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ENVIRONMENTAL COMPANY OF SAO PAULO STATE – CETESB
REGIONAL CENTRE OF STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON POPs FORLATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN REGION
V INTERNATIONAL TRAINING PROGRAM ON ENVIRONMENTAL SOUND MANAGEMENT ON CHEMICALS AND WASTES, ESPECIALLY ON PERSISTENT
ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPs) AND MERCURY (Hg)
RISK MANAGEMENT AT CONTAMINATED SITESINTERVENTION AND REHABILITATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES
Eng Alfredo Rocca2016
Sao Paulo – SP – Brazil
Processo deidentificação de ACs
Definição da região deinteresse
Identificação de áreascom potencial de
contaminação
Cadastro de ACs
Priorização 1
Avaliação preliminar
Classificação 2
Classificação 3
Investigaçãoconfirmatória
Priorização 2
Exclusão
Exclusão
Processo dereabilitação de ACs
Investigaçãodetalhada
Avaliação de risco
Concepção daremediação
Remediaç ão da AC
Classificação 1
Exclusão
Monitoramento
Projeto de remediação
AP
AS
AC
AP áreas com potencial de contaminação.
AS áreas suspeitas de contaminação.
AC áreas contaminadas.
Exclusão áreas excluídas do cadastro de áreas contaminadas.
AI
AR
AI áreas contaminadas sob investigação.
áreas reabilitadas para o uso declarado.
AR
AMR
AMR áreas em processo de monitoramento para reabilitação.
MANAGMENT OF CONTAMINATED SITES
DETAILED INVESTIGATION OF CONTAMINATED SITE
ATUAÇÃO DA
ÁREA
AMBIENTAL
ATUAÇÃO DA
ÁREA DE SAÚDE
RISK ASSESSMENT
Detailed characterization of contaminatedsites:
. geological and hydrogeologicalcharacterization;
. geochemical characterization;
. hydrochemical characterization.
CONTAMINANT BEHAVIOR
GEOLOGICAL AND HYDROGEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION
GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION
CARACTERÍSTICAS FÍSICAS, QUÍMICAS E TOXICOLÓGICAS DOS CONTAMINANTES
Substância PesoM olec[g/mol]
Pressãode Vapor
[Pa]
Solub.[mg/L]
Log Kow
LogKoc[L/Kg]
Coefic. dePermeaç.
[m2/d]
Difusãoem Ar[m2/h]
TDI mg/kg.dia
Acetona 58 2,3E+04 8,0E+05 -0,20 ND 1,0E-07 ND ND
Aldrin 365 3,1E-03 1,0E-02 7,40 4,60 5,0E-07 ND 1,00E-04
Benzeno 78 1,0E+04 1,8E+03 2,13 1,90 1,4E-06 3,0E-02 4,30E-03
Cloreto de Vinila 63 3,6E+05 1,1E+03 2,71 ND 1,0E-06 ND 3,50E-03
DDT 355 2,5E-05 3,1E-03 6,18 5,20 5,0E-07 ND 2,00E-02
1,2 -Dicloroetano 99 8,1E+03 8,7E+03 1,45 1,60 3,0E-07 3,0E-02 1,40E-02
1,2-Diclorobenzeno 147 8,0E+01 4,9E+01 3,40 2,60 2,0E-06 2,4E-02 1,90E-01
Endrin 393 2,7E-05 2,0E-02 4,95 4,60 5,0E-07 ND 1,00E-04
Estireno 104 6,7E+02 3,0E+02 3,09 2,70 2,0E-06 ND 7,70E-02
Fenol 94 2,7E+01 8,2E+04 1,46 1,60 8,5E-10 ND 6,00E-02
Lindano 291 2,1E-02 7,8E+00 3,90 3,20 5,0E-07 ND 1,00E-03
Hexaclorobenzeno 285 1,3E-03 1,1E-01 5,34 4,00 1,0E-06 ND 5,00E-04
Naftaleno 130 2,3E+00 3,0E+01 3,36 3,00 5,0E-07 2,3E-02 5,00E-01
Pentaclorofenol 267 1,5E-02 1,4E+01 5,13 4,50 2,2E-06 ND 3,00E-02
PCB (Bifenilas PoliCloradas) ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Tetracloroetileno 166 1,9E+03 1,5E+02
2,60 2,20 7,7E-07 2,5E-02 1,60E-02
Tolueno 90 2,9E+03 5,2E+02
2,69 2,10 1,2E-06 2,7E-02 4,30E-01
111-Tricloroetano 133 8,2E+03 8,0E+02
2,80 1,97 2,0E-06 N/D 8,00E-02
Tricloroetileno 132 8,0E+03 1,1E+03
2,71 ND 1,6E-06 2,8E-02 5,40E-01
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CONTAMINANTS
HYDROCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION
The detailed characterization of thecontaminated site will give informationfor risk assessment and definition ofthe intervention requiored torehabilitate the site.
