Contents

1. BEFORE CHRIST 1 Edwin Smith Papyrus (Egypt) 2; Ebers Papyrus 2; Oath of the Hindu Physician (Vaidya’s Oath) 2; Sushruta 2; Greek Medical School 2; Hippocrates of Cos 3; Hippocratic Oath 3; Kashyap and Jeevaka 4; Aristophanes 5; Heart Valves 5; Herophilos 5; Aristotle 5; Bindusara (Second Mauryann Samrat of India) 5; Han Fei Tzu 5; Herophilus of Chalcedon and Eras Stratus of Chios 6; Charak 6; King Ashoka 6; Manu Smriti of Hindus 6; Charka Samhita 6

2. 1–500 AD 7 Peseshet 7; Rhazes or Rasis 7; Aulus Cornelius Celsus 7; Aretaeus 7; Celsus 7; Galen (Galen of Pergamum: Turkey) 8; Antonine Plague (Plague of Galen) 8; Rabbi Judah ha Nasi 8; Soranus of Ephesus (Greece) 8; Infanticide 8; King Pandukabhaya (Sri Lanka) 8

3. 501–1000 AD 9 Quran 9; Armenia 9; Ammaribn ‘Ali al-Mawsili (Egypt) 9; Avicenna 9; Shahnameh 9

4. 1001–1500 AD 10 Abulcasis 10; Al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) 10; Avenzoar 10; Mary and Eliza Chulkhurst10; Averroes10; Ibnal-Nafis11; FullSiblingsMarriage11; Situs Inversus 11; Paolo Bagellardo (1425–1495, Italy) 11; Jakob Nufer 11; Andreas Vesalius 11

5. 1501–2000 AD 12 Measles Outbreak 12; Thomas Phaer 12; John Woodall 12; Johannes Kepler 12; William Harvey 12; Hieronymus 13; Cloth Diapers 13; Admiral Sir Richard Hawkins 13; Penile Duplication 13; Thomas Wharton 13; Thomas Bartholin 13; Infanticide Act 14; Thomas Sydenham 14; Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek (Netherlands) 14; Niels Stensen 14; Huan Del Vego 14; Isaac Newton 14; Marcello Malpighi 15; Antonio Maria Valsalva 15; Dr Jean Baptiste Denys (France) 15; Borelli 15; Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 15; Abraham Vater 15; Johann Friedrich Bachstrom 16; Lady Mary Worley Montagu 16; Morton 16; Paul Gottlieb Werlhof 16; Robert Bunon 16; Dr Nils Rosen 17; James Lind 17; George Armstrong (United Kingdom) 17; William Buchan 17; William Kent 17; Stefano Infessura 18; Edward Anthony Jenner 18; Linnaeus 18; Thomas Braidwood 18; Intravenous

