LISREL is a registered trademark, SIMPLIS and PRELIS are trademarks of Scientific Software International, Inc. General notice: Other product names mentioned herein are used for identification purposes only and may be trademarks of their respective companies. Interactive LISREL: Users guide. Copyright 2001 by Scientific Software International, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed, or stored in a database or retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Cover based on an architectural detail from Frank Lloyd Wrights Robie House. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 04 03 02 01 Published by: Scientific Software International. Inc. 7383 North Lincoln Avenue, Suite 100 Lincolnwood, IL 607121704 Tel: + 1.847.675.0720 Fax: +1.847.675.2140 URL: http://www.ssicentral.com ISBN: 0-89498-044-0

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Preface

The LISREL methodology development started in 1970, when Karl Jreskog presented a first LISREL model at a conference. The first generally available LISREL program (version 3) was published in 1975. The name LISREL is an acronym for linear structural relations. The qualifier linear is too restrictive for the current version of the LISREL program, but the name LISREL has become synonymous with structural equation modeling or SEM.

In 1986, the first version of PRELIS was published. Its main function is the computation of the appropriate summary statistics for analysis with the LISREL program. Over time, its functionality has expanded to include a variety of exploratory tools to give users a better understanding of their data before they attempt a LISREL model. Its name stands for preprocessor for LISREL.

SIMPLIS was publicly introduced in 1993 as an alternative syntax for the LISREL model specification. As the name implied, it meant a tremendous simplification over the original LISREL syntax, which required some understanding of matrix algebra as well as the memorization of several Greek characters. Another added capability was the drawing of path diagrams, with some first attempts to allow the user to interact with the program. Up to that point, the user communicated with the program in so-called batch mode. Some kind of script, also called syntax file or command file, had to be written with a text editor, containing instructions for the program. Instructions about where the data file was to be found, how many variables it contained, the names of the variables, etc. This command file was then submitted to the actual program for execution.

In 1998, the first truly interactive version of LISREL (version 8.20, for MS Windows) introduced a dialog-box interface to facilitate the writing of those command files. As much as possible, typing of syntax was replaced with point-and-click actions in a series of dialog boxes. From these actions, the program then produced the equivalent command file, in PRELIS syntax for processing of raw data, or in SIMPLIS or LISREL syntax for the actual SEM analysis.

The path diagram feature became much more flexible, giving maximum control to the user, not only to specify or change a model, but also to produce a graphic representation of the model with publication quality that could be exported as a separate file for subsequent import in a document. Parallel with these developments regarding the way that the user interacts with the program, numerous statistical features were added, including a multilevel analysis module, exploratory factor analysis and principal component analysis, imputation for missing values, bootstrap and Monte Carlo procedures, etc.

The LISREL program makes all these additions available to the user through a choice of menus and submenus, toolbars, and command buttons. As a result, the LISREL user

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interface has grown to the point that a separate manual became necessary. This manual is specifically written to guide the user through the interactive part of the LISREL program. It does so mostly by example.

There are four other users guides available with the LISREL program. These users guides are platform independent by concentrating exclusively on the batch mode way of operation in the illustrations: the user writes a syntax (or command) file using a text editor and submits this file to the program for execution.

The four users guides introduce the user to the methodology of structural equation modeling, both theoretically and through a variety of applications. Specifically, the PRELIS 2: Users Reference Guide focuses on the intricacies of multivariate data screening and preparing the data for subsequent model fitting. The LISREL 8: Users Reference Guide deals with the fitting and testing of structural equation models with the use of the LISREL syntax, while LISREL 8: Structural Equation Modeling with the SIMPLIS Command Language does the same, but using the SIMPLIS syntax. LISREL 8: New Statistical Features introduces multilevel modeling and various powerful statistical additions to LISREL 8, namely, two-stage least-squares estimation, exploratory factor analysis, principal components, normal scores, and latent variable scores.

In an undertaking of this nature, various people usually play an indispensable role. First, we would like to thank Professor Doug Hawkins from the University of Minnesota for allowing us to add his Formal Inference-Based Recursive Modeling (FIRM) program to the options available to a LISREL user. Professor Hawkins kindly provided us, not only with the program, but also the documentation on which the FIRM-related sections of this guide are based. We however accept full responsibility for the final versions of these sections. We would also like to thank Gerhard Mels and Bola King for their suggestions and unflagging enthusiasm for proofreading. Their contributions led to many improvements in the final form of this guide. Finally, we would like to thank Professors Karl Jreskog and Dag Srbom for allowing us to base numerous examples on material in the remaining four LISREL guides.

Mathilda du Toit Stephen du Toit

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Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 OVERVIEW OF THE INTERFACE 3

2.1 INTRODUCTION 3 2.1.1 TEXT EDITOR TOOLBAR (TEXT FILES) 3 2.1.2 PRELIS SYSTEM FILE TOOLBAR (*.PSF FILES) 3 2.1.3 PATH DIAGRAM TOOLBAR (*.PTH FILES) 4 2.1.4 FILE MENU 4 2.1.5 VIEW MENU 12 2.2 THE PSF WINDOW 13 2.2.1 FILE MENU 13 2.2.2 EDIT MENU 14 2.2.3 DATA MENU 15 2.2.4 TRANSFORMATION MENU 22 2.2.5 STATISTICS MENU 25 2.2.6 GRAPHS MENU 41 2.2.7 IMAGE MENU 48 2.2.8 MULTILEVEL MENU 56 2.2.9 VIEW MENU 68 2.2.10 WINDOW MENU 69 2.3 TEXT EDITOR WINDOW 69 2.3.1 FILE MENU 69 2.3.2 EDIT MENU 70 2.3.3 OPTIONS MENU 70 2.4 THE PATH DIAGRAM WINDOW 72 2.4.1 FILE MENU 73 2.4.2 EDIT MENU 73 2.4.3 SETUP MENU 73 2.4.4 DRAW MENU 78 2.4.5 VIEW MENU 84 2.4.6 IMAGE MENU 88 2.4.7 OUTPUT MENU 89 2.5 SPJ WINDOW 93 2.5.1 SETUP MENU 94 2.6 THE LPJ WINDOW 95 2.6.1 SETUP MENU 96 2.6.2 MODEL MENU 96 2.7 OUTPUT WINDOW 97 2.7.1 FILE MENU 97

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3 PRELIS EXAMPLES 98

3.1 RUNNING PRELIS SYNTAX FILES 98 3.2 EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS OF POLITICAL SURVEY DATA 100 3.2.1 IMPORTING DATA INTO PRELIS 101 3.2.2 DATA SCREENING 103 3.2.3 ASSIGNING LABELS TO CATEGORIES 103 3.2.4 DEFINE MISSING VALUES 105 3.2.5 IMPUTATION OF MISSING VALUES 106 3.2.6 HOMOGENEITY TESTS 107 3.2.7 GRAPHICAL DISPLAY OF UNIVARIATE DISTRIBUTIONS 109 3.3 IMPORT DATA AND COMPUTE POLYCHORIC COEFFICIENTS 110 3.4 EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS OF FITNESS DATA 116 3.4.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE FITNESS/CHOLESTEROL DATA 116 3.4.2 EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS 117 3.4.3 GRAPHICAL DISPLAYS 124 3.4.4 REGRESSION ANALYSIS 129 3.5 DATA MANIPULATION AND BIVARIATE PLOTS 130 3.5.1 ASSIGNING LABELS TO CATEGORIES OF ORDINAL VARIABLES 130 3.5.2 CHANGE VARIABLE TYPE 131 3.5.3 INSERT NEW VARIABLES 132 3.5.4 COMPUTE VALUES FOR A NEW VARIABLE 134 3.5.5 CREATING A SUBSET OF THE DATA 136 3.5.6 BIVARIATE PLOTS 137 3.5.7 CALCULATE AND SAVE COVARIANCES AND MEANS FOR SUBGROUPS 140 3.6 NORMAL SCORES 143 3.7 TWO-STAGE LEAST-SQUARES 146 3.8 EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS 151 3.9 BOOTSTRAP SAMPLES FROM POLITICAL SURVEY DATA 156 3.10 MONTE CARLO STUDIES 159 3.10.1 NEW PRELIS (*.PSF) DATA 160 3.10.2 INSERTING VARIABLES INTO THE SPREADSHEET 160 3.10.3 INSERTING CASES INTO THE SPREADSHEET 161 3.10.4 SIMULATING DATA VALUES 162 3.10.5 GRAPHICAL DISPLAYS 163 3.11 MULTIPLE IMPUTATION 165 3.11.1 USE OF THE MCMC OPTION TO OBTAIN MORE THAN ONE IMPUTED DATA SET 170

4 LISREL EXAMPLES 171

4.1 USING EXISTING SIMPLIS SYNTAX FILES 171 4.1.1 CHANGING THE APPEARANCE OF THE OUTPUT 175 4.2 USING EXISTING LISREL SYNTAX FILES 176 4.3 CREATING SYNTAX BY DRAWING PATH DIAGRAMS 177