How much contamination reaches
human beingsvia which pathways?
Exposure Assessment
Tolerable concentration
of contaminationin soil
Which are the effects of
the contaminats?
Toxicity
RISK ASSESSMENT
Workplan risk assessment
Identification of relevant contaminants
Identification of targets and pathways
Identification of relevant exposure pathways
Estimation of pathway specific exposure
Describtion of toxicity effects
Calculation of tolerable body doses
Calculation of action values
Identification of relevant contaminants
Identification of targets and pathways
Identification of relevant exposure pathways
Estimation of pathway specific exposure
Describtion of toxicity effects
Calculation of tolerable body doses
Calculation of action values
Selection criteria of relevant contaminants
• Contaminat inventory: frequent contaminants• Concentration: elevated concentrations of
contaminants detected • Anlytical feasibility: reliable detection• Mobility: contaminants easily
distributing in air and water• Reaction behavior: products of microbiological
metabolism• Toxicity: high potential for human and
environmental toxicity
Soil sampling
probing
Results of site investigation (soil)
[< N
WG]
[> N
WG
... 0
,01]
[> 0
,01
... 0
,1]
[> 0
,1 ..
. 1]
[> 1
... 1
0][>
10
... 1
00]
[> 1
00]
TNB135TNT245NT2DNT26DNT24AT24DN6AT26DN4TNT246
46,959,159,170,676,179,297,788,0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
[%]
TNB135
TNT245
NT2
DNT26
DNT24
AT24DN6
AT26DN4
TNT246
Groundwater contamination
WerksgrenzeDAG
200 400 600 800 1000 m0
Tri-Halde
Grundwasser-fließrichtung
ASB1ASB2
ASB3
FB9
Wasserwerk III
FB8
FB7
FB6a
FB6
FB5
FB4
FB3a
FB3
ASB8
ASB5ASB11
ASB6
ASB9
ASB7
FB2
FB2a
ASB4
FB20
FB12
FB13
FB14FB17
FB15
FB18
ASB10
FB16
305
P4
302
P20
P40
P39
P5
P3
P33L33
PFE
P15P42P17
P2P16
P1
P37A-DP43A-B P18P44A-C
P26
P27A-C
P25
P28A-B
P30L30311
13
P31L31
P23 P38
P22
FB19P22
112
P32L32
FB10FB11
P51A-C
M7A-B
P24
Förderbrunnen
Abschöpfbrunnen
Brunnen hydraulische Sicherung
Grundwassermeßstelle
aktueller Gebäudebestand
historische Produktionsbereiche
P38
ASB9
FB13
ASB1
MNTDNT
A-NTTNT
A-DNTBeS
1.3.5-TNBHexogen
DNB8
DNTS8
Trinkwassergewinnung
90
0,5
0,050
0,20,5
0,1
00
FB12
FB13
FB14
305
FB17
P33L33
100
300BeS
MNTDNT
A-NTTNT
A-DNT
1.3.5-TNBHexogen
DNB8
DNTS8
Zwischenabfluss TRI-Halde
500
205
50N.best.
