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CSCI402:ComputerArchitectures
Introduction
Fengguang SongDepartmentofComputer&InformationScienceIUPUI
Contents
• Courseinformation– Gothroughthecoursewebsiteandsyllabus
• Chapter1:ComputerAbstractionsandTechnology– §1.1:Whatiscomputerarchitecture
• Stateoftheart:Top500Supercomputers
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CourseInformation• Coursewebsite
– http://www.cs.iupui.edu/~fgsong/csci402– Slideswillbepostedontheabovelink(notonCanvas).
• Textbook– ComputerOrganizationandDesign: The
Hardware/SoftwareInterface,5thEdition,PattersonandHennessy.• Instructor
– Fengguang Song,SL 275,[email protected]:Tuesday4:30-6:20pmorbyappointment
• Teachingassistant– FengLi,SL228(TAOffice),[email protected]
• OfficeHours:Monday4-5pm,Wednesday4-5pm– Weijian Zheng(1/2TA),SL228(TAOffice),[email protected]
• OfficeHours:Thursday4:30-5:30pmorbyappointment• Prerequisites
– CSCI340– Knowbasicsoflogicdesign,machineorganization,finitestatemachine(FSM)– CanreadandunderstandANSICcode
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YourGrade1. Midtermexam(35%)
– onMarch08,Thursday(markthisdate,nomakeupexam)2. Finalexam(35%)
– onMay03 (ItisNoneCumulative)3. Pop quizzes(10%)
– In-classquiz,usuallygivenafterwefinisha chapter– 2-4“simple”questions(youhave15minutes)– Purpose:Helptheinstructorknowyourprogress,alsohelpyouknowthestyle
oftheExamQuestions,andengageyoutoreviewtheslidesmorefrequently– Solutionswillbeannouncedimmediatelyafterthequiz– gradedbyourTA
4. Homework(15%)– Everychapterhasonehomework– AssignedeitheronTuesdayorThursdayinclass(lectureslidewillshowit)– SubmititthroughCanvas(youcanscanyourhardcopyandsubmitit)– gradedbyourTA.
5.Attendance(5%)(Iexpectyoutoattendallclasses)
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HomeworkDueTime
• Thetypicalduedateandtimeis11:59:59PMeitheronMondaynight orWednesdaynight.Youwillhavebetweenoneandtwoweekstofinishthehomework.
• Nolatehomeworkisaccepted– Therehastobeacutoffline• Don’twantTAtogradeitagainandagain
– Importantly,homeworksolutionwillbepostedonlinethenextday
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ImportantIssues• Academicmisconduct:
– Donotcopyotherpeople’ssolutions(homework,quiz,exams)• Workmustbeyourowneffort• Universityattendancepolicy:
– “Abasicrequirementisthatyouwillparticipateinallclassmeetingsandconscientiouslycompleteallrequiredcourseactivitiesand/orassignments.”
– Ifyoucannotmaketheclass,sendmeanemailinadvance.• Youareencouraged toaskquestionsinmyclasses
– Myphilosophy:“Thereisnosillyquestiontome”– Iwillalsotrytoleave5-10minutesattheendofeachclass,for
youtoaskanyquestionsyouwant
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quiz1 quiz2 quiz3 quiz4 quiz510 3 10 10 1010 7 10 6 1010 9 7 7 9.510 1 10 0 910 6 9 9 09 6 9 7 108 6.5 8 3 410 4 6 3 96.5 2 10 8 99 4 4 7 8.59 3 5 10 9.5
5.5 6 5 8 96 7 8 10 9.5
9.5 4.5 6 8 03.5 8 8 9 104 4.5 0 0 07 5 6 6 9
9.5 1.5 8 5 9.59 4.5 4 6 8.59 3.5 5 8 10
5.5 4.5 8 4 64.5 1 4 7 68.5 1.5 8 3 68.5 0.5 8 2 8.58.5 0 6 7 8.56.5 0 0 1 09 0 0 0 8.5
5.5 0 3 4 88 0 7 3 82 2 5 1 6.5
7.5 0 4 0 8.55.5 0 6 0 00 0 7 4 8.5
9.5 0 7 6 3.59 2 6 0 83 0 2 1 7.55 0 0 0 00 0 9 0 0
7.5 2 8 4 80 0 3 0 00 0 5 3 6
2.5 0.5 6 4 03.5 0 6 6 08 0 5 0 07 4.5 0 0 0
CDF
A
B
Myobservationonattendance:
Redcolormeansthestudentdidn’tattendtheclass.
CooperationandPlagiarismPolicy• Studentsareencouragedtodiscussconceptsandprinciplesamongst
themselves.Suchdiscussionsmayhelpinabetterunderstandingofthetopicstaughtintheclass.– However,thestudentcooperationshouldnotresultinidenticalor
nearidenticalanswers/report/code/documentationforprojects,homework,termreports,etc.