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4.3.1 TITLE, LABELS AND DATA 179 4.3.2 DRAWING THE PATH DIAGRAM 182 4.4 MULTI-SAMPLE ANALYSES USING PATH DIAGRAMS 188 4.4.1 TESTING EQUALITY OF FACTOR STRUCTURES 188 4.4.2 DRAWING THE PATH DIAGRAM 194 4.5 ANALYSIS OF ORDINAL DATA 199 4.5.1 CALCULATION OF CORRELATIONS AND ASYMPTOTIC COVARIANCE MATRIX 199 4.5.2 DRAWING A PATH DIAGRAM 201 4.5.3 READING VARIABLE NAMES FROM THE DSF FILE 202 4.5.4 CREATING LISREL OR SIMPLIS SYNTAX FROM THE PATH DIAGRAM 206 4.5.5 THE BASIC MODEL AND ITS COMPONENTS 209 4.5.6 ESTIMATION TYPES AND THE CONCEPTUAL PATH DIAGRAM 211 4.5.7 SAVING THE PATH DIAGRAM IN GRAPHICS FORMAT 212 4.6 USING SIMPLIS PROJECT FILES 212 4.6.1 BUILDING THE SIMPLIS SYNTAX 215 4.6.2 COMPLETING THE SIMPLIS SYNTAX 219 4.7 USING LISREL PROJECT FILES 222 4.7.1 BUILDING THE LISREL SYNTAX 223 4.8 ANALYSIS WITH MISSING DATA 234 4.8.1 SINGLE-GROUP ANALYSIS WITH MISSING DATA USING LISREL SYNTAX 234 4.8.2 MULTIPLE-GROUPS WITH MISSING DATA 242 4.9 LATENT VARIABLE SCORES 250 4.9.1 CALCULATION OF LATENT VARIABLE SCORES 250 4.9.2 AN ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 252 4.10 MULTILEVEL CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS 254 4.10.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA 254 4.10.2 IMPORT OF EXTERNAL DATA 254 4.10.3 DRAW THE PATH DIAGRAM 255 4.10.4 BUILD SIMPLIS/LISREL SYNTAX 258 4.10.5 FIT THE MODEL TO THE DATA 260

5 MULTILEVEL EXAMPLES 261

5.1 ANALYSIS OF MULTILEVEL MODELS 261 5.2 A 2-LEVEL GROWTH CURVE MODEL 261 5.2.1 REPEATED MEASURES DATA 261 5.2.2 A VARIANCE DECOMPOSITION MODEL 263 5.2.3 MODELING LINEAR GROWTH 267 5.2.4 MODELING NON-LINEAR GROWTH 271 5.2.5 INTRODUCING A COVARIATE WHILE MODELING NON-LINEAR GROWTH 274 5.2.6 COMPLEX VARIATION AT LEVEL-1 OF THE MODEL 275 5.3 ANALYSIS OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL DATA 277 5.3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL DATA 277 5.3.2 VARIANCE DECOMPOSITION MODEL FOR AIR FORCE DATA 278

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5.3.3 NON-LINEAR MODEL FOR AIR TRAFFIC DATA 281 5.3.4 INCLUDING ADDITIONAL VARIABLES IN THE AIR TRAFFIC DATA ANALYSIS 283 5.4 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF EDUCATIONAL DATA 284 5.4.1 DESCRIPTION OF DATA AND MULTIVARIATE MODEL 284 5.4.2 A VARIANCE DECOMPOSITION MODEL 287 5.4.3 ADDING EXPLANATORY VARIABLES TO THE MODEL 291 5.5 3-LEVEL MODEL FOR CPC SURVEY DATA 292 5.5.1 DESCRIPTION OF CPC SURVEY DATA 292 5.5.2 3-LEVEL MODEL FOR CPC SURVEY DATA 294 5.6 LATENT GROWTH CURVE MODELS 298 5.6.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA 298 5.6.2 A 2-LEVEL INTERCEPT-AND-SLOPES MODEL 299 5.6.3 A NON-LINEAR MODEL WITH COVARIATE 304 5.6.4 EMPIRICAL BAYES ESTIMATES AND RESIDUALS 308 5.6.5 LATENT GROWTH CURVE MODEL USING SIMPLIS SYNTAX 310 5.7 TESTING OF CONTRASTS 314 5.7.1 INTRODUCTION 314 5.7.2 WEIGHT OF CHICKS ON 4 PROTEIN DIETS 315 5.8 MULTILEVEL MODELS FOR CATEGORICAL OUTCOMES 323 5.8.1 INTRODUCTION 323 5.8.2 GENERALIZATIONS TO HIGHER LEVEL MODELS 325 5.8.3 A 2-LEVEL MODEL FOR SOCIAL MOBILITY 326 5.8.4 EMPIRICAL BAYES ESTIMATES AND PREDICTED PROBABILITIES 331 5.9 MULTILEVEL NONLINEAR REGRESSION MODELS 334 5.9.1 2-LEVEL NONLINEAR REGRESSION MODEL 334 5.9.2 CREATING THE SYNTAX 334

6 FIRM EXAMPLES 342

6.1 AUTO REPAIR EXAMPLE 342 6.2 CATFIRM ANALYSIS OF THE HEAD INJURIES DATA SET 343 6.2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA 343 6.2.2 FIRM SYNTAX FILE 343 6.2.3 CATFIRM OUTPUT 345 6.3 CATFIRM ANALYSIS OF THE MIXED DATA SET 355 6.3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA 355 6.3.2 FIRM SYNTAX 356 6.3.3 CATFIRM OUTPUT 358 6.4 CONFIRM ANALYSIS OF THE HEAD INJURIES DATA SET 363 6.4.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA 363 6.4.2 FIRM SYNTAX 363 6.4.3 CONFIRM OUTPUT 365 6.5 CONFIRM ANALYSIS OF THE MIXED DATA SET 376 6.5.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA 376

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6.5.2 FIRM SYNTAX FILE 376 6.5.3 CONFIRM OUTPUT 378

7 NEW STATISTICAL FEATURES 384

7.1 SYSTEM FILES 384 7.1.1 THE PRELIS SYSTEM FILE 384 7.1.2 THE DATA SYSTEM FILE 385 7.1.3 THE MODEL SYSTEM FILE 386 7.2 MULTIPLE IMPUTATION 387 7.2.1 TECHNICAL DETAILS 387 7.3 FULL INFORMATION MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD (FIML) FOR CONTINUOUS VARIABLES 388 7.4 MULTILEVEL STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING 390 7.4.1 MULTILEVEL STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELS 390 7.4.2 A GENERAL TWO-LEVEL STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODEL 390 7.4.3 MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD FOR GENERAL MEANS AND COVARIANCE STRUCTURES 396 7.4.4 FIT STATISTICS AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING 397 7.4.5 STARTING VALUES AND CONVERGENCE ISSUES 398 7.4.6 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS 402 7.5 MULTILEVEL NON-LINEAR MODELSEQUATION SECTION 7 408 7.5.1 INTRODUCTION TO MULTILEVEL MODELING 408 7.5.2 MULTILEVEL NON-LINEAR REGRESSION MODELS 409 7.5.3 ESTIMATION PROCEDURE FOR MULTILEVEL NON-LINEAR REGRESSION MODELS 411 7.6 FIRM: FORMAL INFERENCE-BASED RECURSIVE MODELING 413 7.6.1 OVERVIEW 413 7.6.2 RECURSIVE PARTITIONING CONCEPTS 414 7.6.3 CATFIRM 415 7.6.4 CONFIRM 418 7.6.5 OTHER DETAILED OUTPUT FILES 419 7.6.6 FIRM BUILDING BLOCKS 420 7.6.7 PREDICTOR AND DEPENDENT VARIABLE TYPES 421 7.6.8 INTERNAL GROUPING TO GET STARTING GROUPS 422 7.6.9 GROUPING THE CATEGORIES 423 7.6.10 ADDITIONAL PREDICTOR TYPES 424 7.6.11 MISSING INFORMATION AND FLOATING PREDICTORS 425 7.6.12 OUTLIERS 429 7.6.13 OVERALL METHOD OF OPERATION 430 7.6.14 COMPARISON WITH OTHER CODES 433 7.7 GRAPHICAL DISPLAY OF DATA 436 7.7.1 PIE CHART 436 7.7.2 BOX-AND-WHISKER PLOT 437 7.7.3 SCATTER PLOT MATRIX 438

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8 SYNTAX 443

8.1 LISREL SYNTAX 443 8.1.1 RA COMMAND 443 8.1.2 FIML AND MISSING DATA 444 8.2 SIMPLIS SYNTAX 444 8.2.1 FIML AND MISSING DATA 444 8.3 PRELIS SYNTAX 445 8.3.1 MULTIPLE IMPUTATION AND THE EM COMMAND 445 8.3.2 MULTIPLE IMPUTATION AND THE MC COMMAND 445 8.4 MULTILEVEL MODELING SYNTAX 445 8.4.1 INTRODUCTION 445 8.4.2 LINEAR MULTILEVEL MODELS 446 8.4.3 NON-LINEAR MULTILEVEL MODELS 449 8.5 FIRM SYNTAX 453 8.5.1 INTRODUCTION 453 8.5.2 SPECIFYING ANALYSES AND OUTPUT OPTIONS 454 8.5.3 DEPENDENT VARIABLE SPECIFICATION 454 8.5.4 PREDICTOR VARIABLE SPECIFICATION 456 8.5.5 OUTPUT OPTIONS SPECIFICATION 459 8.5.6 OPTIONAL OUTPUT 468 8.5.7 VERSIONS AND COMPUTER RESOURCES NEEDED 471

9 REFERENCES 472

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1 Introduction

This Users Guide is designed for use with the Windows version of LISREL 8 for Windows 95, 98, NT, 2000 and Millenium. It focuses on the fully interactive mode of working with LISREL that is only available on the Windows platform. This Guide details how the graphical user interface results in a highly improved work environment.

All features from LISREL 7 are still there and the user can run existing syntax files without change. Important differences from the previous version are the new SIMPLIS syntax, path diagrams, and the list output.

