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    SEMINRIO INTERNACIONALDESENVOLVIMENTO NO DIREITO E NAS POLTICAS

    DESPORTIVAS DA UNIO EUROPEIA

    26 DE SETEMBRO DE 2007

    O LIVRO BRANCO: A VISO DO COMIT OLMPICO DEPORTUGAL

    Depois de tantos anos marcados por uma abordagem descontnua,errtica e reactiva da Unio Europeia face ao desporto, a Comisso Europeia elaborou, em Julho ltimo, um Livro Branco sobre esta matria,acompanhado de dois documentos de suporte, surgindo muito pouco tempodepois de um outro documento relacionado com assuntos de sade Estratgia da Europa em Nutrio, Excesso de Peso e Obesidade.

    No se tratando de um texto juridicamente vinculativo, a sua fora poltica, indissocivel da prpria fora do desporto, justifica, sem dvida, odebate, a anlise, a busca de encontrar um sentido e uma sequncia para o contedo do documento.

    E isso que o Comit Olmpico de Portugal se prope fazer hoje,numa interveno necessariamente breve, e estruturada em duas partes.

    Na primeira, procuraremos avaliar o relevo que a Comisso d no Livro Branco ao Movimento Olmpico e s matrias com ele conexas.

    Num segundo momento, procuraremos aferir dos eventuais efeitos do Livro Branco nas polticas desportivas dos Estados-membros e no quotidiano do movimento associativo.

    No que respeita ao Olimpismo, merece especial destaque o facto de oLivro Branco comear com uma citao de Pierre de Coubertin, e de a

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    Comisso baptizar o seu Programa de Aco precisamente com o nome dBaro fundador dos Jogos Olmpicos da Era Moderna.

    No mais, todas as referncias so avulsas e esparsas, merecendo destaque as seguintes: (i) a necessidade de um dilogo inclusivo entre a UEe os Movimentos Olmpico e Paralmpico; (ii) o relevante papel da Solidariedade Olmpica; (iii) os mtodos de eco-gesto implementados noJogos Olmpicos de Turim 2006; (iv) o forte combate do COI contra oambush marketing ; (v) a circunstncia de eventos como os Jogos Olmpicos poder justificar um tratamento fiscal mais favorvel para os organizadores, nomeadamente em sede de IVA.

    De forma mais mediata, h, evidentemente, outras temticas do Livro Branco conexas com o Olimpismo, as quais gostaramos aqui tanto de identificar como de saudar.

    Referimo-nos fundamentalmente ao enfoque dado a matrias de vital importncia, quais sejam: (i) a promoo da sade pblica atravs do desporto; (ii) o combate dopagem; corrupo; violncia; ao branqueamento de capitais; s apostas ilegais; ao trfico de menores; ao racismo; xenofobia, entre outros flagelos associados ao desporto; (iii) o papel educativo e formativo do desporto; (iv) as valncias do voluntariado;(v) a incluso social no e atravs do desporto; (vi) o contributo do desporto para o desenvolvimento sustentvel.

    Note-se ainda uma grande proximidade, que tambm se sada, entre alguns contedos do Livro Branco e a Carta Olmpica, nomeadamente quando (i) se enaltece o papel do desporto no dilogo intercultural; ou (ii)enquanto veculo de cidadania; (iii) o potencial do desporto para a paz e para o desenvolvimento, (iv) a necessidade de se salvaguardar os direitos dacrianas; (v) o contributo do desporto para a no discriminao e para a integrao social; ou ainda (vi) os valores ambientais que tm de ser preservados e difundidos no contexto desportivo.

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    Cumprida a primeira parte da nossa interveno, centramo-nos j,sem delongas, nos efeitos que o Livro Branco pode vir a ter na definio das polticas desportivas dos 27 Estados-membros da UE.

    Afigura-se indubitvel que, ao optar por um Livro Branco, e no por um Livro Verde, a Comisso quis ir alm da consulta e do diagnstico, quisapresentar propostas concretas de aco da UE na rea especfica do desporto.

    , pois, notria a ambio da Comisso, a qual, cite-se, se prope abordar o desporto de forma compreensiva e mais coordenada , e,sublinhe- se, expressa ser seu objectivo global conceber uma orientao estratgica para o desporto na UE.

    Esta excessiva ambio tem suscitado acesas reaces, de quem teme erepudia a eventual vontade da Comisso em ingerir-se num domnio de competncia reservada dos Estados-membros, e assim passar a definir umaestratgia comum, escala europeia.

    Somos, no entanto, da opinio de que, talvez, no se justifica tanto alarme.