• Duringtheexams,studentsshoulddotheworkontheirown(e.g.,donotlookatneighbors).StudentsarealsonotallowedtheuseofsmartphonesorotherInternetconnecteddevicesduringexams.
• Allclassworkandmaterialsubmittedforgradingmustbeyourowneffort,unlessspecifiedotherwisebytheInstructor.
• Propercredit(intheformofcitationsandreferences)shouldbegivenwhereverapplicable,anddirectcutting-and-pastingmustbeavoided,unlessindicatedasverbatim(e.g.,puttingthetextinquotationmarks).Ashorttutorialaboutplagiarismislocatedat:http://ulib.iupui.edu/files/pdf/tutorials/AvoidingPlagiarismTutorial.pdf.
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OurDepartment’sPlagiarismPolicy• Policyagainstviolationsofacademicintegritywillbeenforcedatthe
Departmentallevelacrossmultiplecoursesandacrosstheentirestudyperiod.
• Ifastudentdoesnotabidebythispolicythenforthefirstviolation,he/shewillreceivezeropointforthatcomponentofthecourseandwillbereportedtotheDepartmentChairperson.
• Forasecondviolationofacademicintegrity(eveninadifferentcourse),thestudentwillreceiveaFAILING gradeforthecourse and,inaddition,anofficialreportingprocesswillbeinitiatedasperIUPUI'sStudentConductPoliciesthatcanbefoundhere:http://www.indiana.edu/~code/code/responsibilities/academic.
• Forathirdviolation,thedepartmentwillinitiatedismissal request• Thereisaprofessionalcodeofethicsforcomputerscientistsspecifiedby
themainprofessionalsociety,AssociationforComputingMachinery(ACM).ACM'sCodeofEthicsisfoundhere:[http://www.acm.org/about/code-of-ethics].
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Anyquestionsaboutthecourse?
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gradingpolicy?quiz?exam?homework?duetime?…
Aboutprovidingslidesbeforeclasses,Itypicallymodifytheslides10minutesbeforeourlectures.//toavoidinconsistentcopies.
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WhyDoYouCareaboutComputerArchitecture?
• itisrequired,earncredits,togetyourbachelordegree,…?• Importantly(inalongterm)
– Itisaboutyourfuturecareerincomputerscience(jobhunting)– Thiscourseprovideessentialskillsandfoundation
• Fact:Goodprogrammerstendtowriteefficientsoftware!– Todothat,youneedtounderstandthehardware,thearchitecture,
andknowhowprogramisexecutedbythecomputer…• knowingarchitecturewillhelpyouwritemoreefficientprograms
– Today, weareentering multicore era,acclerators,ARM,Cloud,etc…– Youwilllearnalotofnewknowledgefromthiscourse:
• E.g.,youmaythinkyourprogramreadsdatadirectlyfrommemory(Q:isitcorrect?)
• E.g.,youmaythinkreadingafileisfasterthanwritingafile(Q:isitcorrect?)• E.g.,GPUisalwaysfasterthanCPU(Q:isitcorrect?)• E.g.,Runninganappon100-coreisalwaysbetterthan80-coremachine?• E.g.,(a+b)+c=a+(b+c)?• fasterCPUisthemostimportantwhenbuyingcomputers?… …
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WhatisComputerArchitecture(CA)?
• “ComputerArchitecture (likeanyotherarchitecture)isanArt ofdeterminingtheneeds ofusersandthendesigningtomeettheneedsaseffectivelyaspossiblewithin economicandtechnologicalconstraints.”– fromthebook:“PlanningaComputerSystem:ProjectStretch”,ed.W.
Buchholz,1962.– Nowtheconceptismoregeneral.(e.g.,CAdefineswhateverneedsto
knowaboutcomputers)• Comprise3subcategories:
– InstructionSetArchitecture(ISA)• Wewilltalkalotaboutit
– Microarchitecture• HowtoimplementtheISA(e.g.,cachesize,pipeline,control,datapath)
– Systemdesign• Involvestheothercomponents:memorybus,DMA,virtualmemory,etc.