Not only is the quality of the path diagram now of publication-ready standard, all characteristics of the display are under the users control, namely, the position, size, and shape of the variable objects, the paths among them, and the colors, fonts, and patterns. Regardless of changes made to the characteristics of the display, the program maintains the underlying model specification and a changed model can be re-estimated at any time. New with LISREL 8 is the option to start with the path diagram and draw a model specification from scratch. Conceptual path diagrams, i.e., path diagrams without parameter estimates, may also be requested. Each path diagram may be exported as a Windows metafile (WMF format) or as a Graphics Interchange file (GIF format).

A series of dialog boxes guides the user through the different stages of the problem and model specification. When done, the program builds a multilevel modeling, SIMPLIS, or LISREL input file from the users responses. This is the mode that Windows users have come to expect.

One of the new features of LISREL 8 is that one may switch from one mode to another: from dialog box mode to SIMPLIS syntax, from SIMPLIS syntax to LISREL syntax, from LISREL syntax to path diagram mode. Users who have become familiar with the program via the SIMPLIS command language can now type in existing LISREL command files (as found in the literature, for example) and let the program translate them in the more user-friendly SIMPLIS syntax or display them as path diagrams. The dialog box mode may also be used selectively to set up the problem specification, after which model specification may be continued in the path-diagram mode. This flexibility not only allows users to develop their own specific ways of working with the program, but it also greatly increases the applicability of the program in teaching situations.

PRELIS, the part of the program used to screen and summarize data before specifying the actual model using LISREL, is now much more integrated from the users perspective. The program can read a variety of data formats, including data from all the major statistical packages, and present the data in spreadsheet format. Graphing capabilities allow the user to view the distributions of variables separately or to inspect univariate,

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bivariate or multivariate plots. The characteristics of the graphics can be modified by the user and exported as Windows metafiles (WMF format).

Pull-down menus and dialog boxes as an alternative to constructing a syntax file is a much easier way of running PRELIS. However, the batch mode is still available for those who prefer to write a syntax file or who wish to use an existing syntax file.

It is this wealth of features in LISREL and the need to walk the first-time user through it step-by-step, using a variety of applications, that gave rise to this Users Guide.

The remainder of this guide is organized in four major sections. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the graphical user interface while Chapters 3 to 6 contain examples. Chapter 7 describes the new statistical features which are as yet undocumented elsewhere. Finally, Chapter 8 gives a summary of the syntax which has been added to LISREL since the release of LISREL 8.30.

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Ryan, B.F., and Joiner, B.L. (1994). Minitab Handbook (third Edition). Wadsworth: Belmont, CA.

Schafer, J.L. (1997). Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data. Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability 72, Chapman and Hall/CRC.

Schumacker, R.E., and Marcoulides, G.A. (Eds.) (1998). Interaction and nonlinear effects in structural equation models. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers: Mahwah, N.J.

477

Srbom, D. (1981). Structural equation models with structured means. In: Jreskog. K.G. and Wold, H. (Eds.) Systems under indirect observation: Causality, structure and prediction. North-Holland Publishing Co: Amsterdam.

Steiger, J.H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 173-180.

Thurstone, L.L. (1938). Primary mental abilities. Psychometric Monographs, 1.

Titterington, D.M., Murray, G.D., Murray, L.S., Spiegelhalter, D.J., Skene, A.M., Habbema, J.D.F., and Gelpke, G.J. (1981). Comparison of discrimination techniques applied to a complex data set of head injured patients. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, A, 144, 145-161.

Tukey, J.W. (1977). Exploratory Data Analysis. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company: Reading, MA.

Wheaton, B., Muthn, B., Alwin, D., and Summers, G. (1977). Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. In: Heise, D.R. (Ed.) Sociological Methodology 1977. Jossey-Bass: San Francisco.

Young, S.S., and Hawkins, D.M. (1995). Analysis of a 92 full factorial chemical library. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 38, 2784-2788.

478

Subject Index

3 3-D Bar Chart

check box, 45 3-level

model, 292

A ADD

option in multilevel models, 328 Add Variables

dialog box, 75, 76, 77, 149, 160 Add/Read Variables

dialog box, 75, 76, 181, 202, 203, 217, 236, 245, 256

option on Labels dialog box, 181 Align

option on Image menu, 184 All Files

option on Open dialox box, 9 Apply to all

check box, 106, 122, 149, 154 ASCII Dictionary Builder

dialog box, 118 Asymptotic covariance matrix, 40, 77,

92, 107, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204 Axis Labels

dialog box, 49

B Bar chart, 103, 109, 115, 126, 128, 139

3-D, 158 Bar Graph Parameters

dialog box, 49, 115, 127 Basic Model

option on Basic Model list box, 209 option on View Model Types menu,

85

Between

covariance matrix, 285, 395, 400, 405, 406

equal factor loadings and variances across groups, 400, 404

group variability, 391 groups sample size, 402

Bivariate icon button, 137 option on Graphs menu, 43, 137, 158 plots, 41

Bivariate Plot option on Graphs menu, 337

Bivariate Plots dialog box, 43, 137, 158, 437

Black and White option on Image menu, 88

Bonferroni correction in FIRM, 347, 348, 350,

417, 432, 433, 435, 464 Bootstrapping, 156

dialog box, 39, 156, 157, 158 number of samples, 39 option on Statistics menu, 39, 156 sample fraction, 39 samples, 156, 158

Bottom option on View menu, 68

Box-and-Whisker Plot check box, 43 summary measures, 43

BS keyword in PRELIS, 26, 39

Build LISREL Syntax option on Setup menu, 78, 94, 174,

207 Build SIMPLIS Syntax

option on Setup menu, 78, 94, 186, 197, 208, 219, 258

C

479

CA command in PRELIS, 16

Cases deleting, 21 inserting, 19 inserting in PRELIS system file, 159,

161 selecting, 17

Category labels assigning, 130

Category Labels dialog box, 439

CATFIRM, 415, 416, 418, 420, 421, 423, 425, 427, 428, 430, 432, 435, 454, 455, 456, 458, 459, 460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 465, 467, 470, 471

CATFIRM syntax file headicat.pr2, 415

CB command in PRELIS, 16

Ccvalue keyword in PRELIS, 445, 450

CE command in PRELIS, 16

Check box 3-D Bar Chart, 45 Box-and-Whisker Plot, 43 Weight, 77

Chi-square, 187, 223 in CATFIRM, 430

CM keyword in PRELIS, 39

CO command in PRELIS, 15, 16

Command CA in PRELIS, 16 CB in PRELIS, 16 CE in PRELIS, 16 CO in PRELIS, 15, 16 CONTRAST in multilevel models,

319, 447 COVARIATE in multilevel models,

450, 453 Command

COVPAT in multilevel models, 447

COVVAL in multilevel models, 447 DA in LISREL, 240, 251, 443, 444 DUMMY in multilevel models, 59,

447, 448, 449 EM in PRELIS, 445 ET in PRELIS, 26, 29 FA in PRELIS, 26, 34 FI in PRELIS, 36 FIXED in multilevel models, 268,

271, 272, 274, 282, 290, 291, 447, 449, 450, 452

FIXVAL in multilevel models, 447 FT in PRELIS, 26, 31, 36 HT in PRELIS, 26, 32 ID in multilevel models, 451 IM in PRELIS, 26, 27 LA in LISREL, 251 MC in PRELIS, 445 Missing Value Code in SIMPLIS, 444 MISSING_DAT in multilevel models,

286, 319, 447, 450, 452 MISSING_DEP in multilevel models,

286, 287, 290, 291, 447 MODEL in multilevel models, 450,

452, 453 MT in PRELIS, 36 NE in PRELIS, 16, 19, 22 NS in PRELIS, 26, 33 OPTIONS in multilevel models, 264,

267, 272, 276, 287, 308, 328, 447, 449, 450, 451

OR in PRELIS, 15, 16 OU in LISREL, 90, 91, 92, 93, 235 OU in PRELIS, 26, 40, 90, 91, 92, 93 Output in SIMPLIS, 90 PC in PRELIS, 34 PS in LISREL, 251 RA in LISREL, 7, 443 RA in PRELIS, 14 RANDOM in multilevel models, 271,

272, 276, 282, 290, 447 Raw data from file in SIMPLIS, 7,

444 Command

RE in PRELIS, 22

480

RESPONSE in multilevel models, 447, 449, 450, 451, 452

RG in PRELIS, 26, 37, 38 Sample size in SIMPLIS, 444 SC in PRELIS, 15, 22 SE in PRELIS, 15, 21 SUBPOP in multilevel models, 328,

447 SY in LISREL, 251 SY in PRELIS, 7 TITLE in multilevel models, 267, 269,

270, 275, 306, 447, 449 WE in PRELIS, 22 WEIGHT1 in multilevel models, 447

Completely Standardized Solution option on Estimates list box, 211

Complex variation, 261, 275, 276 Compute

dialog box, 24, 134, 135, 149, 162, 163

option on Transformation menu, 18, 19, 24, 134, 149, 162

option on Transformations menu, 275, 306

Conceptual Diagram option on Estimates list box, 211, 212

CONFIRM, 418, 419, 420, 421, 425, 427, 428, 429, 430, 432, 454, 455, 456, 459, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468, 470, 471

Confirmatory factor analysis, 177, 178, 186, 187, 189, 255, 395, 400, 404, 405, 406, 407 multilevel, 254

Constraints dialog box, 96, 231 option on Setup menu, 96, 97

CONTRAST command in multilevel models, 319,

447 Contrasts

multilevel models, 314, 315, 322, 447

CONVERGE

keyword in multilevel models, 267, 269, 270, 274, 275, 276, 281, 284, 290, 291, 298, 302, 306, 319, 328, 339, 450, 451