xvi Pediatric Milestones

Injection 18; Matthew Baillie 19; Edward Harrison 19; John Cheyne 19; Pierre Fidele Bretonneau 19; Francois Chassier 19; Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec 19; Friedrich Wilhelm August Frobel (German) 20; Two-Headed Boy 20; Baumes and Hervieux 20; Child Labor 20; Sir Thomas Watson 20; Dr Jesse Bennett 20; Benjamin Guy Babington 21; Smallpox Vaccine 21; Thomas Spence 21; Thomas Hodgkin 21; Alfred Donne 21; Sir Dominic John Corrigan 21; Hospital for Sick Children 22; Dr John Conrad Otto (United States) 22; Deaf Children Education 22; William Stokes 22; Elizabeth Palmer Peabody 23; Hans Christian Andersen 23; Manuel Garcia 23; Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand Duchenne 23; Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr 24; Chang and Eng Bunker 24; Campbell Greig De Morgan 24; Thomas Bevill Peacock 24; John Hughes Bennett 24; Austin Flint 25; Kentish E 25; Henri Nestle 25; Horace Wells and William Morton 25; Robert Remak 25; Rene Laennec 25; Dr James Blundell 26; Ludwig Traube 26; Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow 26; Adolph Kussmaul (Germany) 26; Sir Francis Galton (English) 27; Theodor Bilharz 27; Paul Louis Duroziez 27; Otto Heinrich Enoch Becker 27; Friedrich Hopff 27; John Langdon Haydon Down (Brittan) 28; Stephane Etienne Tarnier 28; Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer 28; Dr Abraham Jacobi (Hartum-Westphalia) 28; Dr Thomas Latta 29; Dr Naomi Baumslag 29; Molly Meyer-Schurz 29; Duchene Muscular Dystrophy 29; Blundell 29; Karl Joseph Eberth 29; Ferdinand Adolf Kehrer 30; Samuel Siegfried Karl Ritter von Basch 30; Ludwig Wilhem Mauthner 30; Down Syndrome 30; Samuel Armstrong Lane 30; Jesse Armour Crandall 30; Day Care 31; Waldemar Kernig (Germany) 31; Joseph O’Dwyer (America) 31; Heinrich Irenaeus Quincke 31; Hermann Robert Koch 31; Adolphe Pinard 32; Francis Rynd 32; Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen 32; Anton Weichselbaum 32; Baby Feeding Bottles 32; Charles Heber McBurney 33; Sir William Richard Gower 33; Pierre-Constant Budin 33; John Hutchinson 33; George Poe, Jr 33; Baron Takaki Kanehir 33; Elizabeth Harrison 34; Hugo Weidel 34; Georg Theodor August Gaffky 34; Etienne-Louis Arthur Fallot 34; Arthur Leared 34; Millie and Christine McCoy 34; Theodor Bilharz 35; Santiago Ramony Cajal 35; George Cammann 35; Great Ormond Street Hospital 35; Max Sanger 36; Pravaz 36; OH Needham (US) 36; Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (USA) 36; Augustus Desire Waller 37; Sigmund Freud 37; Dr Franz Ziehl 37; Joseph Jules Francois Felix Babinski 37; Alfred Binet 37; Antoine Bernard-Jean Marfan 38; Bernard Sachs 38; Julia Lathrop 38; Christiaan Eijkman 38; Girons 38; Thomas Burr Osborne 39; Willem Einthoven 39; Holst 39; Niels Ryberg Finsen 39; James McKeen Cattell 39; William John Little 39; Almroth Edward Wright 40; James Bryan Herrick 40; Georges Fernand Isidor Widal 40; William Bradley Coley 40; Alfred Kirstein (Germany) 40; Scipione Riva-Rocci 40; Eduard Konrad Zirm 41; Bitots 41; Leon Charles Albert Calmette 41; Siegle’s Steam Spray Inhaler 41; Van Heusinger 41; Robert Heinz 41; Joseph Lister 42; Charles Dettie Aaron 42; James Stephen Ewing 42; Anton Ghon 42; Pierre Robin 42; John Thomson 42; Marie Sklodowska Curie 43; Karl Landsteiner 43; Sir George Frederick (England) 43; George Frederic Still 43; Harvey Williams Cushing 43; Dr Maude Abbott 44;