    Com efeito, por mais ambiciosas que possam ser as intenes da Comisso Europeia, a verdade que as mesmas sempre tero de obedecer aTratado da Comunidade Europeia, em vigor.

    Ora o Tratado da Comunidade Europeia consagra desde logo o princpio da competncia por atribuio, nos termos do qual os rgoscomunitrios devero actuar nos limites das suas competncias especficas.

    Nesse sentido, uma vez que o Tratado no atribui Comunidade qualquer competncia directa no domnio do desporto, os rgos comunitrios nunca podero adoptar actos neste domnio que vinculem os

    Estados-membros.

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    E assim continuar a ser no futuro, mesmo num cenrio em que o desporto venha enfim a figurar expressamente no direito primrio da UE.De facto, constata-se quer no mandato do Conselho para a Conferncia Intergovernamental em curso, quer no Anteprojecto do Tratado Reformador,que a UE, no domnio do desporto, s poder vir a ter competncias de suporte, coordenao e complemento s aces dos Estados-membros.

    Neste contexto, de competncia limitada no tipo, e tendo presente um outro princpio estruturante da UE, que o princpio da subsidiariedade, a interveno futura da UE surgir apenas quando se comprovar ser um valor acrescentado aco de cada um dos Estados- membros, e apenas para contribuir, favorecer, apoiar, completar, fomentar,reforar, relanar. Nunca para substituir, contrariar, vetar. O que est em causa no uma repartio de competncias, mas sim colaborao e cooperao entre a UE e os Estados-membros.

    Diga-se, a propsito, que nos associamos totalmente ao Livro Branco quando prope o recurso ao Mtodo Aberto de Coordenao, mecanismointergovernamental que, no respeito pela soberania de cada um, possibilitaaos Estados-membros, em conjunto, planificar, examinar, comparar e ajustar as respectivas polticas desportivas, trocando boas prticas. O que s beneficia cada poltica nacional, de per si, e todas, num contexto global deafirmao desportiva da UE.

    Parece-nos ainda benfico para os Estados-membros o conjunto de

    aces que a Comisso se prope empreender, envolvendo o desporto ncontexto das diversas polticas sectoriais do Tratado, e assim o financiando.Tanto mais se elogia esta via, quanto sabido que desde 1998 se suspenderam os apoios financeiros comunitrios directos ao desporto, istoem razo de um acrdo do Tribunal de Justia das Comunidades que deixou bem clara a necessidade de uma base jurdica no Tratado para haveruma correspondente dotao oramental.

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    Aqui chegados, cumpre agora iniciarmos a ltima parte da nossa interveno, incidindo sobre os efeitos do Livro Branco no quotidiano do Associativismo Desportivo.

    E aqui sim, e bem medidas as palavras, achamos que h motivos para alarme.

    Com efeito, revelia de inmeros apelos e gorando todas as expectativas criadas, o Livro Branco no concretizou, designadamente em termos jurdicos, o conceito de especificidade desportiva , o qual, ao longo dos anos, foi reivindicado em mltiplos textos adoptados quer pelas instituies comunitrias quer pelos Estados-membros, mas nunca verdadeiramente densificado nem materializado na prtica.

    Infelizmente, no Livro Branco ficou por delimitar e densificar o conceito de regras puramente desportivas, ou seja as regras que interessam unicamente ao desporto, sem relevncia econmica e que, nessa medidadevem escapar ao mbito de aplicao do Direito Comunitrio.

    Em contraponto, a Comisso, de uma penada e ao arrepio de trs dcadas de jurisprudncia constante e concordante, optou por considerar quemesmo as regras puramente desportivas esto sujeitas ao crivo do Direito Comunitrio.

    Tambm se lamenta ter ficado por esclarecer em que medida as

    funes social, educativa, cultural, recreativa e de sade pblica do desporto podem justificar que o Direito Comunitrio no se lhe aplique de formacega.

    Em contraponto, optou-se por fugir a esse esclarecimento, remetendo- o para uma anlise caso a caso, sabendo-se quo o casusmo a anttese dasegurana jurdica, que um princpio geral de Direito Comunitrio.

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    Parece assim, que doravante, toda e qualquer regra que uma organizao desportiva venha a adoptar poder ser sujeita a uma anlise da sua compatibilidade com o Direito Comunitrio.

    Tal j sucedeu, alis, no recente Acrdo Meca-Medina que a referncia metodolgica do Livro Branco , no qual o Tribunal de Justia das Comunidades ajuizou da legalidade de uma norma antidopagem adoptada pelo COI. A sorte foi que aquele tribunal considerou proporcionalo limite fixado na norma sub-jdice quanto presena de uma substncia dopante no corpo de um atleta...

