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Contemporary Contemporary Psychological Psychological Perspectives Perspectives

Contemporary Psychological Perspectives. Elephant Tale

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Page 1: Contemporary Psychological Perspectives. Elephant Tale

Contemporary Contemporary Psychological Psychological PerspectivesPerspectives

Page 2: Contemporary Psychological Perspectives. Elephant Tale

Elephant TaleElephant Tale

Page 3: Contemporary Psychological Perspectives. Elephant Tale

Sociocultural

Learning

Humanistic

Cognitive

Evolutionary

Biological

Perspectives

Psychoanalytic

Page 4: Contemporary Psychological Perspectives. Elephant Tale

BiologicalBiological Perspective PerspectiveSubject MatterSubject Matter

Nervous SystemNervous System Genes/HormonesGenes/Hormones Genetic FactorsGenetic Factors Brain connections Brain connections

with cell & with cell & chemical activitychemical activity

Key AssumptionsKey Assumptions Biological Biological

Processes Processes influence behavior influence behavior and mental processand mental process

Genes influence Genes influence personality, health personality, health & behavior& behavior

Page 5: Contemporary Psychological Perspectives. Elephant Tale

Case Study: Case Study: Michael PhelpsMichael Phelps

Page 6: Contemporary Psychological Perspectives. Elephant Tale

BiologicalBiological Perspective Perspective

MethodologyMethodology CAT, PET scanCAT, PET scan

Page 7: Contemporary Psychological Perspectives. Elephant Tale

EvolutionaryEvolutionary Perspective PerspectiveSubject MatterSubject Matter

Development Development of physical of physical traits & social traits & social behaviorbehavior

Key AssumptionsKey Assumptions Adaptive organisms Adaptive organisms

survive & transmit survive & transmit their genes to future their genes to future generationsgenerations

Behavioral patterns Behavioral patterns (aggression) have a (aggression) have a hereditary basis & hereditary basis & influence peopleinfluence people

Page 8: Contemporary Psychological Perspectives. Elephant Tale

CognitiveCognitive Perspective PerspectiveSubject MatterSubject Matter

Interpretation Interpretation of mental of mental images, images, thinking, thinking, languagelanguage

Study of mindStudy of mind

Key AssumptionsKey Assumptions Perception & Perception &

thought, thought, influence influence behaviorbehavior

Page 9: Contemporary Psychological Perspectives. Elephant Tale

Humanistic Humanistic PerspectivePerspectiveSubject MatterSubject Matter

Study importance of self-Study importance of self-fulfillment & self-fulfillment & self-awarenessawareness

Exploration of feelings, Exploration of feelings, negative impulse negative impulse management, realizing management, realizing potentialpotential

Page 10: Contemporary Psychological Perspectives. Elephant Tale

Humanistic Humanistic PerspectivePerspective

Key AssumptionsKey Assumptions People make free and conscious People make free and conscious

choices based on their unique choices based on their unique experiencesexperiences

Conscious choices shape Conscious choices shape personality & behaviorpersonality & behavior

People are good & desire to help People are good & desire to help othersothers

Page 11: Contemporary Psychological Perspectives. Elephant Tale

PsychoanalyticPsychoanalytic Perspective PerspectiveSubject MatterSubject Matter Unconscious Unconscious

process, early process, early childhoodchildhood

Roles of Roles of unconscious in unconscious in sexual and sexual and aggressive impulsesaggressive impulses

Key AssumptionsKey Assumptions Unconscious Unconscious

motives drive motives drive behaviorbehavior

Page 12: Contemporary Psychological Perspectives. Elephant Tale

Learning PerspectiveLearning Perspective

Subject MatterSubject Matter

Experience on Experience on behaviorbehavior

Key AssumptionsKey Assumptions Personal experience and Personal experience and

reinforcement guide reinforcement guide individual developmentindividual development

““Social-Learning Social-Learning Theory”: people can Theory”: people can change their environment change their environment or create new onesor create new ones

Page 13: Contemporary Psychological Perspectives. Elephant Tale

SocioculturalSociocultural Perspective Perspective Subject MatterSubject Matter Ethnicity, Ethnicity,

gender, socio-gender, socio-economic economic status, culturestatus, culture

Key AssumptionsKey Assumptions Sociocultural, Sociocultural,

biological & biological & psychological psychological factors create factors create individual individual differencesdifferences

Page 14: Contemporary Psychological Perspectives. Elephant Tale

Putting it all togetherPutting it all togetherCase and Point: DepressionCase and Point: Depression

Sociocultural

Learning

PsychoanalyticHumanistic

Cognitive

Evolutionary

Biological

Depression

Page 15: Contemporary Psychological Perspectives. Elephant Tale

Depression can be understood from many Depression can be understood from many different theoretical perspectives (different theoretical perspectives (not just not just oneone). A few possible examples regarding ). A few possible examples regarding depression:depression:

BiologicalBiological perspectives (ex: perspectives (ex: hormones, hormones, hereditary factorshereditary factors))

CognitiveCognitive perspectives (ex: perspectives (ex: distortions of distortions of various thought processes)various thought processes)

SocialSocial perspectives: (ex: perspectives: (ex: it can be a cause it can be a cause and a consequence of poor social skills)and a consequence of poor social skills)

PersonalityPersonality perspectives (ex: perspectives (ex: some traits some traits may predispose a person to becoming may predispose a person to becoming depressed more than other peopledepressed more than other people))

Page 16: Contemporary Psychological Perspectives. Elephant Tale

LearningLearning perspectives (ex: perspectives (ex: depression depression might be observed in the home and imitated might be observed in the home and imitated because it leads to positive consequences, because it leads to positive consequences, e.g., attention from others)e.g., attention from others)

PsychodynamicPsychodynamic perspectives (ex: perspectives (ex: depression may be a result of repressed depression may be a result of repressed unconscious conflicts about our true unconscious conflicts about our true feelings of hostility toward a parentfeelings of hostility toward a parent))

CulturalCultural perspectives ( perspectives (ex: depression may ex: depression may be the only way that a particular society or be the only way that a particular society or subculture "allows" someone to express subculture "allows" someone to express their dissatisfaction)their dissatisfaction)

Page 17: Contemporary Psychological Perspectives. Elephant Tale

We like to think that only We like to think that only oneone perspective is the "true" one. But, in perspective is the "true" one. But, in reality, most psychological reality, most psychological phenomena are complex. Ex: Most phenomena are complex. Ex: Most instances of depression probably instances of depression probably really do reflect the interplay of many really do reflect the interplay of many of the above factors.of the above factors.