Copy Text option on Edit toolbar, 12

Correlated Errors option on Draw menu, 210 option on View Model Types menu,

86 Covariance matrix

between- and within-groups, 400 between-groups, 405, 406 level-1, 276, 324, 395 level-2, 291, 312, 395 level-3, 291 patterns for in multilevel model, 447 within-groups, 406

Covariate in multilevel models, 261, 274, 275,

283, 298, 304, 305, 306, 307, 338, 339

COVARIATE command in multilevel models, 450,

453 COVPAT

command in multilevel models, 447 COVVAL

command in multilevel models, 447 Cut Text

option on Edit toolbar, 12

D DA

command in LISREL, 240, 251, 443, 444

Data bivariate display, 165 categorical outcome, 323 coverting to PRELIS system files, 10 dialog box, 75, 77, 96, 181, 192, 193,

194, 204, 205, 217, 218, 225, 226, 245

graphical display of, 436 Data

481

importing into PRELIS system file, 10, 101

menu, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 104, 112, 113, 121, 122, 130, 132, 136, 140, 148, 153, 160, 161, 166, 244, 436, 444

option on Setup menu, 5, 7, 77, 96 Data Format

dialog box, 113, 219 Data screening, 26, 103, 123 Data Screening

option on Statistics menu, 26, 103 Data system file

LISREL, 200, 202, 251, 252 panelusa.dsf, 202, 203, 204

Data Toolbar option on View menu, 68

Data, aligning of, 14 Define Latent Variables

dialog box, 227 option on Setup menu, 96, 97

Define Observed Variables dialog box, 226 option on Setup menu, 96, 97

Define Variables dialog box, 15, 104, 105, 106, 121,

122, 131, 132, 148, 149, 153, 160, 166, 255, 439

option on Data menu, 15, 104, 121, 122, 132, 153, 160, 166, 244, 255, 436, 439, 444

Delete Case icon button, 21 option on Data menu, 21, 22

Delete Variable icon button, 20, 21, 112 option on Data menu, 20, 112

Den keyword in FIRM, 356, 364, 367, 369,

376, 379, 382, 454 Dendrogram, 414

requesting in FIRM, 356, 364, 367, 369, 376, 379, 382

Dialog box

Add Variables, 75, 76, 77, 149, 160 Add/Read Variables, 75, 76, 181, 202,

203, 217, 236, 245, 256 ASCII Dictionary Builder, 118 Axis Labels, 49 Bar Graph Parameters, 49, 115, 127 Bivariate Plots, 43, 137, 158, 437 Bootstrapping, 39, 156, 157, 158 Category Labels, 439 Compute, 24, 134, 135, 149, 162, 163 Constraints, 96, 231 Data, 75, 77, 96, 181, 192, 193, 194,

204, 205, 217, 218, 225, 226, 245 Data Format, 113, 219 Define Latent Variables, 227 Define Observed Variables, 226 Define Variables, 15, 104, 105, 106,

121, 122, 131, 132, 148, 149, 153, 160, 166, 255, 439

Enter Number of Variables, 153, 166 Estimations, 90 Factor Analysis, 33, 155 Fix Thresholds Test, 35 Format, 14 Graph Parameters, 48 Group Names, 74, 75, 180, 217, 225 Homogeneity Test, 31, 108 Identification Variables, 57, 58, 63,

264, 278, 287, 295, 300, 316, 335 Image, 41 Impute Missing Values, 26, 106, 107 Input Database, 10, 111, 117, 119,

254 Insert Cases, 19 Labels, 75, 77, 78, 104, 180, 192, 202,

203, 217, 225, 235, 244, 245, 256, 257

Latent Variables, 96, 257 Legend Parameters, 49 Line Parameters, 48, 49 Marginal Thresholds, 35 Missing Values, 255 Missing Values for, 105, 121 Model Parameters, 96, 97, 227, 228

Dialog box

482

Multiple Imputation, 27, 167, 168, 170

New, 4 Normal Scores, 32, 144, 145 Observed Variables, 96 Open, 6 Open Data File, 10, 147, 152, 166 Options, 83, 87 Options for Object, 88 Output, 39, 107, 114, 129, 141, 145,

158, 163, 168, 200, 253 Output Options, 337 Output Selections, 231 Parameters, 96 Pie Chart, 49 Pie Slice Parameters, 49 Probit Regressions, 34, 36 Random Variables, 59, 60, 265, 268,

269, 272, 276, 280, 282, 283, 290, 291, 446

Recode Variables, 22 Regressions, 37 Response and Fixed Variables, 63, 64,

282, 291, 302, 305, 448 Save Matrices, 92, 231 Scatter Plot Matrix, 46, 440 Select Cases, 16, 113, 142 Select Covariate, 65 Select Data, 114, 140, 141 Select Model, 64, 337 Select Response and Fixed Variables,

58, 59, 264, 268, 272, 279, 283, 288, 296, 300, 317

Select Variables, 16 Selections, 91 SIMPLIS Outputs, 89, 174, 191 Text Parameters, 49, 53, 54, 126 Title and Comments, 74, 75, 180, 201,

217, 224, 255 Title and Options, 57, 62, 263, 272 Two-Stage Least-Squares, 38, 150,

151 Univariate Plots, 41, 125, 436 Variable Type for, 122, 132, 148, 154

Dialog box

Weight Variable, 23 Double-headed arrow

Draw toolbox, 214 Draw

menu, 78, 173, 185, 195 toolbox, 78, 85, 88, 258

Draw toolbox double-headed arrow, 214 single-headed arrow, 185, 195, 196,

214, 238, 258 Drawing Bar

option on View Toolbars menu, 84, 179, 191, 201

DUMMY command in multilevel models, 59,

447, 448, 449 Dummy variables

coding of, 284, 285, 287, 290, 315, 316

E Edit

menu, 175, 183, 215, 219 Edit Bar

option on Options menu, 70 toolbar, 12

Edit toolbar, 102 EM

command in PRELIS, 445 EM algorithm, 27, 170, 387, 445 Empirical Bayes estimates, 271, 298,

308, 326, 331, 332 option in multilevel models, 272

Enter Number of Variables dialog box, 153, 166

Equal Thresholds option on Statistics menu, 28

Estimates option on Estimates list box, 211, 241,

249 Estimations

dialog box, 90 option for LISREL outputs, 206 option on View menu, 86, 173

ET

483

command in PRELIS, 26, 29 Exit

option on File menu, 11 Exploratory analysis

Fitness Data, 116 Exploratory Analysis

Political Survey Data, 100 Exploratory factor analysis, 33, 151,

152, 155 Exponential function, 65, 409, 410, 411,

452 Export as Metafile

option on File menu, 212

F FA

command in PRELIS, 26, 34 Factor analysis

factor scores, 155 number of factors, 33 rotation, 33 second-order, 222

Factor Analysis dialog box, 33, 155 option on Statistics menu, 33, 155

Factor invariance testing of, 188

Factor loadings estimates, 33

FI command in PRELIS, 36

File menu, 4, 6, 10, 11, 13, 69, 73, 97, 98,

99, 101, 106, 110, 117, 128, 132, 140, 147, 152, 156, 160, 162, 166, 171, 176, 179, 190, 199, 201, 212, 215, 216, 223, 234, 244, 248, 250, 254, 255

FIML, 388 missing data, 240, 243, 249, 250

Find option on Edit menu, 175

FIRM analysis of, 343, 363

FIRM

auto repair example, 342 Bonferroni correction, 347, 417, 432,

433, 435, 464 building blocks, 420 categorical dependent variable, 343,

455 category codes for dependen variable,

357, 364, 377 category names of dependent variable,

455 character dependent variable, 356 character predictor, 356, 372, 376,

383, 425, 427, 430, 458, 463, 467 chi-squared for CATFIRM, 430 constant to be added to chi-square,

344, 357, 462 dendrogram, 344, 346, 349, 353, 354,

355, 356, 359, 361, 362, 364, 365, 366, 368, 369, 371, 376, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 428, 429, 434, 454, 468, 469

dependent variable, 344, 356, 364, 376

dependent variable on interval scale, 363

detail output code, 460 detailed split file, 465 details on splits, 349 error variance option, 467 example of output file, 345, 358, 369,

382 external degrees of freedom for

variance, 364, 377, 466, 468 external variance estimate, 365, 377,

468 F -tests, 466 floating predictor, 349, 351, 352, 357,

373, 424, 425, 426, 427, 457, 458 format specification, 463 format specification, 345, 358, 364,

377, 463, 466, 467

FIRM

484

free predictor, 349, 352, 357, 372, 375, 377, 383, 422, 423, 425, 426, 430, 433, 457, 458

getting starting groups, 422 grouping categories, 423 hypothesis testing approach, 435 informative missingness, 425, 426 limits on number of predictors, 471 maximum number of groups, 462, 466 method of operation, 430 minimum number of cases, 465 minimum proportion of SSD, 465 minimum size of group, 461 minimum size of node, 344, 357 missing at random, 387, 389, 405,

425, 426 missing information, 425 mixed data example, 355 monotonic predictor, 342, 349, 351,

357, 364, 372, 375, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 430, 433, 457, 458, 469

multiple comparison, 432 name of dependent variable, 455 name of predictor variable, 456 number of cases in group, 364, 377 number of categories of dependent

variable, 455 number of nodes, 344, 357, 364, 377 number of predictor variables, 364,

377 number of predictors, 456 outliers, 429 output file, 353 output options, 344 Pearson chi-square, 347, 350, 461,