    Este caso paradigmtico e propulsor da posio da Comisso Europeia to caricato quanto ignora o papel central e independente das federaes desportivas na promoo e regulamentao das respectivamodalidades, que ficaro sempre dependentes de um juzo jurisdicional deterceiros, acaso haja impugnaes.

    A verdade mesmo esta: apesar de frisar que existe hoje uma crescente litigncia no desporto, a Comisso abre portas a que, no futuro, possamos assistir a casos em Bruxelas e no Luxemburgo nos quais, poexemplo, se avaliar a compatibilidade com o direito comunitrio de umaregra que diminua o nmero de equipas participante numa liga de futebol; de uma norma que fixe o comprimento de um campo de rguebi; de umasano disciplinar que comine um carto vermelho com cinco jogos desuspenso para o infractor; de uma regra que fixe um limite de jogadores po

    plantel.E ateno: a Comisso tambm avisa que se prepara para aferir da

    legalidade das normas federativas aplicveis a modalidades individuais queatribuam ttulos nacionais exclusivamente a cidados nacionais.

    Concluindo:

    No se pedia uma excepo desportiva, ou uma iseno automtica do Direito Comunitrio ao desporto. Pedia-se to s que se passasse das

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    As regards the Olympism, special attention should be drawn to the fact that the White Paper begins with a quote by Baron Pierre de Coubertin and that the Commission has named its Action Plan after him,the founder of the Olympic Games of the modern age.

    In addition, all of its references are unconnected and scattered, with the following worthy of note: (i) the need for inclusive dialogue between the EU and the Olympic and Paralympic movements; (ii) the important role of Olympic solidarity; (iii) the eco-management methods implemented durinthe 2006 Tu rin Olympic Games; (iv) the IOCs strong fight against ambush marketing, and (v) the circumstances of events like the Olympic Games being able to justify a more favourable fiscal treatment for its organisers,namely on the basis of VAT.

    Indirectly, there are clearly other topics in the White Paper related to the Olympism which we would like to both identify and welcome here.

    Above all, we are referring to the emphasis given to the following areas of vital importance: (i) the promotion of public health through sport; (ii) the fight against doping, corruption, violence, money laundering, illegal gambling, trafficking of minors, racism and xenophobia, among otherafflictions associated with sport; (iii) the educational and vocational role of sport; (iv) aspects of volunteering; (v) social inclusion within and through sport, and (vi) the contribution of sport to sustainable development.

    A very close relationship between certain elements of the White Paper and the Olympic Charter is also noted and welcomed, in particular when (i) the role of sport is praised in intercultural dialogue or (ii) as a vehicle for citizenship; (iii) the potential for sport to promote peace and development; (iv) the need to safeguard childrens rights; (v) the contribution of sport to non-discrimination and social integration or (vi) the environmental values which must be preserved and promoted within the context of sport.

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    Having fulfilled the first part of our intervention, let us now focus without delay on the effects that the White Paper may have in defining the sports policies of the 27 EU Member States.

    It appears indisputable that in choosing a White Paper rather than a Green Paper, the Commission wanted to go beyond consultation and analysis and instead present concrete proposals for action by the EU in the specific area of sport.

    The Commissions ambition is therefore well -known, proposing a comprehensive and more co-ordinated approach to sport and, notably,stating its overall objective as giving a strategic orientation to the role of sport in the EU.

    This ambition has sparked vehement reactions in those who fear and reject an excessive desire on the part of the Commission to interfere in anarea of competence reserved for Member States and thus define a commonstrategy at the European level.

    We, however, are of the opinion that such alarm is unjustified.

    In fact, however ambitious the European Commissions intentions may be, the truth is that they must always obey the Treaty of the European Community.

    Since the beginning, the European Community Treaty has endorsed the principle of attributing jurisdiction, under the terms of which Community bodies must act within the limits of their powers.

    In that regard, given that the Treaty does not assign any direct power to the European Community in the area of sport, Community bodiesmay never adopt acts in this domain which are binding on Member States.

    And so it shall continue to be, even in a scenario in which sport finally receives express mention in EU primary law. In fact, it can be seen

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    in the Council mandate for the Intergovernmental Conference currently underway as well as in the preliminary draft of the Reform Treaty that sport shall only be able to receive powers to support, co-ordinate and supplement the actions of Member States.