50010
2.50010.000
1.3.5-TNBHexogen
MNTDNT
A-NTTNT
A-DNT
DNB8
DNTS8
2. Stockwerk
0,3
0,1
0,1
0,90
0,2
00
0,5
0,5
BeS
MNTDNT
A-NTTNT
A-DNT
1.3.5-TNBHexogen
DNB8
DNTS8
1. Stockwerk
50100
502
23
20
200,5
300
BeS
P5
0BeS
MNTDNT
A-NTTNT
A-DNT
1.3.5-TNBHexogen
DNB8
DNTS8
1. Stockwerk
150
100
101
35
200,2
24
P27A-C
BeS
MNTDNT
A-NTTNT
A-DNT
1.3.5-TNBHexogen
DNB8
DNTS8
Hydraulische Sicherung
3010
5
20,1
1010
0,2
2,50,1 P39
A-DNT
1.3.5-TNBHexogen
BeS
MNTDNT
A-NTTNT
DNB8
DNTS8
2. Stockwerk
320
0,25
0,50,5
0,5
0
0,75
100,1
1.3.5-TNB
BeS
MNTDNT
A-NTTNT
A-DNT
Hexogen
DNB8
DNTS8
Trinkwassergewinnung
50,2
0,5
0,5
0,30
1,5
0,25
00
N
Identification of relevant contaminants
Identification of targets and pathways
Identification of relevant exposure pathways
Estimation of pathway specific exposure
Describtion of toxicity effects
Calculation of tolerable body doses
Calculation of action values
Sediment
Fill
InhalationDust/Volatilization
Inhalation
Direct ContactIngestion
Sediment
Residentialwells
Groundwater flowGroundwater flow
? ? ? ?
Watertable
Percolation
Air transport
Exposure pathways
Land use
forest / brownfie lds / street
commercial / industrial area
residential area
planning area
xx
x
x x xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x xx
xx
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x xx
xx
x x
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x
x x
xx
x
x x
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x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x xxx
x
x x
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x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
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x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
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x
x x
xx
x
x x
xx
x
x x
Expositionsszenario "Garten"
IfUA-Grafik 11/96
Residential area with playground and fruit and vegetable garden
Targets and exposure pathways
Target exposure pathway
Human health top priority inhaltioningestionpercutaneous
Groundwater important drinking water supply; protected by law
surface waterseepage water
Ecosystem lacks of knowledge uptake into plantuptake into animalssoil functions
Exposure pathways
inhalation uptake
human health
ingestion
percutaneous uptake
inhalation of volatile contaminats
inhalation of dust
consumption of animal local products
consumption of local game
direct contact with contaminated water
direct contact with contaminated soil
ingestion of soil
ingestion of dust
consumption of on site grown vegetables
consumption of wild growing plants
use of private wells
use of public drinking water supply
Exposure pathways
animals
Ecosystemplants
disturbance of local ecosystems
via plant surface
via roots
disturbance of soil functions
contamination of surface water
consumption of water
consumption of plants
ingestion of soil
ingestion of dust
inhalation of dust
inhalation of volatile contaminants
consumption of animals
out of aquatic habitat
Evaluation of exposure pathways
• What is the likelihood that exposure will occur?• How does exposure occur?
– Is there any probability of exposure considering the physical / chemical properties (volatility, solubility) of relevant contaminants?
– What is known about transfer from soil to air, water and plants? How much exposure does occur?
– How uncertain are the exposure estimates?– Does exposure vary?
• Who is exposed?– Do sensible user groups exist?– Is there exposure with importance for sensible user
groups?
• When and where does exposure occur?– Is the frequence, duration and timing of exposure relevant?
Potential affected receptors
• Children• Adults• Subpopulations at higher risk due to
– being more sensitive to chemical exposures e.g.• children• pregnant women• people with chronic illnesses
– behaviour patterns e.g.• persons who eat large amounts of home-grown vegetables or
local fish or collected mushrooms and berries• forestry workers• strollers• construction workers
Activities
• Playing on contaminated ground• Gardening (flowers, lawns and/or fruits and plants)• Living in contaminated rooms (at home or in
factories) • Eating home grown fruits, plants• Eating local fish and home grown animals (chicken
etc)• Collecting mushrooms, berries etc• Drinking water from private wells• Drinking water from public water supply• Recreational activities (garden, forest), strolling • Construction activities (excavation) and horticultural
and landscaping activities
Relevant exposure pathways
use of private wells
use of public drinking water supply
ingestion of soil
ingestion of dust
consumption of on site grown vegetables
consumption of wild growing plants
inhalation of volatile contaminats
inhalation of dust
consumption of animal local products
consumption of local game
direct contact with contaminated water
direct contact with contaminated soil
inhalation uptake
human health
ingestion
percutaneous uptake
Identification of relevant contaminants
Identification of targets and pathways
Identification of relevant exposure pathways
Estimation of pathway specific exposure
Describtion of toxicity effects
Calculation of tolerable body doses
Calculation of action values
Exposure estimation
• includs a site-specific qualitative and quantitative description of intensity, frequency and duration for the site-specific relevant pathways.