462, 463, 464, 470 piecewise constant regression model,

371 pooled error variance, 467 pooled variance, 364, 377, 467 position of dependent variable, 455 position of predictor variable, 456 predictor category symbol list, 458

FIRM

predictor variable specification, 456 predictor variable types, 421, 424 programs, 433 p-value technology, 464 real predictor, 356, 361, 375, 380,

383, 424, 425, 427, 430, 458, 463, 467

requesting dendrogram, 356, 364, 367, 369, 376, 379, 382

requesting split file, 349, 364, 367, 376, 377, 379, 383

requesting split rule file, 364, 367, 376, 379

requesting summary statistics, 356, 359, 364, 367, 371, 376, 379, 382

significance for merging, 357, 364, 377, 458

significance for splitting, 344, 347, 357, 364, 377, 458, 461, 462, 465, 466

split file, 470 split rule file, 345, 353, 359 split rule table, 371, 382, 469 split table, 371, 382 summary statistics, 368, 371, 381,

382, 386, 420, 430, 431, 454, 468, 469

syntax, 453 t tests, 466 table format, 344, 357, 459 tables file, 470 type of predictor variable, 457 using continuous variables, 423 using nominal predictors, 421 using nominal scale variables, 421,

423 using ordinal predictors, 421 using ordinal variables, 418, 421, 423,

424 variable used for splitting, 457

FIRM syntax file headicat.pr2, 343

Fitness data, 130, 140 description of, 116 exploratory analysis, 116

485

fitchol.dat, 116, 117, 118, 120 Fitted covariance matrix

saving to file, 235 Fitted values, 271 Fix

option in path diagram window, 187 Fix Thresholds

option on Statistics menu, 30 Fix Thresholds Test

dialog box, 35 FIXED

command in multilevel models, 268, 271, 272, 274, 282, 290, 291, 447, 449, 450, 452

Fixed format data, 118 Fixed variables field

in multilevel models, 272, 283, 291, 296, 302, 317

FIXVAL command in multilevel models, 447

Format dialog box, 14 option on Edit menu, 14, 219

Frequency tables, 328 FT

command in PRELIS, 26, 31, 36 Fully unconditional model, 263, 278

G Gauss-Newton algorithm, 397, 399 Global Missing Value

keyword in SIMPLIS, 255 Gompertz function, 65, 409, 410, 411,

452 Goodness-of-fit statistics, 407 Graph Parameters

dialog box, 48 Graphics

Graphic Interchange Format (GIF), 212

Windows Metafile (WMF), 212 Graphs, 159

3-D bar chart, 41, 43 bar chart, 41

Graphs

bivariate plot, 130, 137, 139, 140, 158, 164

box-and-whisker plot, 41, 43, 436, 437

editing, 48 editing a selected pie slice, 54 editing axis labels, 49 editing bar parameters, 51 editing legends, 52 editing lines in, 52 editing pie charts, 53 editing text strings and labels, 50 exporting, 73 histogram, 41 line plot, 41, 43, 44 menu, 41, 43, 46, 109, 125, 158, 164,

337, 436, 439 pie chart, 41, 54, 436, 437 scatter plot, 41, 43, 44, 47, 48 scatter plot matrix, 41, 438, 439, 440,

442 univariate distributions, 109

Grid Lines option on View menu, 88, 179, 191

Group Names dialog box, 74, 75, 180, 217, 225

Groups option on Setup menu, 75

H Help menu

option on Edit toolbar, 13 Histogram, 124, 125, 126, 139, 163

Normal curve overlay, 125 Homogeneity Test

dialog box, 31, 108 option on Statistics menu, 31, 107,

108, 109 HT

command in PRELIS, 26, 32 Hypothesis testing, 314

I Icon button

486

Delete Case, 21 Delete Variable, 20, 21 Insert Case, 19 Insert Variable, 18 One-Way Path on Draw toolbox, 80 Two-Way Path on Draw toolbox, 80 Univariate plot, 124, 125 Zoom, 84

ID command in multilevel models, 451

Identification Variables dialog box, 57, 58, 63, 264, 278, 287,

295, 300, 316, 335 option on Multilevel menu, 446

IM command in PRELIS, 26, 27

Image dialog box, 41 menu, 48, 55, 88, 184

Import Data option on Edit toolbar, 12

Import Data in Free Format option on File menu, 9, 10, 117, 147,

152, 166, 250 Import External Data in Other Formats

option on File menu, 10, 101, 110, 250, 254

Imputation matching variables, 26, 106, 107 method of, 27 of missing values by matching, 106

Impute Missing Values dialog box, 26, 106, 107 option on Statistics menu, 26, 106

Input Database dialog box, 10, 111, 117, 119, 254

Insert Case icon button, 19

Insert Cases dialog box, 19 option on Data menu, 19, 161

Insert File option on Edit menu, 175

Insert Variable

icon button, 18 option on Data menu, 18

Intercept-and-slopes model, 307 Inverse Wishart

draws from, 170 Itvalue

keyword in PRELIS, 445 IX

keyword in PRELIS, 40

K Keypad

Relationships, 7, 93, 212 Keyword

ADD in multilevel models, 328 BS in PRELIS, 26, 39 Ccvalue in PRELIS, 445, 450 CM in PRELIS, 39 CONVERGE in multilevel models,

267, 269, 270, 274, 275, 276, 281, 284, 290, 291, 298, 302, 306, 319, 328, 339, 450, 451

den in FIRM, 356, 364, 367, 369, 376, 379, 382, 454

Empirical Bayes estimates in multilevel models, 272

Global Missing Value in SIMPLIS, 255

Itvalue in PRELIS, 445 IX in PRELIS, 40 KM in PRELIS, 39 Maximum Likelihood in multilevel

model, 335 MAXITER in multilevel models, 267,

269, 270, 274, 275, 276, 281, 284, 290, 291, 298, 302, 306, 319, 328, 339, 449, 450, 451

METHOD in multilevel models, 450 MI in LISREL, 240, 444 Missing Value Code in SIMPLIS, 243 MM in PRELIS, 39 ND in PRELIS, 40

Keyword NI in LISREL, 443 NO in LISREL, 443

487

OUTPUT in multilevel models, 267, 269, 270, 271, 274, 275, 276, 281, 284, 290, 291, 298, 302, 306, 319, 328

PD in LISREL, 177 PREFIX in multilevel models, 448 PRINT in multilevel models, 308, 328 QUADPTS in multilevel models, 450,

451 RP in PRELIS, 40, 170 rule in FIRM, 364, 367, 375, 376,

379, 383, 454, 469, 470 SI in LISREL, 235 split in FIRM, 364, 367, 371, 376,

379, 382, 454, 456, 457, 458, 460, 461, 462, 465, 468, 469, 470

sum in FIRM, 356, 359, 364, 367, 376, 379, 417, 454, 465, 467

System File from file in SIMPLIS, 251

WI in PRELIS, 40 KM

keyword in PRELIS, 39

L LA

command in LISREL, 251 Labels

assigning to categories of ordinal variables, 103, 130, 131

dialog box, 75, 77, 78, 104, 180, 192, 202, 203, 217, 225, 235, 244, 245, 256, 257

Latent variable scores, 251, 253 Latent Variables

dialog box, 96, 257 Layout

option on Options menu, 71 Legend Parameters

dialog box, 49 Level-1

covariance matrix, 276, 324, 395 error variance, 310, 320, 323, 331 identification field in multilevel

models, 264, 279, 300, 317

random variable list, 276, 280, 302, 318

variance, 311 Level-2

covariance matrix, 291, 312, 395 identification field in multilevel

models, 264, 279, 286, 288, 296, 300, 317, 335

multilevel structural equations modeling, 393

random coefficients, 285 random variable list, 269, 272, 280,

302, 318 total variance, 271

Level-3 covariance matrix, 291 identification field in multilevel

models, 286, 288, 296 random coefficients, 285

Likelihood ratio test statistic, 397 Line Parameters

dialog box, 48, 49 Line plot, 44, 138

option on Bivariate Plot dialog box, 137

Linear growth model, 269, 270, 275, 278 Linear model

multilevel, 56, 446 Linear Model

option on Multilevel menu, 56, 446 LISREL

Data System File (DSF), 200, 202 model system file (MSF), 384, 386

LISREL data system file reading variable labels, 76

LISREL Outputs option on Output menu, 90, 206

LISREL Project option in New dialog box, 222, 223 option on New dialox box, 5, 6, 8

LISREL project file ex10a.lpj, 174

LISREL syntax building from spj file, 94 running of, 13

488

LISREL syntax file ex31a.ls8, 176, 177 ex64d.ls8, 234 missex4a.ls8, 240

Listwise deletion radio button on Missing Values dialog

box, 106 Logistic function, 65, 409, 410, 411,

446, 452 Log-likelihood, 389, 396 LPJ Window, 95, 96

M Marginal Thresholds

dialog box, 35 option on Statistics menu, 36

Maximum Likelihood keyword in multilevel model, 335

Maximum Number of Iterations option on Output dialog box, 190

MAXITER keyword in multilevel models, 267,

269, 270, 274, 275, 276, 281, 284, 290, 291, 298, 302, 306, 319, 328, 339, 449, 450, 451

MC command in PRELIS, 445

MCMC algorithm, 27, 167, 170, 387, 388, 445

Mean model structural equations, 313

Mean Model option on View Model Types menu,

86 Measure of fit

AIC, 398 CAIC, 398 RMSEA, 398, 407

Median, 438 Menu

Data, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 104, 112, 113, 121, 122, 130, 132, 136, 140, 148, 153, 160, 161, 166, 244, 436, 444

