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Contemporary Contemporary Psychological Psychological PerspectivesPerspectives
Elephant TaleElephant Tale
Sociocultural
Learning
Humanistic
Cognitive
Evolutionary
Biological
Perspectives
Psychoanalytic
BiologicalBiological Perspective PerspectiveSubject MatterSubject Matter
Nervous SystemNervous System Genes/HormonesGenes/Hormones Genetic FactorsGenetic Factors Brain connections Brain connections
with cell & with cell & chemical activitychemical activity
Key AssumptionsKey Assumptions Biological Biological
Processes Processes influence behavior influence behavior and mental processand mental process
Genes influence Genes influence personality, health personality, health & behavior& behavior
Case Study: Case Study: Michael PhelpsMichael Phelps
BiologicalBiological Perspective Perspective
MethodologyMethodology CAT, PET scanCAT, PET scan
EvolutionaryEvolutionary Perspective PerspectiveSubject MatterSubject Matter
Development Development of physical of physical traits & social traits & social behaviorbehavior
Key AssumptionsKey Assumptions Adaptive organisms Adaptive organisms
survive & transmit survive & transmit their genes to future their genes to future generationsgenerations
Behavioral patterns Behavioral patterns (aggression) have a (aggression) have a hereditary basis & hereditary basis & influence peopleinfluence people
CognitiveCognitive Perspective PerspectiveSubject MatterSubject Matter
Interpretation Interpretation of mental of mental images, images, thinking, thinking, languagelanguage
Study of mindStudy of mind
Key AssumptionsKey Assumptions Perception & Perception &
thought, thought, influence influence behaviorbehavior
Humanistic Humanistic PerspectivePerspectiveSubject MatterSubject Matter
Study importance of self-Study importance of self-fulfillment & self-fulfillment & self-awarenessawareness
Exploration of feelings, Exploration of feelings, negative impulse negative impulse management, realizing management, realizing potentialpotential
Humanistic Humanistic PerspectivePerspective
Key AssumptionsKey Assumptions People make free and conscious People make free and conscious
choices based on their unique choices based on their unique experiencesexperiences
Conscious choices shape Conscious choices shape personality & behaviorpersonality & behavior
People are good & desire to help People are good & desire to help othersothers
PsychoanalyticPsychoanalytic Perspective PerspectiveSubject MatterSubject Matter Unconscious Unconscious
process, early process, early childhoodchildhood
Roles of Roles of unconscious in unconscious in sexual and sexual and aggressive impulsesaggressive impulses
Key AssumptionsKey Assumptions Unconscious Unconscious
motives drive motives drive behaviorbehavior
Learning PerspectiveLearning Perspective
Subject MatterSubject Matter
Experience on Experience on behaviorbehavior
Key AssumptionsKey Assumptions Personal experience and Personal experience and
reinforcement guide reinforcement guide individual developmentindividual development
““Social-Learning Social-Learning Theory”: people can Theory”: people can change their environment change their environment or create new onesor create new ones
SocioculturalSociocultural Perspective Perspective Subject MatterSubject Matter Ethnicity, Ethnicity,
gender, socio-gender, socio-economic economic status, culturestatus, culture
Key AssumptionsKey Assumptions Sociocultural, Sociocultural,
biological & biological & psychological psychological factors create factors create individual individual differencesdifferences
Putting it all togetherPutting it all togetherCase and Point: DepressionCase and Point: Depression
Sociocultural
Learning
PsychoanalyticHumanistic
Cognitive
Evolutionary
Biological
Depression
Depression can be understood from many Depression can be understood from many different theoretical perspectives (different theoretical perspectives (not just not just oneone). A few possible examples regarding ). A few possible examples regarding depression:depression:
BiologicalBiological perspectives (ex: perspectives (ex: hormones, hormones, hereditary factorshereditary factors))
CognitiveCognitive perspectives (ex: perspectives (ex: distortions of distortions of various thought processes)various thought processes)
SocialSocial perspectives: (ex: perspectives: (ex: it can be a cause it can be a cause and a consequence of poor social skills)and a consequence of poor social skills)
PersonalityPersonality perspectives (ex: perspectives (ex: some traits some traits may predispose a person to becoming may predispose a person to becoming depressed more than other peopledepressed more than other people))
LearningLearning perspectives (ex: perspectives (ex: depression depression might be observed in the home and imitated might be observed in the home and imitated because it leads to positive consequences, because it leads to positive consequences, e.g., attention from others)e.g., attention from others)
PsychodynamicPsychodynamic perspectives (ex: perspectives (ex: depression may be a result of repressed depression may be a result of repressed unconscious conflicts about our true unconscious conflicts about our true feelings of hostility toward a parentfeelings of hostility toward a parent))
CulturalCultural perspectives ( perspectives (ex: depression may ex: depression may be the only way that a particular society or be the only way that a particular society or subculture "allows" someone to express subculture "allows" someone to express their dissatisfaction)their dissatisfaction)
We like to think that only We like to think that only oneone perspective is the "true" one. But, in perspective is the "true" one. But, in reality, most psychological reality, most psychological phenomena are complex. Ex: Most phenomena are complex. Ex: Most instances of depression probably instances of depression probably really do reflect the interplay of many really do reflect the interplay of many of the above factors.of the above factors.