the

same basic patterns as discussed in this 'how to'.

Fere-s Fo/>). :elect the topic of your essay.

+. =hoose the central idea, or thesis, of your essay. $or e#ample/ (nformationtechnology has revolutionized the way we work.

. 9utline your essay into introductory, body and summary paragraphs.

?. he introductory paragraph begins with an interesting sentence. $or e#ample/

!ome workers have grown from )@H,HHH to over )+ million in the past @ years

thanks to the wonders of the computer.

@. After this first sentence, add your thesis statement from above.

. Ise one sentence to introduce every body paragraph to follow. $or e#ample/ he

(nternet has made this possible by e#tending the office into the home.

D. $inish the introductory paragraph with a short summary or goal statement. $or

e#ample/ echnological innovation has thus made the traditional workplace

obsolete.

. (n each of the body paragraphs 0usually two or three1 the ideas first presented inthe introductory paragraph are developed.

F. Bevelop your body paragraphs by giving detailed information and e#amples. $or

e#ample/ When the (nternet was first introduced it was used primarily by

scientists, now it is common in every classroom.

)H. 7ody paragraphs should develop the central idea and finish with a summary of

that idea. here should be at least two e#amples or facts in each body paragraph

to support the central idea.

)). he summary paragraph summarizes your essay and is often a reverse of the

introductory paragraph.

)+. 7egin the summary paragraph by "uickly restating the principal ideas of your

body paragraphs. $or e#ample/ he (nternet in the home, benefits and ease of

use of modern computer systems...

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). he penultimate sentence should restate your basic thesis of the essay. $or

e#ample/ We have now passed from the industrial revolution to the information

revolution.

)?. our final statement can be a future prediction based on what you have shown in

the essay. $or e#ample/ he ne#t step/ he complete disappearance of theworkplace.

Tips>). Ise strong verbs and avoid modals to state your opinion. (t is better to write/ he

workplace has evolved than he workplace seems to have evolved

+. Bo not apologize for what you are saying. An essay is about your opinion.

. Bo not translate from your mother tongue. (t will "uickly get you into trouble*

2hat ou Need> =omputer or ypewriter

Bictionary


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some pets, most cats will not destroy the furnishings when left alone. hey are

content to go about their usual activities until their owners return.

=ats are low maintenance, civilized companions. 6eople who have small living

"uarters or less time for pet care should appreciate these characteristics of cats.

!owever, many people who have plenty of space and time still opt to have a catbecause they love the cat personality. (n many ways, cats are the ideal house pet.

&'ercise/ =hoose one of the following topics to write down your essay writing.

Argument &ssay Topics

opics in the following list may appear in your actual

test. ou should become familiar with this list before

you take the computer&based 9E$% test. Remember

that when you take the test you will not have a choiceof topics. ou must write only on the topic that is

assigned to you.

). 6eople attend college or university for many different reasons 0for

e#ample, new e#periences, career preparation, increased knowledge1.

Why do you think people attend college or universityM Ise specificreasons and e#amples to support your answer.

+. Bo you agree or disagree with the following statementM 6arents are

the best teachers. Ise specific reasons and e#amples to support

your answer.

. 8owadays, food has become easier to prepare. !as this change improved

the way people liveM Ise specific reasons and e#amples to support youranswer.

?. (t has been said, K8ot everything that is learned is contained in

books.L =ompare and contrast knowledge gained from e#perience

with knowledge gained from books. (n your opinion, which source

is more importantM WhyM

@. A company has announced that it wishes to build a large factory near

your community. Biscuss the advantages and disadvantages of this new

influence on your community. Bo you support or oppose the factoryM

E#plain your position.

. (f you could change one important thing about your hometown,

what would you changeM Ise reasons and specific e#amples to

support your answer.

D. !ow do movies or television influence people;s behaviorM Ise reasons

and specific e#amples to support your answer.

. Bo you agree or disagree with the following statementM elevision

has destroyed communication among friends and family. Ise

specific reasons and e#amples to support your opinion.