Draw, 78, 173, 185, 195

Edit, 175, 183, 215, 219 File, 4, 6, 10, 11, 13, 69, 73, 97, 98,

99, 101, 106, 110, 117, 128, 132, 140, 147, 152, 156, 160, 162, 166, 171, 176, 179, 190, 199, 201, 212, 215, 216, 223, 234, 244, 248, 250, 254, 255

Graphs, 41, 43, 46, 109, 125, 158, 164, 337, 436, 439

Image, 48, 55, 88, 184 Model, 8, 95, 96, 97 Multilevel, 56, 446 Multilevel Linear Model, 57, 58, 59,

60 Multilevel Non-Linear Model, 62, 63,

64, 65, 449 Options, 70, 71, 175 Output, 8, 89, 90, 95, 174, 179, 190,

206, 216 Setup, 8, 95, 174 Statistics, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32,

33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 251, 252 Transformation, 18, 19, 22, 24, 134,

149, 162 View, 12, 68, 84, 87, 88, 173, 179,

191, 197 Window, 69

METHOD keyword in multilevel models, 450

Method of estimation LISREL, 206 MAP, 412, 413 ML, 390, 396

Method of Estimation option on Output dialog box, 190

MI keyword in LISREL, 444 Keyword in LISREL, 240

Missing data, 316 analysis of, 234 FIML, 388 FIML procedure, 240, 243, 249, 250

Missing data in multilevel structural equations

models, 389

489

sample size, 190, 222, 243, 249, 252 single-group, 234 unrestricted model, 240, 249, 250

Missing Data Value field, 316 Missing Dep Value field, 287 Missing value code

non-linear model, 444, 452 Missing Value Code

keyword in SIMPLIS, 243, 444 Missing values, 15, 26, 27, 240

code, 235, 243, 244, 249, 255 global, 105 imputation of, 26, 106

Missing Values dialog box, 255 option on Define Variables dialog

box, 105 Missing Values for

dialog box, 105, 121 MISSING_DAT

command in multilevel models, 286, 319, 447, 450, 452

MISSING_DEP command in multilevel models, 286,

287, 290, 291, 447 MM

keyword in PRELIS, 39 Model

menu, 8, 95, 96, 97 MODEL

command in multilevel models, 450, 452, 453

Model Parameters dialog box, 96, 97, 227, 228

Model Types option on View menu, 85

Moment matrix, 151, 163 moments about zero, 151 saving to file, 39 types of, 39, 77

Monomolecular function, 65, 409, 410, 411, 452

Monte Carlo simulation, 159

MT

command in PRELIS, 36 Multilevel

confirmatory factor analysis, 254 controlling estimation, 57, 62 menu, 56, 446 selecting covariate for non-linear

model, 66 single-component non-linear model,

411, 412 types of non-linear models, 64

Multilevel Linear Model menu, 57, 58, 59, 60

Multilevel models, 56 analysis of categorical data, 323, 325,

328, 329, 332, 333, 447 contrast file, 447 creating dummy variables, 447 creating subpopulations, 447 defining fixed variables, 447 defining random variables, 447 defining weight variable, 447 design matrices for fixed effects, 393 identifying levels of hierarchy, 58, 63 linear, 446 non-linear, 445, 446 optional commands, 447 patterns for covariance matrix, 447 required commands, 447 selection matrices for random effects,

393 specifying starting values, 447

Multilevel Non-Linear Model menu, 62, 63, 64, 65

Multilevel structural equations model, 254 and missing data, 389 convergence issues, 398 fit statistics, 397 hypothesis testing, 397 Maximum Likelihood, 396 missing data in, 390 starting values, 398

Multilevel syntax file chicks.ctr, 319, 320 chicks.pr2, 319

490

jsp.pr2, 291 jsp1.pr2, 290 jsp2.pr2, 291 kanfer.pr2, 282 kanfer1.pr2, 281, 282 kanfer2.pr2, 282 kanfer3.pr2, 284 mouse1.pr2, 267, 268 mouse2.pr2, 268, 269 mouse3.pr2, 270, 275, 276 mouse4.pr2, 274, 275 mouse5.pr2, 275 rat2.pr2, 302, 305, 306, 308 socmob1.pr2, 328

Multiple groups analysis of, 188, 198 assigning group labels, 75

Multiple imputation, 387, 445 convergence criterion, 167, 445 number of data sets, 170 number of iterations, 167, 445, 450

Multiple Imputation, 165, 167, 168, 170 dialog box, 27, 167, 168, 170 option on Statistics menu, 27, 167

Multi-Segment Line option on Draw menu and toolbox, 81,

82 Multivariate

analysis, 286 model, 284, 287, 288, 290 option on Graphs menu, 46, 436, 439 plots, 41

Multivariate normal draws from, 170

N ND

keyword in PRELIS, 40 NE

command in PRELIS, 16, 19, 22 New

dialog box, 4 New

option on File menu, 4, 94, 179, 190, 201, 216, 244, 255

New File option on Edit toolbar, 12

NI keyword in LISREL, 443

NO keyword in LISREL, 443

Non-linear growth model, 274, 275, 278 model, 281, 284, 304, 307, 308, 335 regression, 334

Non-Linear Model option on Multilevel menu, 61, 446,

449 Non-linear models, 65, 66

convergence criterion, 278, 287, 295, 335

exponential function, 65, 409, 410, 411, 452

Gauss quadrature procedure, 412 Gompertz function, 65, 409, 410, 411,

452 logistic function, 65, 409, 410, 411,

446, 452 Maximum Likelihood estimation, 62 missing data code, 287, 335 missing value code, 444, 452 monomolecular function, 65, 409,

410, 411, 452 multilevel, 56, 445, 446 number of iterations, 276, 278, 287,

295, 335 number of quadrature points, 335,

450, 451 numerical integration technique, 412 physical meaning of parameters, 410 power function, 65, 409, 410, 417,

432, 433, 434, 452 repeated measures, 445 setting number of quadrature points,

62 single component, 411, 412 specifying covariate, 453

Normal scores, 32, 33, 143, 144, 145 saving to file, 144

Normal Scores

491

dialog box, 32, 144, 145 option on Statistics menu, 32, 144

NS command in PRELIS, 26, 33

Number of decimals PRELIS output, 14, 40, 89, 91

O Observed Variables

dialog box, 96 One-Way Path

icon button on Draw toolbox, 80 Open

dialog box, 6 option on File menu, 6, 98, 130, 143,

156, 171, 176, 199 Open Data File

dialog box, 10, 147, 152, 166 Open File

option on Edit toolbar, 12 Option

Add/Read Variables on Labels dialog box, 181

Align on Image menu, 184 All Files on Open dialox box, 9 Basic Model on Basic Model list box,

209 Basic Model on View Model Types

menu, 85 Bivariate on Graphs menu, 43, 137,

158 Bivariate Plot on Graphs menu, 337 Black and White on Image menu, 88 Bootstrapping on Statistics menu, 39,

156 Bottom on View menu, 68 Build LISREL Syntax on Setup menu,

78, 94, 174, 207 Build SIMPLIS Syntax on Setup

menu, 78, 94, 186, 197, 208, 219, 258

Option Completely Standardized Solution on

Estimates list box, 211

Compute on Transformation menu, 18, 19, 24, 134, 149, 162

Compute on Transformations menu, 275, 306

Conceptual Diagram on Estimates list box, 211, 212

Constraints on Setup menu, 96, 97 Copy Text on Edit toolbar, 12 Correlated Errors on Draw menu, 210 Correlated Errors on View Model

Types menu, 86 Cut Text on Edit toolbar, 12 Data on Setup menu, 5, 7, 77, 96 Data Screening on Statistics menu, 26,

103 Data Toolbar on View menu, 68 Define Latent Variables on Setup

menu, 96, 97 Define Observed Variables on Setup

menu, 96, 97 Define Variables on Data menu, 15,

104, 121, 122, 132, 153, 160, 166, 244, 255, 436, 439, 444

Delete Case on Data menu, 21, 22 Delete Variable on Data menu, 20,

112 Drawing Bar on View menu, 84 Drawing Bar on View Toolbars menu,

179, 191, 201 Edit Bar on Options menu, 70 Equal Thresholds on Statistics menu,

28 Estimates on Estimates list box, 211,

241, 249 Estimations for LISREL outputs, 206 Estimations on View menu, 86, 173 Exit on File menu, 11 Export as Metafile on File menu, 212 Factor Analysis on Statistics menu,

33, 155 Find on Edit menu, 175 Fix in path diagram window, 187

Option Fix Thresholds on Statistics menu, 30 Format on Edit menu, 14, 219

492

Grid Lines on View menu, 88, 179, 191

Groups on Setup menu, 75 Help menu on Edit toolbar, 13 Homogeneity Test on Statistics menu,

31, 107, 108, 109 Identification Variables on Multilevel

menu, 446 Import Data in Free Format on File

menu, 9, 10, 117, 147, 152, 166, 250

Import Data on Edit toolbar, 12 Import External Data in Other

Formats on File menu, 10, 101, 110, 250, 254

Impute Missing Values on Statistics menu, 26, 106

Insert Cases on Data menu, 19, 161 Insert File on Edit menu, 175 Insert Variable on Data menu, 18 Layout on Options menu, 71 Linear Model on Multilevel menu, 56,