    Within this context of powers limited by type and bearing in mind another structuring principle of the EU, that of subsidiarity the future intervention of the EU shall take place only when it is proven to be a value added to the action of each Member State and only to contribute, promote,support, complete, encourage, strengthen and reinvigorate, but never to replace, oppose or veto. It is not the division of powers that is at stake, but rather the collaboration and co-operation between the EU and its Member States.

    Incidentally, we associate ourselves completely with the White Paper when it proposes using the open method of co-ordination, an intergovernmental instrument that enables Member States to jointly plan,analyse, compare and adjust their own sports policies and exchange best practices whilst respecting the sovereignty of each country. This can onlybenefit each national policy individually and all national policies as part of a comprehensive context that endorses sport in the EU.

    It also seems to us that Member States would benefit from the set of actions that the Commission proposes to undertake by including sport within the Treatys various sectoral policies and thus providing it with

    financial support. This route is even more commendable as directCommunity financial aid for sport has been withheld since 1998, as the result of a ruling by the Court of Justice of the European Communities,which clearly stated the need for a legal basis in the Treaty in order to have a corresponding budget appropriation.

    At this point, it now falls upon us to begin the final part of our intervention, which determines the effects of the White Paper on the day-

    to-day activities of sports associations.

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    In this regard and in carefully measured words, we feel that there is indeed cause for alarm.

    In fact, flying in the face of countless appeals and frustrating all expectations, the White Paper has not delivered, specifically in legal terms,on the concept of the specific nature of sport, an idea which has been asserted over the years in several texts adopted by Community institutions and Member States, but which has never been truly developed or put in practice.

    Unfortunately, the White Paper failed to establish and develop the concept of purely sporting rules, or rather the rules concerned solely with sport without any economic interest and which, in that regard, should fall outside the scope of the application of Community law.

    Instead, with one stroke of the pen and going against three decades of constant and coherent jurisprudence, the Commission chose to considereven "purely sporting rules as being subject to scrutiny by Community law.

    It is also unfortunate that it did not clarify the extent to which the social, educational, cultural, recreational and public health functions of sport can justify Community law's inability to be unquestioningly applied to this area.

    Rather, the Commission chose to evade this clarification and has

    instead submitted it to a case-by-case analysis, knowing beforehand how sophistry is the antithesis of legal certainty, which is a general principle of Community law.

    Henceforth, any and every rule which a sports organisation may adopt could be subjected to an analysis of its compatibility with Community law.

    As a matter of fact, this has already happened in the recent Meca- Medina verdict which is the White Papers methodological model in

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    which the Court of Justice of the European Communities ruled on the legality of an anti-doping regulation adopted by the IOC. Fortunately, the Court considered the limit set in the regulation under judgment to be proportional with regard to the presence of a doping substance in an athletes body.

    This paradigmatic and propulsive case stating the European Commissions pos ition is as ridiculous as it is ignorant of the central and independent role played by sports federations in promoting and regulating their respective sports, which shall always remain dependent upon a third- party ruling in the event of a challenge.

    The truth is this: despite its emphasis on the growing litigation that exists today in sport, the Commission is opening doors that may enable us towitness cases in Brussels and Luxembourg whereby, for example, the compatibility of Community law shall be assessed for a rule that reduces thenumber of participating teams in a football league; for a regulation that establishes the length of a rugby pitch; for a disciplinary sanction that awards the guilty party a red card with a five-game ban; for a rule that sets a limit on players per team.

    And take note: the Commission also warns that it is prepared to determine the legality of the federation regulations applicable to individual sports which award national titles exclusively to EU nationals.

    To conclude:What was requested was not that an exception be made for sport,

    nor that it be automatically exempted from Community law. It was only asked that words be transformed into actions, or rather, that which everyone has always claimed to exist the so- called spec ific nature of sport have a practical consequence. But another path has been taken:one that goes against the Community acquis, subjecting even non-economic

    rules and activities to Community law; one that does not make use of the

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    mechanisms provided by Community law to determine, in certain cases,whether a given agreement or practice can be applied, compatible or exempt

    But all is not lost. And once the specific nature of sport is incorporated in the Reform Treaty, a document that is indeed legally binding, we can expect the Court of Justice of the European Communities to return to the vision that it expressed in 2000 in the Delige judgment: a modalitys regulatory and rulemaking mission should fall to the sports federations , which normally have the necessary knowledge and experience.

    I end by quoting an excerpt from the Fourth Fundamental Principle of the Olympic Charter:The organisation, administration and management of sport must be controlled by independent sports organisations.

    Vicente Moura, Presidente do COPTROIKA DOS COMITS OLMPICOS EUROPEUS