Contents xvii

Italian Pediatric Hospital 44; James Homer Wright 44; Children’s Hospital Boston 44; Maria Montessori 45; Julia Ward Howe (America) 45; Dr Martin A Couney 45; Alfred Adler 45; Thomas Benton Cooley 45; Jean-Marie Camille Guerin 46; Theodore Simon 46; Lafayette Benedict Mendel 46; Hans Berger (Germany) 46; McNamara 46; Henry H Janeway 46; Mary Ellen 47; Winston Churchill 47; Ernst Moro 47; Jozef Brudzinski 47; Friedrich Schatz (Germany) 47; Emil Herman Grubbe 48; Johannes Orth 48; Eglantyne Jebb 48; Lewis Madison Terman 48; Bela Schick 48; Dr George Grey Turner 48; Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson 49; John Broadus Watson 49; Elmer Varner McCollum 49; RW Felkin 49; Lillian Herald South Tye 50; Camillo Bozzolo, Edoardo Perroncito and Luigi Pagliani 50; Abraham Louis Levin 50; Gehri Quadruplets 50; Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran 50; William Edwards Ladd 51; Elementary Education 51; Carl Wernicke 51; Ferdinand Adolf Kehrer 51; Bidhan Chandra Roy 51; Cleland 52; Paul Ehrlich 52; Robert George Ferguson 52; Hervey Thatcher 52; Anna Pavlova 52; Louis Wendlin Sauer 52; Frankel 53; Wisconsin Marguerite Davis 53; Maria Allen 53; Selman Abraham Waksman 53; Raphael Anatole Emile Blanchard 53; Nomogram 53; Dr Walter Essex Wynter 54; Helena Kagan 54; Verne Rheem Mason 54; William Richardson 54; Robert Koch 54; Kral (Czechoslovakia) 54; Heinrich Quincke 55; William Parry Murphy 55; Dr Van Ingen (Sri Lanka) 55; Henry H Turner 55; Elementary Education Act (ENGLAND) 55; Dr Paul Gyorgy 55; Arthur H Wentworth 56; Roger John Williams 56; Edward Adelbert Doisy 56; The Nightingale Pledge 56; Dr Cicely Williams 56; Leo Kanner 57; Henrik Dam 57; Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk 57; Jean Piaget 57; Almroth Edward Wright 57; Maxwell W Becton and Fairleigh S Dickinson 58; Dr Helen Tausig 58; Carl Sternberg and Dorothy Reed 58; Sphygmomanometer 58; Paul Kaznelson 58; Dr Joseph B De Lee 59; Clarence Crafoord 59; Charles Monteux 59; Eisenmenger Syndrome 59; Alessandro Vallebona (Italy) 59; Lewandowsky 59; Paul Langerhan 60; Linus Carl Pauling 60; Conrad A Elvehjem 60; Martinus van der Hagen 60; Johann Andersag 60; Brodie TG 61; Thomas Holmes Sellors 61; Erik Erikson 61; Sidney Farber 61; Otto Sachs 61; Christian Schmorl 62; Frank D Costenbader 62; Nikolai Korotkoff 62; Robert E Gross 62; David Littmann 62; Hans Asperger 63; Albert Bruce Sabin 63; Glenn Allan Millikan 63; Mary Mallon 63; Alexander Solomon Wiener 63; A Earl Walker 64; David S Sheridan 64; Klaus Patau 64; Becker Muscular Dystrophy 64; Alexander Maksimov (Russia) 64; Grace Golden Clayton 64; Virginia Apgar 65; Frederick F Russell 65; Sonora Smart Dodd 65; James Homer Wright 65; Dr Edward Bright Vedder 66; James B Herrick 66; Basil Martin Wright 66; Harry Fitch Klinefelter Jr 66; Isoniazid (Laniazid, Nydrazid) 66; Sir Jonathan Hutchinson 66; Jackson 67; Albert Hustin (Belgian) 67; John Wild 67; Birth Control 67; Jonas Edward Salk 67; Arthur Felix and Edmund Weil 68; Quadruplets (Oklahoma) 68; Vladimir Petrovich Demikhov 68; Oswald Hope Robertson 68; Johann Sussmann Galant 68; Urie Bronfenbrenner 68; Lawson Wilkins 69; Marshall Miller Parks (America) 69; Thomas Berry Brazelton (United States) 69; Eglantyne Jebb and Dorothy Buxton 69; JB Sidbury 70; Janusz Korczak 70;