446 LISREL Outputs on Output menu, 90,

206 LISREL Project on New dialog box,

222, 223 LISREL Project on New dialox box,

5, 6, 8 Marginal Thresholds on Statistics

menu, 36 Maximum Number of Iterations on

Output dialog box, 190 Mean Model on View Model Types

menu, 86 Method of Estimation on Output

dialog box, 190 Missing Values on Define Variables

dialog box, 105 Model Types on View menu, 85 Multiple Imputation on Statistics

menu, 27, 167 Option

Multi-Segment Line on Draw menu and toolbox, 81, 82

Multivariate on Graphs menu, 46, 436, 439

New File on Edit toolbar, 12 New on File menu, 4, 94, 179, 190,

201, 216, 244, 255 Non-Linear Model on Multilevel

menu, 61, 446 Normal Scores on Statistics menu, 32,

144 Open File on Edit toolbar, 12 Open on File menu, 6, 98, 130, 143,

156, 171, 176, 199 Option (object) on View menu, 88 Options on View menu, 57, 62, 87 Output Options on Define

Variables/Cases dialog box, 135, 137, 141

Output Options on Statistics menu, 39, 200, 251, 252

Parameters on Image menu, 48 Paste Text on Edit toolbar, 12 Path Diagram on New dialog box,

190, 201, 244, 255 Path Diagram on New dialox box, 5, 6 Path Diagram on Open dialox box, 9 Pie Chart on Univariate Plots dialog

box, 41 Plain-Text on Draw menu and

toolbox, 82 Plain-Text on Draw toolbox, 82 Plot log(Y) on X on Image menu, 55 Plot Y on X on Image menu, 55 PRELIS Data on New dialox box, 5 PRELIS Data on Open dialox box, 5 Previously Opened Files on File

menu, 11 Print Document on Edit toolbar, 13 Print Setup on File menu, 11 Probit Regressions on Statistics menu,

34 Random Variables on Multilevel

Linear menu, 60 Option

Recode on Transformation menu, 22 Regressions on Statistics menu, 37

493

Rename on Define Variables dialog box, 122

Replace on Edit menu, 175 Response and Fixed Variables on

Multilevel Linear menu, 59, 446, 448

Save Matrices on Setup menu, 92, 96 Save Text on Edit toolbar, 12 Scroll Down One Page on View

menu, 68 Select all on Edit menu, 183 Select Covariate on Multilevel Non-

Linear menu, 65 Select Object on Draw menu and

toolbox, 79 Select Variables/Cases on Data menu,

15, 16, 113, 136, 140 Selections for LISREL outputs, 206 Selections on Setup menu, 90, 91, 96 SIMPLIS Outputs on Output menu,

89, 90, 174, 179, 190, 191, 216 SIMPLIS Project on New dialog box,

212, 216 SIMPLIS Project on New dialox box,

5, 6, 7 SIMPLIS Project on Open dialox box,

5, 6, 7 Single-headed arrow on Draw

toolbox, 185, 195, 196, 238 Status Bar on Options menu, 70 Status Bar on View menu, 12, 84 Status Bar on View Toolbars menu,

179, 191, 201 Structural Model on Basic Model list

box, 209, 210 Structural Model on View Model

Types menu, 86 Style on Options menu, 71 Syntax Only on New dialog box, 5, 6 Syntax Only on Open dialog box, 5, 6 Title and Comments on Setup menu,

180, 191, 201, 224, 255 Option

Title and Options in multilevel models, 263, 278, 287, 295, 300, 316, 335

Title and Options on Multilevel menu, 57, 62, 446, 449

Toolbar on Options menu, 70 Toolbar on View Toolbars menu, 12,

84, 179, 191, 201 Toolbars on View menu, 84, 85, 179,

191 T-values on Estimates list box, 211 Two-Stage Least-Squares on Statistics

menu, 38, 150 Typebar on View Toolbars menu, 84,

179, 191 Univariate on Graphs menu, 41, 109,

125 Variables on Setup menu, 15, 58, 59,

60, 63, 75 Variables on View Toolbars menu, 84 Weight on Transformation menu, 23 XB in PRELIS, 40 XM in PRELIS, 40 X-Model on Basic Model list box, 209 X-Model on View menu, 85 XT in PRELIS, 40 Y-Model on Basic Model list box, 209 Y-Model on View menu, 86 Zoom on Draw menu and toolbox, 84

Option (object) option on View menu, 88

Options dialog box, 83, 87 menu, 70, 71, 175 option on View menu, 57, 62, 87

OPTIONS command in multilevel models, 264,

267, 272, 276, 287, 308, 328, 447, 449, 450, 451

Options for Object dialog box, 88

OR command in PRELIS, 15, 16

Ordinal data

494

analysis of, 199 OU

command in LISREL, 90, 91, 92, 93, 235

command in PRELIS, 26, 40, 90, 91, 92, 93

Output changing appearance of, 175 command in SIMPLIS, 90 controlling, 39 converting to RTF, 97 dialog box, 39, 107, 114, 129, 141,

145, 158, 163, 168, 200, 253 menu, 8, 89, 90, 95, 174, 179, 190,

206, 216 options in FIRM, 344 saving to external files, 39 saving transformed data to file, 114,

135, 145 OUTPUT

keyword in multilevel models, 267, 269, 270, 271, 274, 275, 276, 281, 284, 290, 291, 298, 302, 306, 319, 328

Output Options dialog box, 337 option on Define Variables/Cases

dialog box, 135, 137, 141 option on Statistics menu, 39, 200,

251, 252 Output Selections

dialog box, 231 Output window

LISREL or SIMPLIS syntax, 177

P Parameters

dialog box, 96 Option on Image menu, 48

Paste Text option on Edit toolbar, 12

Path diagram, 9, 84, 171, 177, 179, 182, 188, 194, 201, 206, 212, 215, 244, 247, 248, 253, 255, 260, 385, 386, 403

Path diagram

adding latent variables, 181, 203, 225, 245

adding variables, 181, 194, 203 aligning objects, 184 building LISREL syntax from, 74 building SIMPLIS syntax from, 74 changing size of, 84 conceptual, 199, 211, 212, 234, 242,

313 controlling appearance of objects, 87 displaying grid lines, 88 exporting, 73 invoking, 179 modification indices, 173, 197 number of decimals, 174 rotating or moving, 88 selecting objects, 79 selection of estimation types, 211 selection of model types, 209 spacing of objects, 184 toolbox, 78, 85, 88 t-values, 173, 197, 198, 231

Path Diagram option on New dialog box, 190, 201,

244, 255 option on New dialox box, 5, 6 option on Open dialox box, 9 toolbar, 4

Path diagram window, 72, 73, 78, 84, 85, 88, 96, 171, 177, 185, 205, 236, 255, 257

PC command in PRELIS, 34

PD keyword in LISREL, 177

Pearson chi-square in FIRM, 347, 350, 461,

462, 463, 464, 470 Pie Chart

dialog box, 49 option on Univariate Plots dialog box,

41 Pie Slice Parameters

dialog box, 49

495

Piecewise constant regression model, 371, 418

Plain-Text option on Draw menu and toolbox, 82 option on Draw toolbox, 82

Plot log(Y) on X option on Image menu, 55

Plot Y on X option on Image menu, 55

Plots bivariate, 41, 130, 137, 139, 140, 158,

164 box-and-whisker, 436, 437 change axes from linear to

logarithmic, 139 multivariate, 41 univariate, 41

Polychoric coefficients computation of, 110

Polychoric correlation matrix, 114, 201, 202

Polychoric correlations, 30 calculation of, 199, 200

Power function, 65, 409, 410, 417, 432, 433, 434, 452

Predicted probabilities, 326, 331, 332 Predicted values, 309 Predictor

character in FIRM, 356, 372, 376, 383, 425, 427, 430, 458, 463, 467

floating in FIRM, 349, 351, 352, 357, 373, 424, 425, 426, 427, 457, 458

free in FIRM, 349, 352, 357, 372, 375, 377, 383, 422, 423, 425, 426, 430, 433, 457, 458

monotonic in FIRM, 342, 349, 351, 357, 364, 372, 375, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 430, 433, 457, 458, 469

real in FIRM, 356, 361, 375, 380, 383, 424, 425, 427, 430, 458, 463, 467

PREFIX keyword in multilevel models, 448

PRELIS data system file (DSF), 384, 385

PRELIS importing data, 101, 384 system file (PSF), 384, 436, 438 weight variable, 384

PRELIS Data option on New dialox box, 5 option on Open dialox box, 5

PRELIS syntax running of, 13

PRELIS syntax file depression.pr2, 252, 253 ex2.pr2, 98

PRELIS system file chicks.psf, 315, 316 cons.psf, 438 control.psf, 244, 245 creation of, 114 data100.psf, 18, 111, 112 dataex7.psf, 102, 156 depression.psf, 252, 253 educ.psf, 438 experim.psf, 245 fitchol.psf, 120, 438 fitness.psf, 130, 134 holz.psf, 7, 41, 43, 44, 45 income.psf, 293, 294, 436, 437, 438 inserting cases, 159, 161 inserting variables, 159, 160 japan.psf, 446 jsp.psf, 285, 286, 287, 291 jsp2.psf, 255, 256 kanfer.psf, 277, 278, 282, 283 mouse.psf, 262, 263, 334, 339 new, 160 npv.psf, 143 panelusa.psf, 199 rat.psf, 299, 300 socmob1.psf, 326, 331 variable type, 384