• uses no worst-case but realistic and conservative estimations to avoid underestimation of risks
Pathway soil - plants
roots > stalk > leaves > seed > pod
Exposure Equation
Exa(X)Exi(X)
mg/kg BW . dayexternal exposure by substance Xinternal exposure by substance X
A kg/day intake of contact medium per dayn days/year frequency of exposure per yeartexp years exposure durationBW Kg body weighttm days total time of exposureC(X) mg/kg concentration of substance X in contact medium fres - resorption quote (100 % = 1)
n texp
BW tmA=Exa(x) C (x) fresExi(x) Exa(x)=
Assumptions for exposure estimation
tolerable cancer risk 1:100.000body weight adults / children 70 / 15 kglifetime 70 yearsdirect ingestion, children, medium-term 0,25 g / ddirect ingestion, adults medium / long-term 0,1 g / d (housing areas)resorption stomach / skin / lung 100 / 75 / 100 %exposed skin adults / children 17.000 / 9.500 cm²
4.400 / 2.900 cm²breathing rate adults / children 20 / 5 m³ / dvegetable self-supplying rate 30 - 50 %consumption rates of vegetabeles, fruit, potatoes, mushrooms, berries, honey, fish
454 g / d (adults)182 g / d (children)
Land useresidential area with garden and playgroundresidential area without gardencommercial / industrial sitesbrownfieldsforeststreet
Duration of exposureshort-termmedium-termlong-termToxicological effects
acute (up to 1 d)sub-chronic (up to 7 years)chronic (lifelong)carcinogenic (lifelong) Activities
playinggardeningworking in the forestwalking
Affected personschildrenadultsforestry workersstrollers
Exposure scenarios
Pathwayingestioninhalationpercutaneous
SOIL ESCAVATION/REDISPOSAL AND GROUNDWATER USE RESTRICTION
HYDRAULIC BARRIERS hidráulicas
Bioremediação
PUMP AND TREAT
• SOIL AND GROUNDWATERCONTAMINATION;
• EXPOSURE PATHWAYS ACCORDINGTO CONTAMINANT PROPERTIES;
• RISK ASSESSMENT;
• RISK DETERMINATION;
• REQUIREMENTS TO MANAGE RISKS;
• DEFINITION OF INTERVENTION.
RISK ASSESSMENT
RISK ASSESSMENT
ATUAÇÃO DA
ÁREA
AMBIENTAL
ATUAÇÃO DA
ÁREA DE SAÚDE
RISK ASSESSMENT
COMPARISON OF TOTAL APPORT OF CONTAMINANTS WITH THE MAXIMUM TOTAL DAILY
INTAKE FOR EACH CONTAMINANT
RISK COMUNICATION• EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION ABOUT RISKS BETWEEN
RESPONSIBLE PART AND EXPOSED STAKEHOLDERS;
• PEOPLE EXPOSED HAVE THE RIGTH TO KNOW;
• OWNER IS SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBLE;
• PRESERVES COMPANY IMAGE AND NAME;
• MAKE RISK MANAGEMENT MORE EFFICIENT;
• REQUIRES SPECIALIZED PEOPLE;
• MUST ENVOLVE ALL STAKEHOLDERS.
Ações decorrentes da Avaliação de Risco
Técnicas de Remediação
Contenção TratamentoAção
emergencialMonitoramento
PerigoRisco à saúdeRisco aceitável
Gerenciamento do Risco
Monitoramento da eficiência
ControleInstitucional
Recuperação para uso declarado
Controle deEngenharia
Risco ecológico
RISK MANAGEMENT
• IN THE SITES PROTECTED BY LAW AS PRESERVATIONAREAS, WERE ENVIRONMENT IS THE MAIN RECEPTOR,THE REMEDIATION GOAL IN THE ENVIRONMENTALSTANDARD;
• IN MANY CASES, TO RECOVER ENVIRONMENTALQUALITY TO ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARD IS VERYCOSTLY AND SOMETIMES TECNICHAL INPOSSIBLE, INURBAN AREAS IT IS A CURRENT PRACTICE TOESTABLISH A REMEDIATION GOAL BASED ON RISKASSESSMENT.