xviii Pediatric Milestones

Maurice Ralph Hilleman 70; James Mourilyan Tanner 70; Children Union 71; Marie Stopes 71; Grand National Assembly of Turkey 71; Michael Anthony Epstein 71; John William Money 71; Thomas Chalmers Peebles 71; Robert Royston Amos Coombs 72; Rohrer 72; Roberto Caldeyro-Barcia 72; Christiaan Neethling Barnard 72; Prematurity 72; Dr Thomas Henry Flewett 72; Transvaal Memorial Hospital for Children 73; David Cornelius Morley (Northampton) 73; Eglantyne Jebb 73; Professor Wong Hock 73; Tetanus Toxoid 74; Erik Adolf von Willebrand 74; Maurice Goldenhar 74; Vernon Ingram 74; International Children’s Day 74; Alexander Bogdanov 75; Sir Robert Geoffrey Edwards 75; Baruch Samuel (America) 75; Justin Achoo 75; Thomas E Starzl 75; Raghunath Dhondo Karve 76; Janusz Korczak 76; Egas Moniz 76; Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health 76; John Hilton Edwards 76; Dr George Coelho 77; Dharmendra Kumar Tyagi 77; John Raymond Hobbs 77; Edwin Carlyle Carl Wood 77; David Edmund Kuhl 78; Child Marriage Restraint Act (Sarda Act) 78; Antimalarial Drugs 78; American Academy of Pediatrics 78; Pneumostat 78; Grantly Dick Read 79; Leo Kanner 79; Hirschfeld, Hyman and Wanger 79; Subhash Mukhopadhyay 79; Children’s Day 79; Jacques Francis Albert Pierre Miller 79; Thalassemia 80; The Journal of Pediatrics 80; Dr Charles E Mullins (Washington Dc) 80; Certify Pediatricians 80; Dr Hilda L Keane 80; Lina Medina (Peru) 81; Dr KC Chaudhari 81; Yvonne, Annette, Cecile, Emilie and Marie 81; Dilip Mahalanabis 81; Karl Matthes 81; Patek and Taylor 82; Pamela Whitlock and Katharine Hull 82; Robert Charles Gallo 82; Dr LO Abeyratne 82; Dr Mukherjee 82; Infanticide Act 82; William Penton Sears 83; Dr George Ludwig 83; Lawson Wilkins 83; 12 Pediatricians 83; Rappaport and Sprague 83; Cawadias (Brittan) 83; Louis K Diamond 84; The Tax on Childlessness 84; Sir Frederic Still 84; Edward Joseph Hoffman 84; Yury Verlinsky (America) 84; Professor Ludwig Pick 85; Eileen Saxon 85; Pediatric Postgraduation in India 85; Alfred Blalock 85; Mary Rose Tully 86; Chance Brothers 86; World Health Organization 86; Dr John Caffey 86; United Nations Children’s Fund 86; Marion Donovan 87; Valerie and Patrick 87; Pavlosky 87; Professor Dr ST Achar 87; Physician’s Oath 87; BCG Mass Immunization 88; Chair of Pediatrics 88; Dr Andrija Stampar 88; World Health Day 88; Professor C C de Silva 89; Alexandar S Nada 89; Wilfred Jones 89; Abraham George Thomas 89; Herman Carr 89; World Infant Mortality Rates 90; Association of Pediatrics of India 90; Ronnie and Donnie Galyon of Ohio 90; Little Emperors Syndrome 90; Family Planning Program 90; Dr C Walton Lillehei 90; Roger Manley 91; Hemendra Nath Chatterjee 91; Dr Edward Press and Louis Gdalman 91; Dr Holger Hesse 91; C Walton Lillehei 91; Joseph Murray 91; Dr John Enders 92; Russell M Nelson 92; Children’s Day 92; Pediatric Education 92; Libero Martoni 92; John Money 92; Goran Haglund 93; Colin Murdoch 93; John Walsh (England) 93; La Leche League International (LLLI) 93; Russell M Nelson 93; Mother’s Day 94; Riker Laboratories 94; Miss Sister Jean Ward 94; Separate Teaching 94; SuppressionofImmoralTrafficinWomenandGirlsAct(SITA)94; Gomez94; Brave Children Award 95; James Alexander Thomson 95; Dr Edward H Hon 95; Cremer 95; Yuan Chang 95; Universal Children’s Day 96; Mary Ellen Avery 96;

Contents xix

Joan Hodgman 96; Dr Jerome Lejeune 96; Dr Charles Ford 96; Jacques Miller 97; Michael Woodruff 97; Family Planning 97; Mildred Stallman 97; State wise girl to boy sex ratio in India 97; Dr C Henry Kempe 98; National Tuberculosis Control Program 98; Joseph Holmes 99; Dr Robert Guthrie 99; Thomas Starzl 99; Charles Theodore Dotter (United States) 99; Indian Academy of Pediatrics 99; Grandmother’s Day 99; Ultrasonic Wave Nebulizer 100; Professor Priyani Soysa 100; International Children’s Literature Day 100; American Neonatal Intensive Care Unit 100; Maclaren Buggy 100; Father’s Day 101; Dr Kelly, Dr Lillehei, Dr Merkel, Dr Idezuki Y, and Dr Goetz 101; National Organization for Women 101; Professor Andrea Prader 101; Intersex 102; Medical Council of India 102; Harold Garfunkel102; SirGodfreyHounsfield102; MariaTeresaLopez102; Dr Starzl 102; Rifampicin 102; Wilmore and Dudtrick 103; National Policy on Education 103; Reproductive Rights 103; Baruch S Blumberg (America) 103; Professor John Walker Smith 104; Barry and Sheila Thorns 104; Bone Marrow Transplant 104; Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) 104; Godfrey Hounsfield104; GAGregory104; DrMauriceHilleman105; Geraldine Brodrick 105; Dr Ruth Bishop 105; Doula 105; Child Abuse 105; J Kattwinkel 105; Hillary Clinton 106; National Policy for Children 106; Michiaki Takahashi 106; Disposable Syringe 106; Immunization 106; Amniocentesis 107; Thomas Henry Flewett 107; Rahima Banu 107; Anganwadi 107; Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme 107; Neonatology 107; William Trager and James B Jensen 108; Medical Council of India 108; Electrocardiography 108; Ali Maow Maalin (Somalia) 108; Waterlow 108; National Grandparents Day 108; Louise Joy Brown 108; Cord Blood 109; Indian Child Welfare Act 109; Dr Edgar Rey Sanabria (Colombia) 109; Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) 109; Diarrheal Disease Control Program 109; Marian McQuade (United States) 110; Pediatric Nursing 110; Child Labor 110; Global Eradication of Smallpox 110; Child Rights and You (CRY) 110; National Children’s Fund 111; Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) 111; Smallpox 111; Child Adoption Assistance Act 111; Pulmonary Surfactant 111; The National Neonatology Forum (NNF) 111; International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes 112; Kenneth J Zucker 112; International Missing Children’s Day 112; Pediatric Heart Transplant 112; National Youth Day 112; Virginia Sue Bredekamp 112; Frustaci Septuplets (California) 113; Universal Immunization Program (UIP) 113; National Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) Program 113; Harsha 113; Dr Ben Carson 113; Pulse Oximeter 113; James Elgin Gill (Canada) 114; Grandmothers Day 114; Global Polio Eradication 114; Dr Pablo Rubinstein 114; Carlos Arcusin 114; The White Coat Ceremony (WCC) 115; World Hemophilia Day 115; Madeline Mann 115; International Year of the Child 115; Acute Respiratory Illness (ARI) Control Program 115; Michael E Arth 116; World Breastfeeding Week 116; International Children’s Day of Broadcasting Award 116; Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative 116; Universal Immunization Program 117; Stephanie Keene (Baby K) 117; Pediatrics a Separate Subject 117; RNTCP 117; Celia Priszkulnik Koiffmann (Brazil) 117; Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) 118;