F. :ome people prefer to live in a small town. 9thers prefer to live in a big

city. Which place would you prefer to live inM Ise specific reasons and

details to support your answer.

)H. KWhen people succeed, it is because of hard work. %uck has

nothing to do with success.L Bo you agree or disagree with the

"uotation aboveM Ise specific reasons and e#amples to e#plain your

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position.

)). Bo you agree or disagree with the following statementM Iniversities

should give the same amount of money to their students; sports activities

as they give to their university libraries. Ise specific reasons and

e#amples to support your opinion.)+. 3any people visit museums when they travel to new places. Why

do you think people visit museumsM Ise specific reasons and

e#amples to support your answer.

). :ome people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants. 9ther people

prefer to prepare and eat food at home. Which do you preferM Ise

specific reasons and e#amples to support your answer.

)?. :ome people believe that university students should be re"uired to

attend classes. 9thers believe that going to classes should be

optional for students. Which point of view do you agree withM Ise

specific reasons and details to e#plain your answer.

)@. 8eighbors are the people who live near us. (n your opinion, what are the

"ualities of a good neighborM Ise specific details and e#amples in your

answer.

). (t has recently been announced that a new restaurant may be built

in your neighborhood. Bo you support or oppose this planM WhyM

Ise specific reasons and details to support your answer.

)D. :ome people think that they can learn better by themselves than with a

teacher. 9thers think that it is always better to have a teacher. Which do

you preferM Ise specific reasons to develop your essay.

). What are some important "ualities of a good supervisor 0boss1M Ise

specific details and e#amples to e#plain why these "ualities are

important.

)F. :hould governments spend more money on improving roads andhighways, or should governments spend more money on improving public

transportation 0buses, trains, subways1M WhyM Ise specific reasons and

details to develop your essay.

+H. (t is better for children to grow up in the countryside than in a big

city. Bo you agree or disagreeM Ise specific reasons and e#amples to

develop your essay.

+). (n general, people are living longer now. Biscuss the causes of this

phenomenon. Ise specific reasons and details to develop your essay.

++. We all work or will work in our 5obs with many different kinds of

people. (n your opinion, what are some important characteristics of

a co&worker 0someone you work closely with1M Ise reasons and

specific e#amples to e#plain why these characteristics are important.+. (n some countries, teenagers have 5obs while they are still students. Bo

you think this is a good ideaM :upport your opinion by using specific

reasons and details.

+?. A person you know is planning to move to your town or city. What

do you think this person would like and dislike about living in your

town or cityM WhyM Ise specific reasons and details to develop your

essay.

+@. (t has recently been announced that a large shopping center may be built

in your neighborhood. Bo you support or oppose this planM WhyM Ise

specific reasons and details to support your answer.

+. (t has recently been announced that a new movie theater may be

built in your neighborhood. Bo you support or oppose this planM

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WhyM Ise specific reasons and details to support your answer.

+D. Bo you agree or disagree with the following statementM 6eople should

sometimes do things that they do not en5oy doing. Ise specific reasonsand e#amples to support your answer.

+. Bo you agree or disagree with the following statementM elevision,newspapers, magazines, and other media pay too much attention to

the personal lives of famous people such as public figures and

celebrities. Ise specific reasons and details to e#plain your opinion.

+F. :ome people believe that the Earth is being harmed 0damaged1 by human

activity. 9thers feel that human activity makes the Earth a better place to

live. What is your opinionM Ise specific reasons and e#amples to support

your answer.

H. (t has recently been announced that a new high school may be built

in your community. Bo you support or oppose this planM WhyM Ise

specific reasons and details in your answer.

=uccess is not final$ failure is not fatal0

it is the courage to continue that counts.

~Winston =hurchill 0)D?&)F@1, former 6rime 3inister of the I-

0)F?H&)F?@, )F@)& )F@@1, and a 8obel 6rize&winning writer

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