REMEDIATION GOAL
RISKBASEDGOAL
ENVIRONMENTALSTANDARD
TOTALCOST ($)
TOTALRISK
REMEDIATION PROCESS
CONTAMINANTCONCENTRATION
RISK BASED REMEDIATION GOAL
MAIN GOALS OF INTERVENTION:
. TO AVOID ABSORPTION OF CONTAMINANTS BYDIRECT CONTACT WITH THE RECEPTORS;
. TO AVOID PERCOLATION OF CONTAMINANTS TOGROUNDWATER;
. TO AVOID MIGRATION OF CONTAMINANTS TO AIRAND SURFACE WATERS;
. TO AVOID ABSORPTION OF CONTAMINANTS BYTHE PLANTS.
THE INTERVENTION MUST CONSIDER:
• PRECAUTION PRINCIPLE;
•PROGRESSIVITY PRINCIPLE;
•LEGAL INSTRUMENTS;
•TECHNICAL RESTRICTIONS AND
•ECONÔMICAL RESTRICTIONS.
ALL FORMS OF CONTAMINANTS MUST BE FACED
INTERVENTION MEASURES
• INSTITUCIONAL CONTROL;
• ENGINEERING CONTROL;
• REMEDIATION.
INSTITUTIONAL CONTROL
– ACCESS RESTRICTION (LAND OWNER);
– SOIL USE RESTRICTION (MUNICIPALITY);
– GROUNDWATER USE RESTRICTION (HYDRIC RESOURSES MANAGER);
– FOOD CONSUMPTION RESTRICTION (HEALTH INSTITUTION).
ACUMULADORES AJAX
BAURU
FOOD CONSUMPTION RESTRICTION AREA
GROUNDWATER CONSUMPTION RESTRICTION AREA
ENGINEERING CONTROL MEASURES
• PHYSICAL BARRIERS
• HYDRAULIC BARRIERS
REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES
• ESCAVATION AND REDISPOSAL OF SOILS;
• PUMP AND TREATMENT OF GROUNDWATER;
• CONTENTION BARRIERS;
• GÁS EXTRACTION;
• DECONTAMINATION.
CONTAMINATED SITE REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIESARE CLASSIFIED AS:
• CONSECRATED TECHNOLOGIES - THOSE THATCAN BE CONSIDERED WELL ESTABLISHED
• INOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES – THOSE THAT ARESTILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT.
GOAL
CONCENTRATION
TECHNIQUE 1
TECHNIQUE 2
TIME• TECHNIQUE 1 – CONSECRATED• TECHNIQUE 2 - INOVATIVE
CONSECRATED AND INOVATIVE TECHNIQUES ARE COMBINED TO REACH THE DETERMINED GOAL:
HYDRAULIC BARRIERS hidráulicas
Bioremediação
PUMP AND TREAT
• PHYSICAL OR HYDRAULIC BARRIERS;
• ESCAVATION AND REDISPOSAL OFSOIL;
• GAS EXTRATION;
• GROUNDWATER PUMP AND TREAT.
CONSECRATED TECHNOLOGIES INCLUDES:
THIS TECHNOLOGY INCLUDES THEESCAVATION AND DISPOSAL OF SOIL.
IT PROMOTES THE ELIMINATION OF“HOT SPOTS” OF CONTAMINATEDSOILS.
ESCAVATION AND REDISPOSAL OF SOIL
STADTALLENDORF TNT FACTORY INGERMANY
SEMBACH - GERMANY
Tambores separados por
tipo de residuos
CIDADE DOS MENINOS IN RIO DE JANEIRO - BRAZIL
SOIL ESCAVATION AND REMOVAL MUST BEPERFORMED ACCORDING TO A PLAN PREVIOSLYAPROVED BY ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY INCLUDING:
• PROTECTION EQUIPMENT FOR WORKERS;
• PREVENTION MEASURES TO AVOID CONTAMINANTEMISSIONS TO THE NEIBOROWOOD;
• PROPER SOIL CONDITIONING, STORAGE,TRANSPORT AND DESTINATION.
SAFETY PROCEDURES INCLUDES:
• SEGURITY ZONING;
• WORKER TRAINING;
• INDIVIDUAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT USE;
• ISOLATION OF ESCAVATING AREA;
• DECONTAMINATION OF EVERITHING THAT COMEINTO ESCAVATING AREA;
• AIR, WATER AND SOIL QUALITY MONITORING;
• ESTABLISHMENT OF SAFETY PROCEDURES.