Previously Opened Files option on File menu, 11

Principal Component Analysis, 33, 155 PRINT

option in multilevel models, 308, 328

496

Print Document option on Edit toolbar, 13

Print Setup option on File menu, 11

Probit regressions univariate, 35

Probit Regressions dialog box, 34, 36 option on Statistics menu, 34

Product moment correlation coefficient, 138

PS command in LISREL, 251

PSF window, 94

Q QUADPTS

keyword in multilevel models, 450, 451

Quadrature points set number of, 62

Quartiles, 438

R RA

command in LISREL, 7, 443 command in PRELIS, 14

RANDOM command in multilevel models, 271,

272, 276, 282, 290, 447 Random Variables

dialog box, 59, 60, 265, 268, 269, 272, 276, 280, 282, 283, 290, 291, 446

option on Multilevel Linear menu, 60 Random variables field

in multilevel models, 265, 272, 280, 302, 318

Raw data from file command in SIMPLIS, 7, 444

RE command in PRELIS, 22

Recode option on Transformation menu, 22

Recode Variables dialog box, 22

Recursive modeling, 413 Recursive models, 213 Recursive partitioning, 414, 415, 418,

420, 430, 433, 435 References, 472 Regression

estimated coefficients, 37, 130 residual variance, 37 squared multiple correlation, 37 t-value, 37, 86, 87, 92

Regressions dialog box, 37 option on Statistics menu, 37

Relationships keypad, 7, 93, 212 keyword in SIMPLIS, 215, 219, 220

Rename option on Define Variables dialog

box, 122 Repeated measurements, 261, 262, 298,

300, 310, 334, 335, 340 Replace

option on Edit menu, 175 Residuals, 298, 308, 309, 310 RESPONSE

command in multilevel models, 447, 449, 450, 451, 452

Response and Fixed Variable dialog box, 63, 64

Response and Fixed Variables dialog box, 282, 291, 302, 305, 448 option on Multilevel Linear menu, 59,

446, 448 Response variable

in multilevel models, 262, 265, 279, 280, 284, 285, 286, 287, 289, 294, 296, 302, 317, 323

RG command in PRELIS, 26, 37, 38

Richards function, 409 RMSEA, 187, 241, 250, 398, 407 RP

keyword in PRELIS, 40, 170

497

Rule keyword in FIRM, 364, 367, 375, 376,

379, 383, 454, 469, 470

S Sample size

command in SIMPLIS, 444 Save Matrices

dialog box, 92, 231 option on Setup menu, 92, 96

Save Text option on Edit toolbar, 12

Saving new data set, 17

SC command in PRELIS, 15, 22

Scatter plot, 44, 137, 164 Scatter Plot

check box on Bivariate Plots dialog box, 137, 164

option on Bivariate Plot dialog box, 137

Scatter plot matrix, 47, 48 Scatter Plot Matrix

dialog box, 46, 440 Scroll Data

toolbar, 68 Scroll Down One Page

option on View menu, 68 SE

command in PRELIS, 15, 21 Seed

for random number generation, 24, 28, 40, 158

Select all option on Edit menu, 183

Select Cases dialog box, 16, 142

Select Cases dialog box, 113 Select Covariate

dialog box, 65 option on Multilevel Non-Linear

menu, 65 Select Data

dialog box, 114, 140, 141

Select Model dialog box, 64, 337

Select Object option on Draw menu and toolbox, 79

Select Response and Fixed Variables dialog box, 58, 59, 264, 268, 272, 279,

283, 288, 296, 300, 317 Select Variables

dialog box, 16 Select Variables/Cases

option on Data menu, 15, 16, 113, 136, 140

Selections dialog box, 91 option for LISREL outputs, 206 option on Setup menu, 90, 91, 96

Setup menu, 8, 95, 174

SI keyword in LISREL, 235

SIMPLIS output number of decimals, 14, 40, 89, 91,

179, 191, 216 printing of residuals, 89

SIMPLIS Outputs dialog box, 89, 174, 191 option on Output menu, 89, 90 Option on Output menu, 174, 179,

190, 191, 216 SIMPLIS Project

option on New dialog box, 212, 216 option on New dialox box, 5, 6, 7 option on Open dialox box, 5, 6, 7

SIMPLIS project (SPJ) window, 208, 247

SIMPLIS syntax building from spj file, 94

SIMPLIS syntax file depression.spl, 253 ex16d.spl, 243 ex6a.spl, 215 ex6b.spl, 215 missex4b.spl, 240

Simulation Monte Carlo, 159

498

Simulation of data values, 159

Single group with missing data, 234

Single-headed arrow Draw toolbox, 214 option on Draw toolbox, 185, 195,

196, 238 SPJ Window, 93, 94, 95 Split

keyword in FIRM, 364, 367, 371, 376, 379, 382, 454, 456, 457, 458, 460, 461, 462, 465, 468, 469, 470

Split file requesting in FIRM, 349, 364, 367,

376, 377, 379, 383 Split rule file

requesting in FIRM, 364, 367, 376, 379

Split rule table in FIRM, 371, 382

Split table in FIRM, 371, 382

SPSS data file data100.sav, 110, 111 dataex7.sav, 100, 101, 156 jsp2.sav, 254, 255

Standard errors obtaining correct, 177

Starting values specifying in multilevel model, 447

Statistics menu, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33,

34, 37, 38, 39, 251, 252 Status Bar

option on Options menu, 70 option on View menu, 12, 84 option on View Toolbars menu, 179,

191, 201 Structural equations model, 291 Structural Model

option on Basic Model list box, 209, 210

option on View Model Types menu, 86

Style option on Options menu, 71

SUBPOP command in multilevel models, 328,

447 Sum

keyword in FIRM, 356, 359, 364, 367, 376, 379, 417, 454, 465, 467

Summary statistics in FIRM, 368, 371, 381, 382, 386,

420, 430, 431, 454 requesting in FIRM, 356, 359, 364,

367, 371, 376, 379, 382 SY

command in LISREL, 251 command in PRELIS, 7

Syntax files types of, 5, 6

Syntax Only option on New dialog box, 5, 6 option on Open dialog box, 5, 6

System file Data, 384, 385 Model, 386 PRELIS, 384, 436, 438 PRELIS and LISREL, 384

System File from file keyword in SIMPLIS, 251

T Tau-equivalent, 222 Text

1.5 spacing, 71 add, modify or delete existing, 8 centering, 71 changing font and color, 71 changing to bold face, 71 changing to italic type, 71 controlling appearance of, 70 double vertical space, 71 draw horizontal line through, 71 in single space, 71 Justifying, 71 left aligning, 71 right aligning, 71

499

Text underlining, 71

Text editor window, 69, 70, 97, 172, 258 Text Parameters

dialog box, 49, 53, 54, 126 TITLE

command in multilevel models, 267, 269, 270, 275, 306, 447, 449

Title and Comments dialog box, 74, 75, 180, 201, 217, 224,

255 option on Setup menu, 74, 180, 191,

201, 224, 255 Title and Options

dialog box, 57, 62, 263, 272 option in multilevel models, 263, 278,

287, 295, 300, 316, 335 option on Multilevel menu, 57, 62,

446, 449 Toolbar

Edit, 12, 102 option on Options menu, 70 option on View Toolbars menu, 12,

84, 179, 191, 201 Path Diagram, 4 Scroll Data, 68

Toolbars option on View menu, 84, 85, 179,

191 Toolbox

Draw, 78, 85, 88 Transformation

menu, 18, 19, 22, 24, 134, 149, 162 of non-normal variables, 143

Transformations menu, 275, 306 t-values, 372 T-values

option on Estimates list box, 211 Two-Stage Least-Squares

dialog box, 38, 150, 151 option on Statistics menu, 38, 150

Two-stage least-squares (TSLS), 146, 150

Two-Way Path icon button on Draw toolbox, 80

Typebar option on View Toolbars menu, 84,

179, 191

U Univariate

icon button, 124, 125 option on Graphs menu, 41, 109, 125 plots, 41 summary statistics, 123 test of normality, 124

Univariate Plots dialog box, 41, 125, 436

V Variable type

change from ordinal, 131 Variable Type for

dialog box, 122, 132, 148, 154 Variables

adding to PRELIS system file, 24, 77 assigning category lables, 15 changing type of, 15 computing and recoding, 22, 134, 162 computing functions of, 22 computing values, 24 creating dummy in multilevel model,

447 defining a weight variable in PRELIS,

22 defining fixed in multilevel model,

447 defining missing value codes, 15 defining random in multilevel model,

447 defining type of, 106, 122, 132, 149,

154 defining weight in multilevel models,

447 deleting, 141 fixing thresholds, 26, 30, 35 homogeneity test for categorical, 31 inserting in PRELIS system file, 15,

18, 132, 159, 160

500

Variables option on Setup menu, 15, 58, 59, 60,

63, 75 option on View Toolbars menu, 84 providing labels, 75 renaming, 148, 153 selecting in multilevel models, 59 selecting subset, 17

Variance decomposition model, 261, 263, 267, 278, 287

View menu, 12, 68, 84, 87, 88, 173, 179,

191, 197

W WE

command in PRELIS, 22 Weight

check box, 77 defining in multilevel models, 447 option on Transformation menu, 23 selecting variable, 23 variable in PRELIS, 384

Weight Variable dialog box, 23

WEIGHT1 command in multilevel models, 447

Weighted Least Squares (WLS or ADF), 143

WI

keyword in PRELIS, 40 Window

menu, 69 Within

covariance matrix, 285, 395, 400, 406 equal factor loadings and variances

across groups, 400, 404 group variability, 391

X XB

option in PRELIS, 40 XM

option in PRELIS, 40 X-Model

option on Basic Model list box, 209 option on View menu, 85

XT option in PRELIS, 40

Y Y-Model

option on Basic Model list box, 209 option on View menu, 86

Z Zoom

icon button, 84 option on Draw menu and toolbox, 84

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