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ComputerArchitecture
• Itisanimportantandexcitingsubject– AcombinationbetweenScienceandArt
• Abouthowtoutilize technologyappropriately• Performancecanbeenhancedbycreativity
– Differentassessmentmetrics• Performance (goal:increase)• Power/Heat (goal:decrease)• Cost (goal:decrease)• Reliability (goal:improve)• Scalability (goal:improve)
– Dependingonwhichmarketsegment• Goalsareassessedbydifferentweights• Typicaldesigns:server,desktop,laptop
– Also,zillionsofembeddedapplications
• Bottomline:ThissubjectiseconomicallycriticaltoanynationAppleMacPro(6-core,dualGPU),2017
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$3,999.00
iMac27”$2,299.00
http://www.apple.com/shop/buy-mac/mac-pro
TheComputerRevolution• Historically,twodominantparadigmsforscientificdiscovery:
Theory andExperiments• Rapidprogressincomputertechnology
– Vacuumtubeà transistorà ICà VLSI– UnderpinnedbyMoore’sLaw(cpu,memory)– Soon,computersareeverywhere
• Inthe20th century,Simulation emergesasthe3rdparadigm• Today,BigDataisthe4thparadigm• Thenewcomputeradvancesmadenovelapplicationsfeasible
– Computersinautomobiles– Smartphones– Humangenomeproject(DNAsequenceanalysis)– Internetofthings,smarthome/city– SearchEngines
• Computersarepervasive!
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ThisCourse’sFocus
Software
Hardware
TechnologySelection
Engineering
CS402Focus
“Architecture”
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Dependingonwhichapplicationscomputershavebeenusedfor…• Personalcomputers• Servercomputers• Embeddedcomputers• Supercomputers
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ClassesofComputers[1st]• Personalcomputers–Mostwellknownform– Forgeneralpurpose,runsavarietyofsoftware– Designissubjecttocost/performancetradeoff– Emphasizesgoodperformanceforsingleuser– $1K- $10K– Largestmarket(intermsofdollars)– Importantfactorstoconsider• Performance(compute&graphics)• Price!
– CPUClockrate->redherring!
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ClassesofComputers[2nd]• ServercomputersGoal:Torunlargeapplicationsformultiple users– Usuallyonlyaccessedvianetwork– Highcapacity,highperformance,reliability– Rangefromsmallserverstobuildingsize– $10K&up– Usedforenterprise-widecomputing
• E.g.,web-servers,databaseservers– Importantfactorstoconsider:
• Availability(24-7),dependability• Scalability• Emphasizethroughput (manyusers)
throughput istherateatwhichsomethingcanbe
processed.e.g.#jobs/second
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ClassesofComputers[3rd]• Embeddedcomputers
– Definition:isacomputerinsideanotherdevice,runningonepredeterminedapplication
– Hiddenascomponentsofsystems(e.g.,car,TV,airplane,etc.)– NoGUI(soyouneverknowyouareusingcomputers!)– Stringentpower/performance/costconstraints– <$1- $100K
– Fastestgrowingmarket(intermsofnumbers)– Importantfactorstoconsider:
• Price• Real-timeresponse• Power• Error-freesoftware/firmware Acombinationof
memoryandprogram
EmbeddedComputers(cont.)
• Thelargestclassofcomputersspanningthewidestrangeofapplications(among4classes)– Oftenhaveminimumperformancerequirements.e.g.,
– Oftenhavestringentlimitationsoncost.– Oftenhavestringentlimitationsonpowerconsumption.e.g.,
– Oftenhavelowtoleranceforfailure.Example?
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mp3player
<$1000
Smartphone
TV
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ClassesofComputers[4th]• Supercomputers– Supporthigh-end scientificandengineeringcalculations– HighestperformanceandHighestcost,representasmallfractionoftheoverallcomputermarket
– $1M- $30M+– Parallelsupercomputers
• Tightly-coupledprocessors• Uselowlatency,high-performancenetwork• Solvelargetime-criticalproblems
– Cloudcomputing• Loosely-coupledprocessors• Usehighlatency,verycost-efficientnetwork(e.g.,ethernet)• Solvelargeresource-criticalproblems
• Top500 Supercomputers– http://www.slideshare.net/top500/top500-list-november-2014 (onlineslides)
• Thelistingofthe500mostpowerfulcomputerintheworld
• Yardstick:Rmax fromtheLINPACKbenchmark– Ax=b,adensematrixproblem
• Updatedtwiceeveryyear– SC conferencesinUSAeveryNovember– ISCconferencesinGermanyeveryJune
• Alldataavailablefromwww.top500.org
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NumberOneinthePast20Years
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https://www.top500.org/resources/top-systems/
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RankinginNovember2017
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http://www.netlib.org/utk/people/JackDongarra/PAPERS/sunway-report-2016.pdf
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Whobuildsthesesystems?
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CPUsShare
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Accelerators(53Systems)
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GPUsShare
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CountriesShare
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PerformanceTrendinTop500
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20011998
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AppleA11CPU(iPhone8,iPhone8Plus,iPhoneX)
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https://igotoffer.com/blog/apple-a11-full-information-specifications/
iOS 11 Throttles iPhone 6 And 7 To Half Speed Most Of The Time