SEGURITY ZONING
• GREEN: RISKLESS AND WITHOUTCONTAMINATION;
• YELOW : TRANSITION ANDDECONTAMINATION;
• RED: ESCAVATION IN CONTAMINATEDSOILS AND CONTAMINATED SOILSTORAGE.
SEGURITY ZONING
SEGURITY ZONING
PROTECTION EQUIPMENT UTILIZATION
EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION
CONTAMINATED SOIL AND GROUNDWATER ARE MANAGEDACCORDING TO GUIDED VALUES
REFERENCE
OF
NATURAL
QUALITY
R P
POLLUTION
PREVENTION(LACK OF
FUNCIONALITY)
I
INTERVENTION( HUMAN HEALTH RISK
LEVEL)
FINAL DISPOSAL OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
DEPENDING ON SOIL CONTAMINATION, TO ESCAVATE AND DISPOSE SOIL MAY BECOME VERY EXPENSIVE, DUE TO FINAL DISPOSAL NECESSITY.
SO, THIS PROCESS IS NORMALY USED TO REMOVE “HOT SPOTS”. ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER TECHNOLOGIES TO REMEDIATE A SITE.
CONFINEMENT CELLS TO DISPOSE CONTAMINATED SOIL “ON SITE”
SEMBACH – GERMANY
MANTOVANI LANDFILL
PHYSICAL OR HYDRAULIC BARRIERSFIGURA14 - TÉCNICAS DE CONTAMINAÇÃO ATRAVÉS DE BARREIRA FÍSICA (1) E HIDRÁULICA (2) .
K=3.6 x 10 m/sec-10
K=3.0 x 10 m/sec-12
ResíduoNível estático do freático
Camara confinante (1)
Poço de Bombeamento (2)Poço de Bombeamento (2)
Nível dinâmico do freático
Direção do escoamento das águasK=3.0 x 10 m/sec
-8
PHYSICAL BARRIERS
HYDRAULIC BARRIERS
HYDRAULIC BARRIERS hidráulicas
Bioremediação
PUMP AND TREAT
LEVERKERK - GERMANY
VAPOR EXTRATION
BARSBUTEL - GERMANY
GROUNDWATER PUMP AND
TREAT
GROUNDWATER PUMP AND TREAT.
GROUNDWATER PUMP AND TREAT
HEINBURG - GERMANY
MANTOVANI LANDFILL
GROUNDWATER TREATMENT PLANT
INOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
• CHEMICAL OXIDATION;
• TERMIC TREATAMENT;
• BIOREMEDIATION
OXIDATION OF CONTAMINANT BYCHEMICAL REACTION WITH OXIDANTAGENTS:
• OZONE;
• HIDROGEN PEROXIDE;
• SODIUM PERSULFATE;
• SODIUM PERMANGANATE.
CHEMICAL OXIDATION
CHEMICAL OXIDATION
• HEATING THE SOIL TO IMPROVE VOLATILIZATION OFCONTAMINANTS;
• THE TREATED SOIL CAN BE DISPOSED AND VAPORSARE TRATED BEFORE DISCHARGE IN THEATMOSPHERE;
• THE PROCESS IS CONDUCTED IN LICENSEDTREATMENT PLANTS THAT CAN BE FIXED IN A PLACEOR MOBILE.