xx Pediatric Milestones

National Nutrition Policy 118; Girl Education 118; International Thalassemia Day 118; Apni Beti-Apna Dhan (Our Daughter -Our Wealth) 118; International Year of Families 119; Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act 119; Girl Child 119; National Grandparents Day 119; Pulse Polio Immunization 119; World Health Organization 119; John Matthew Duprey (Burlington) 120; McCaughey Septuplets 120; Balika Samriddhi Yojana 120; Cord Blood Bank 120; Maternal Mortality Rate 120; Quadruplets 121; Martin Daly (Canada) 121; Cord Blood Bank 121; James Thomson 121; Rotavirus Vaccine 121; International Men’s Day 121; KM Cherian 122; International Youth Day 122; Zurina Mat Saad 122; National Adoption Day 122; Dr David Townsend and Dr Nutt 122; The Juvenile Justice Act 122; Ramirez Perez 123; Stillbirth Remembrance Day 123; National Pregnancy and Infant Loss Remembrance Day 123; World’s Children’s Prize 123; Ganga and Jamuna Shreshta 123

6. 2001–2012 AD 124 African Malaria Day 124; Human Embryos 124; Relicord 124; Indian Education Survey 124; Child Labor in India 124; Child Health in India 124; National Plan of Action for Children 125; Peter Senge 125; Red Hand Day 125; Professor Peter Dunn 125; Sohna and Mohna 125; Dr Songtao Shi 125; Baby Walkers 126; National Plan of Action for Children 126; Grandparents Day 126; National Stem Cell Bank 126; Enland 126; Sex-selective Abortion 126; Adoption Anniversary Day (Gotcha Day) 127; National Plan of Action for Children 127; Child’s Right to Nurse Act 127; Lakshmi Tatma 127; Destiny 127; International Children’s Peace Prize 127; Jie-jie 128; Mom’s Breastaurant 128; Amelia Taylor 128; Professor Dr Michael Hiesmayer 128; Kendra and Maliyah Herrin 128; Baby Friendly Hospital 128; Matt Daigle 129; One Eyed Child (Cyclopean Baby) 129; World Down Syndrome Day 129; Lebowakgomo 129; Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 129; World Malaria Day 130; Girl Child Education in India 130; Lali Singh 130; James Randerson 130; Kiron 130; Kara Neumann 130; Nonin Medical 131; Jonathon White Hill 131; Right of Education Act 131; Child Marriages 131; Rotavirus Vaccine 131; Child Labor 132; Grandparents’ Day 132; Mother’s Day 132; Professor Ihsan Dogramaci 132; Under-5 Mortality 132; National Childhood Obesity Awareness 132; Estonia-Grandparents Day 133; Brazilian Woman 133; Girl Child 133; Exclusive Breastfeeding 133; International Day for Street Children 133; Ratio of Girls to Boys 133; International Missing Children’s Day 134; International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression 134; Child Health Day 134; Apni Beti-Apna Dhan 134; Satyamev Jayate 134; Surplus Males 134

Index 135