TERMIC DESORPTION
MOBILE TERMIC DESORPTION PLANT
FIXED TERMIC DESORPTION PLANT
SOIL HEATING
• IN THIS METHOD, HEATING IS PROVIDED BY VAPOR ORELECTRICAL CURRENTS, PASSING THROUGH STAINLESSSTEEL WELLS STRATEGICALLY PLACED IN THECONTAMINATED SITE;
• VOLATILIZED VAPORS MUST BE TREATED BEFORE DISCHARGEIN THE ATMOSPHERE;
• IT CAN BE REMOVED CONTAMINANTS IN PHASE, ADSORBED INTHE SOIL OR DISSOLVED IN GROUNDWATER
SOLVENT
SAND
CLAY
BEDROCK
WATER TABLEGROUNDWATER FLOW
SOIL HEATING
PCU
GAC Filter
98
ERH Surface Equipment
Steam Condenser
500 kW PCU
Operating Electrode
Photo Courtesy of Brown and Caldwell
99
Treatment Region 1
100
Electrode and MPE
well
ERH Cables
Monitoring well
101
Achieved 99.99% TCE reduction in
soil samples
BIOREMEDIATION• BIOREMEDIATION IS A PROCCES WERE ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS
ARE DEGRADED BY NATURAL EXISTING SOIL MICROORGANISMS;
SUSCETIBILIDADE DE CONTAMINANTES PARA BIORREMEDIAÇÃOCLASSE DOCONTAMINANTES
FREQÜÊNCIA DEOCORRÊNCIA
EVIDÊNCIA DESUCESSO
LIMITAÇÕES
Hidrocarbonetos e DerivadosGasolina e óleo combustível Muito freqüente Fácil biorremediação aeróbia
e anaeróbiaFormação de fase livre leve(LNAPL)
Poliaromáticos (naftaleno,antraceno)
Comum Biorremediação aeróbia sobcondições específicas
Forte adsorção emsubsuperfície
Creosoto Pouco freqüente Fácil biorremediação aeróbia Forte adsorção e formaçãode Fase Livre
Álcool, acetona e éster Comum Fácil biorremediação aeróbiae anaeróbia
Éter Comum Biorremediação aeróbia eanaeróbia (NO3) sobcondições específicas
Halogenados AlifáticosAltamente clorados (PCE,TCE)
Muito freqüente Cometabolizado emcondições anaeróbias eaeróbias em casosespecíficos
Forma Fase Livre Densa(DNAPL)
Fracamente clorados (Cloretode Vinila – VC)
Muito freqüente Biorremediação aeróbia emcondições específicas ecometabolizado emcondições anaeróbias
Forma Fase Livre Densa(DNAPL)
Halogenados AROMÁTICOSAltamente clorados(hexaclorobenzeno,pentaclorofenol)
Comum Biorremediação aeróbia sobcondições muito específicas.Cometabolizado emcondições anaeróbias.
Adsorve fortemente emsubsuperfície. Forma faseliquida (NAPL ) e fase sólida(NASP)
Fracamente clorados (cloro ediclobenzeno)
Comum Fácil biorremediação aeróbia Forma fase líquida NAPL.
BIFENILAS POLICLORADASAltamente clorados Pouco freqüente Cometabolizado em
condições anaeróbiasAdsorve fortemente emsubsuperfície.
Fracamente clorados Pouco freqüente Biorremediação aeróbia sobcondições muito específicas
Adsorve fortemente emsubsuperfície.
NITROAROMÁTICOS Comum Biorremediação aeróbia eanaeróbia (produção de ácidoorgânico)
METAISCr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Hg, Cd, Zn, etc Comum Processos microbianos
afetam sua solubilidade ereatividade
Disponibilidade altamentevariável, controlada pelascondições químicas
• MICROORGANISM ACTIVITY IS ACELERATED BY THEINTRODUCTION OF OXIGEN, WATER, HEAT OR NUTRIENTS;
• IT CAN BE REMOVED CONTAMINANTS IN PHASE, ADSORBED INTHE SOIL OR DISSOLVED IN GROUNDWATER;
• THE PROCESSES CAN BE CONDUCTED :
- “in situ“,
- “on site” or
-“ex-situ”.
• THERE ARE TWO TYPES:
- bioestimulation and
- bioaumentation .
BIOESTIMULATION
MICROORGANISM DEVELOPMENT IS DUEONLY BY THE INTRODUCTION OF AIR, HEATAND NUTRIENTS.
BIOAUMENTATION
MICROORGANISM DEVELOPMENT ISINCREMENTED ON A EXTERNAL BIOREACTORWERE CONDITIONS ARE IDEALLY CONTROLEDAND REINJECTED IN THE CONTAMINATEDSITE.
BIORREMEDIATION “IN SITU”HEINBURG - ALEMANHA
HEINBURG - ALEMANHA
BIORREMEDIATION “ON SITE”
BIORREMEDIATION SEMBAH
BIORREMEDIATION “EX SITU”
BIOAUMENTATION SEMBAH
BIOAUMENTATION SEMBAH
BIOAUMENTATION SEMBAH
BIOAUMENTATION SEMBAH